A&P Ch. 25
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
36 ATP
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?
60
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?
They decrease the use of glucose. They increase gluconeogenesis. They increase glycogenolysis. They promote glucose synthesis.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats.
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
iron
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
metabolism.
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix
During starvation
muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.
outer membrane
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.
phosphate
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the
postabsorptive state.
The loss of infrared energy from the body is called
radiation
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
reduced; oxidized
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The major cation in extracellular fluid is
sodium
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?
structural maintenance, growth and repair, produce secretions, store nutrients
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
the citric acid cycle.
During the absorptive state
the liver forms glycogen.
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from
the movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
vitamin A
For humans, there are ________ essential amino acids. (use the figure given in the powerpoint)
10
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe
A. elevated levels of glucocorticoids. B. ketone bodies in his urine. C. decreased blood pH. D. decreased blood glucose level.
The end products of glycolysis are
ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of cell membranes and fatty acids is vitamin
E
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
Electron Transport System (ETS)
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
a coenzyme
Each cytochrome contains
a metal ion.
During glycolysis
a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyretic acid, four molecules of ATP are produced, two molecules of ATP are consumed and hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.
Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat the fastest?
a tall, very slender person
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
calcium
The end products of aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
The major anion in body fluids is
chloride
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
chylomicrons.
Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following:
citric acid cycle and ETS
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest
glucose
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it
helps waterproof the epidermis, is a lipid component of all cell membranes, is a key constituent of bile and is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3.
Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)