A&P chap 3 Part 2

Microfilaments

Thinnest of cytoskeleton, semi-flexible strands of protein ACTIN. Cell mobility, changes cell shape as needed, Cells move when the get their ACTin together.

Mitochondria

Threadlike or lozenge shaped membranous organelles. Squirm and elongate, change shape constantly. Power plant of cell. Provides MOST of ATP. Cluster where the action is. busy cells have lots like liver and kidney. Enclosed by 2 membranes. Own DNA and RNA.

Cilia

Whip-like MOTILE cellular extensions. Moves shit in one direction across cell surface. respiratory tract. Made up of centrioles multiplied beneath plasma membrane and sprout microtubules from each centriole.

Nucleoli

Within the nucleus, spherical bodies where ribosomal subunits are assembled. Nor membrane bound, 2 per nucleus associated with nucleolar organizer regions that contain DNA that issues genetic instructions for making RNA

Microvilli

ABSORB. Minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane project from cell surface. Increase plasma membrane surface area. Intestinal and kidney tubule cells. has actin.

Centrosome or Cell center

Act as microtuble organizing center. contains centrioles. Generating microtubles and organizing miotic soindle cell division.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

As metabolites are broken down and oxidized some of energy released is caught and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP in mitochondria.

Nucleus

Cell control center, genetic library, instructions to build all body's proteins and which ones to make and how much.

Cytoplasm

Cell forming material. Between plasma membrane and nucleus. Site of most cellular activity. 3 major elements: cytosol, organelles, inclusions

Multinucleate

Cells with more than one nucleus. Like skeletal muscle, bone destruction cells, and some liver cells.

Auncleate

Cells without a nucleus, Cells like this cannot reproduce and live in bloodstream for only a few months. Cannot make mRNA to produce proteins and enzymes and cell structures break down they cannot be replaced.

G2 Phase

Final phase of interphase Enzymes and other proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to proper sites. Centriole replication is complete at end.

Free radicals

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons cause a lot of damage.

Golgi Process step 2

Inside apparatus proteins are modified, some sugar groups are trimmed while others are added, some times phosphate groups are added.

Of microfilaments, microtubules, or intermediate filaments which is most important for maintaing cell shape?

Intermediate filaments

Centrioles

Pairs, small, barrel shaped organelles at right angles to each other. Array of triplet microtubles, form bases of cilia and flagella.

Interphase

Period from cell formation to cell division. Cell is carrying out all routine activities before division.

G1 Phase

Phase in interphase where cell is metabolically active, synthesizing proteins and growing fast.can last minutes to years.

G0 Phase

Phase in interphase where no activities to with division occur.

S Phase

Phase in interphase, DNA is replicated new histones are made and assembled in chromatin

Flagella

Projections formed by centrioles, but much longer. Has a tail and can propel cell itself, sperm.

What are the 3 organelles involved in protein synthesis and how do these organelles interact in that process?

RIBOSOMES site of protein synthesis. ROUGH ER site for ribosomes attachment and package proteins made to send to GOLGI APPARTATUS where proteins are packaged and modified to ship to various locations.

Membrane bound ribosomes

Ribosomes attached to membranes forming a complex called rough endoplasmic reticulum . Synthesize protein destined either for incorporation into cell membranes or lysosomes, or to be exported from cell.

Free Ribosomes

Ribosomes that float freely in cytosol. Make soluble proteins that function in cytosol and those that are shipped to mitochondria.

Ribosomes

Small dark staining granules made up of proteins and variety of RNA's . 2 globular sub-units that fit together like acorn. SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Can reproduce themselves.

Outer Membrane

Smooth and featureless membrane on mitochondria.

Peroxisomes

Spherical membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes important ones are OXIDASES and CATALASES. Detoxifying and breaking down fatty acids. Form by budding off of ER

Golgi Apparatus

Stacked, flattened membranous sacs shaped like hollow dinner plates. Traffic director for cellular proteins. Modifies, concentrates and packages the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER to be exported from cell.

Chromatin

System of bumpy threads weaving through nucleoplasm. Made up of: 30% of our genetic material, 60% globular histone proteins (package and regulate DNA) 10% RNA chains newly formed or forming.

Autolysis

When cells digest itself.

Fission

When need for ATP increases mitochondria makes more cristae or pinch in half - this is called_________

Endomembrane System

System of organelles that work 2gether to produce, degrade, store, export biological molecules . And to degrade potentially harmful substances. Include Golgi, ER, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear membrane.

Endoplasmic Reticulum ER

Network within cytoplasm. Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities (cisterns). Is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and accounts for half of cells membrane. 2 varieties.

Lysosomes function as demolition crew by

1. Digesting particles taken in by endocytosis, like bacteria, viruses, toxins. 2. Degrading stressed or dead cells and worn-out or non functioning organelles- autophagy (self eating) 3. Performing metabolic functions such as glycogen breakdown and release. 4. Breaking down bone to release calcium ions into blood.

Membranous Organelles

Organelles bound by a plasma membrane to maintain internal environment.

Basal Bodies

Centrioles forming bases of cilia and flagella are refered to as this.

Inclusions

Chemical substance that may or may not be present depends on the cell. Like : stored nutrients, glycogen granules in liver/ muscle cells, lipids droplets in fat cells, pigment in hair and skin.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Continuous with the other ER and consists of tubules in looping network. It's enzymes metabolize lipids, make cholesterol and phospholipids, make lipid components of lipoprotein. Make steroid based hormones, absorb, sythesize and transport fats, detoxify drugs, pesticides, carcinogens. Break down stored glycogen to form free glucose.

Lysosomes

Disintegrator bodies. Spherical organelles with activated digestive enzymes . Can digest almost all kinds of biological molecules. Work best in acidic conditions.

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane barrier separated by fluid filled space. Pierced with pores. Continuous with rough ER. Inner part is lined with nuclear lamina a network of lamins that maintains shape of nucleus.

Cytoskeleton

Elaborate network of rods running thru cytosol. Cells bones, muscles, ligaments. Contain 3 types: Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER

External surface of this ER is studded with ribosomes. Proteins assemble on these ribosomes thread and thread their way into fluid filled interior of ER cisterns. Ribosomes here manufacture all proteins secreted from cell. This type of ER abundant in kidneys, secretory cells, antibody producing immune cells, liver. It is the cell's MEMBRANE FACTORY where integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellualar membrane are made.

Microtubules

Largest, hollow tubes made up of spherical protein tubulin. Radiate from small region near nucleus. Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of cellular organelles. Anchored at one end of centrsome

Nuclear pores

Lines Nuclear envelope, forms an aqueous transport channel and regulates entry and exit of molecules and large particles in and out of nucleus.

How Lysosomes function Part 1

Lysosomes contain H+ pumos that are ATPases that gather hydrogen ions from the the surrounding cytosol to keep organelles acidic pH.

Compare functions of lysosome and peroxisomes

Lysosomes digest foreign shit and taken in by cell, non-useful or deteriorating organelles even cell itself to prevent build up. PEROXISOMES enzymes detoxify harmful chemicals and neutralize free radicals.

How Lysosomes function part 2

Lysosomes retain the dangerous lysosomal enzymes while permitting final products of digestion to escape to be excreted from cell safely.

Inner Membrane

Membrane on mitochondria that folds inwards, creating shelflike CRISTAE that protrudes into matrix.

Organelles

Metabolic machinery of cell. Each carries out specific function for cell, synthesize protein, generate ATP etc. Specialized cellular compartments.

How are microtubules and microfilaments related functionally?

Microfilaments and microtubules are involved in organelle movements within cell and movement of whole cell itself.

Which organelle is the major site of ATP synthesis?

Mitochondria

Motor Proteins

Tiny protein machines (kinesins, dyneins) constantly move and re-position organelles along microtubules. train engines moving shit along microtubular railways. Others move hand over hand gripping and releasing over and over.

What is the major role of microvilli?

To increase cell's surface area for absorption purposes.

Intermediate Filaments

Tough insoluble protein fibers look like rope. Twisted tetramer fibrils. Most stable and permanent of cytoskeleton. High tensile strength. Resist pulling force exerted on cell.

Golgi process of exportation step 1

Transport vesicles that bud off from the rough ER move to and fuse with membranes at convex cis face (receiving side of golgi)

Nuleosomes

Units of chromatin. Flatted disc shaped cores or clusters of 8 histone proteins connected like beads on a string by a DNA molecule DNA winds like velcro twice around each_________ and continues to cluster via linker DNA segments.

Oxidases

Uses oxygen to detoxify harmful shit like alcohol and formaldehyde. Neutralize free radicals.

Golgi Process step 3

Various proteins are tagged for delivery to a specific address, sorted and packaged in at least 3 types of vesicles that bud from concave trans face ( shipping side)

Cytosol

Viscous semitransparent fluid in what other cytoplasmic elements are suspended, complete mixture both colloid and true solution. Dissolved here are sugars, salts, and shit.

Certain death cause it can'r make proteins which include enzymes needed for all metabolic reactions.

What is the fate of a cell if it loses or ejects it nucleus?

Package DNA in an orderly, compact way. Play role in gene regulation

What is the importance of the histone proteins present in nucleus

Make ribosomal subunits

What is the role of the nucleoli?

Chromosomes

When cell is preparing to divide the chromatin threads coil and condense enormously to form short, barlike bodies. Compactness of this prevents delicate chromatin strands from tangling and breaking during movement in cell division.

Cell Division

aka Mitotic Phase, when cells divide into 2