A&P Ch.24 Homework

Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the tractfrom proximal to distal. The __1__ provides mechanical digestion through chewing, which is also called __2__.

1. oral cavity 2. mastication

Movements of material within the small intestine involve __1__ contractions, which mix food, and __2__ contractions, which force the food down the digestive tract.

1. segmental 2. peristaltic

Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the tractfrom proximal to distal. The __1__ is where most absorption of nutrients takes place.

1. small intestine

Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the tractfrom proximal to distal. The __1__ is a hollow storage vat that initiates digestion of proteins.

1. stomach

Match each gastric secretion with the correct function.

Hydrochloric acid- Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Gastrin- Stimulates gastric secretions Intrinsic factor- Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 Pepsinogen- Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains Mucous- Protects lining of the stomach

Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by

cholecystokinin

The process of breaking down large pieces to smaller ones without affecting the chemical composition is known as what?

mechanical digestion

Which component(s) of the pharynx are normally involved with digestion?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Mass movements of the colon are integrated by

the enteric plexus

Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.

true

Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.

true

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: Fatty acids, other lipids, and some protein digestion products in the duodenum and the proximal jejunum initiate the release of the hormone cholecystokinin.

true

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: The chemical messengers that regulate stomach secretions include the hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin, as well as the paracrine chemical messenger histamine.

true

Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.

true

Match each part of the tooth with the correct description.

- Clinical crown: Part of the tooth exposed in the oral cavity - Periodontal ligaments: Structures that secure the teeth in the alveoli - Pulp: Soft tissue consisting of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in the center of the tooth - Gingiva: Dense fibrous connective tissue and stratified squamous tissue covering the alveolar processes -Enamel: Hard non-living material covering the crown - Dentin: Calcified living material surrounding the pulp caivty

Check all that commonly occur to the digestive system as a result of aging.

-Weakening of mastication muscles -Decrease in mucin secretion -Increase in chance of ulcers and cancers -Decrease in number of smooth muscle cells in muscularis -The gingiva recedes -Decreased uptake of materials from digestive tract to circulatory system -Reduction in digestive tract motility

Place the regions of the digestive tract in order from the beginning to end.

1) Oral cavity 2) Pharynx 3) Esophagus 4) Stomach 5) Duodenum 6) Jejunum 7) Ileum 8) Cecum 9) Colon 10) Rectum 11) Anal canal 12) Anus

Place the movements of the stomach in order

1. A mixing wave in the body of the stomach 2. Fluid part of the chyme pushed toward the pyloric sphincter 3. Peristaltic waves move toward the pyloric sphincter 4. Fluid part of the chyme passes into the duodenum 5. Majority of the chyme forced back toward the body of the stomach

Place the tunics and their components in the correct orderfrom most external to most internal.

1. Epithelium and connective tissue of serosa 2. Longitudinal muscle layer 3. Myenteric plexus 4. Circular muscle layer 5. Submucosal plexus 6. Submucosa 7. Muscularis mucosae 8. Lamina propria 9. Epithelium of mucosa

Place the parts of the large intestine in order from its most proximal end to its most distal end.

1. Ileocecal valve 2. Cecum 3. Ascending colon 4. Right colic flexure 5. Transverse colon 6. Left colic flexure 7. Descending colon 8. Sigmoid colon 9. Rectum 10. Anal canal 11. Anus

Match the functions with the correct region.

1. Ingestion, mastication, and digestion - Oral cavity 2. Breathing, swallowing, and protection - Pharynx 3. Propulsion and protection - Esophagus 4. Storage, digestion, and absorption - Stomach 5. Neutralization, digestion, and excretion - Small intestine 6. Storage, absorption, and elimination - Large intestine

Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestines.

1. Intercalated ducts 2. Intralobular ducts 3. Interlobular ducts 4. Pancreatic duct 5. Hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. Duodenum

True or False: All of the following are functions of the digestive system. 1. Ingestion 2. Mastication 3. Propulsion 4. Mixing 6. Secretion 7. Digestion 8. Absorption 9. Elimination of waste 10. Secretion of growth hormone 11. Regulation of the sleep-wake 12. Controls the timing of puberty 13. Regulates metabolic rate

1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. False 13. False

Match the pancreatic secretion with the correct function:

1. Trypsin —Digests proteins 2. Pancreatic amylase — Digests carbohydrates 3. Pancreatic lipase — Digests lipids 4. Ribonuclease — Digests RNA 5. Deoxyribonuclease —Digests DNA 6. Bicarbonate ions —Neutralizes acid

Bound to the inner wall of the intestines are disaccharidases and peptidases, which are involved in digestion of __1__ and proteins.

1. carbohydrates

Complete the sentences regarding substances released into the small intestine lumen. Acidic chyme enters the __1__. The duodenum releases __2__ in response to the acid. The pancreas releases __3__. The duodenum releases __4__. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and the gallbladder releases __5__.

1. duodenum 2. secretin 3. bicarbonate ions 4. cholecystokinino 5. bile

Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the tractfrom proximal to distal. The __1__ moves food from the pharynx to the __2__ with contractions called __3__.

1. esophagus 2. stomach 3. peristaltic waves

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. The stomach is an enlarged segment of the digestive tract located in the left inferior part of the abdomen 2. The largest part of the stomach is the pyloric region and is composed of the antrum, canal, orifice, and sphincter 3. The muscularis of the stomach consists of three layersan outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an inner oblique layer. 4. The stomach is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that is located along the surface of many tubelike.

1. false 2. false 3. true 4. false

Indicate whether each statement is true or false 1. The intestinal mucosa produces most of the secretions that enter the small intestine, but the secretions of the spleen and the pancreas also enter the small intestine and play essential roles in digestion. 2. The mucus produced by the intestinal and duodenal glands and the goblet cells protects the wall of the intestine from the effects of the acidic chyme and from digestive enzymes. 3. Small molecules, which are breakdown products of digestionare absorbed through the microvilli and enter the circulatory or lymphatic system 4. Mixing, propulsion, and mass peristalsis are the primary mechanical functions of the small intestine.

1. false 2. true 3. true 4. false

True or False: These changes occur in the digestive system with aging. 1. Thickening of the mucosal layer 2. Decreased absorption of nutrients 3. Increased susceptibility to infections and toxins m 4. Blood supply decreases 5. Increased motility 6. Exposed dentin of teeth

1. false 2. true 3. true 4. true 5. false 6. true

Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the tractfrom proximal to distal. The __1__ absorbs a little water and electrolytes, but its primary function is forming and storing feces.

1. large intestine

Secretion of the small intestine include those that produce __1__ which aids in protecting it from the digestive __2__ from the stomach.

1. mucus 2. enzymes and acid

Indicate whether each statement is true or false 1. The liver is the largest internal organ of the body and can be found in the right-upper quadrant of the abdomen 2. The liver consists of four lobesright , leftquadrate, and caudate. 3. The right and left hepatic ducts join the cystic duct to form the common hepatic duct 4. The liver is divided into hexagonal-shaped lobules that have a portal triad containing the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteryand hepatic duct at each corner

1. true 2. true 3. false 4. true

True or False: Each action listed here is a major function of the liver. 1. Production of bile 2. Glycogen storage 3. Interconversion of nutrients 4. Filtering the blood 5. Detoxification 6. Phagocytosis 7. Bile storage 8. Production of digestive enzymes

1. true 2. true 3. true 4. false 5. true 6. true 7. false 8. false

The secretion of these materials can be initiated by several stimuli, including signals from the __1__ nerve as well as chemical and __2__ irritation.

1. vagus 2. tactile

What is peristalsis?

A propulsive movement of contents of the lumen from one area to another.

Match the enzyme with the major food type that it helps to digest.

Chymotrypsin —Proteins Pepsin —Proteins Salivary amylase —Carbohydrates Lingual lipase —Lipids Disaccharidases —Carbohydrates Gastric lipase —Lipids Carboxypeptidase —Proteins Pancreatic lipase —Lipids Trypsin —Proteins Peptidases —Proteins Bile salts —Lipids Pancreatic amylase —Carbohydrates

Which of these is the best description of the alimentary canal?

Consists of an open tube that extends from mouth to anus

Which of the following would occur after removal of the gallbladder?

Difficulty digesting a fatty meal

What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

What is the purpose of digestion? How does it influence the characteristics of life?

It provides energy that can be used in metabolic processes.

Click and drag each word or phrase into the appropriate category to which it pertains.

Liver -Synthesizes bile -Synthesizes bile acids -Releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi Gallbladder -Stores & concentrates the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets of fat -Contraction is induced by cholecystokinin Pancreas -Secretes HCO3- -Secretes enzymes that digest fats -Contains acinar cells

Drag the proper term to the category indicated as it pertains to stomach secretions.

Parietal Cells -Produce hydrochloric acid -Secretion kills bacteria -Secretion activates pepsin Chief Cells -Produce pepsinogen/pepsin -Protein digestion Mucous Cells -Produce mucus -Protection of stomach lining Endocrine Cells -Produce histamine -Produce gastrin -Found in deepest regions of glands

Select which of the following describe a function of the liver.

Production of bile Destruction of old red blood cells Storage of glycogen Detoxification of harmful substances Maintenance of blood sugar Conversion of nutrients

Indicate all that are functions of the digestive system.

Secretion of enzymes Propulsion Digestion Absorption Elimination of wastes Ingestion

Match the terms with their description.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation -Gallbladder contraction (lesser degree) Cholecystokinin -Relaxation of gallbladder sphincters -Gallbladder contraction (greater degree) Secretin -Stimulation of bile secretion by the liver -Produced in duodenum Bile Salts -Most reabsorbed in ileum

The pancreatic islets

are endocrine in function

If the cystic duct was blocked by a gallstone,

bile would not be able to pass from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

low pH in duodenum

The major function(s) of the digestive system are

breakdown and absorption of food

In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between

carbon dioxide and water

Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.

false

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: In the cephalic phase of gastric regulation action potentials are sent from the medulla oblongata along parasympathetic neurons within the glossopharyngeal nerves to the stomach.

false

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach mucosa results in the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which increases the secretory activity of the parietal and chief cells.

false

The salivary glands, tonsils, livergallbladder, and pancreas are all components of the digestive tract

false

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by

food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum

The ___ hormone stimulates gastric gland secretions.

gastrin

Hydrochloric acid is formed when

hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland

The ___ phase of regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.

intestinal

Defecation is stimulated by

local and parasympathetic reflexes.

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

The oral cavity secretes ___, which neutralizes bacterial acids, flushes bacteria from the oral cavity, and has weak antibacterial activity.

serous saliva

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the

small intestine