A&P Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System

The length of the cardiac cycle is normally ________ second(s) in length.

0.8

Both atria and ventricles are made of the same cardiac muscle tissue. Because most of the pumping work is done by the ventricles, systole and diastole always refer to the activity of the ventricles unless otherwise stated.

1. During mid-to-late diastole, the ventricles fill with blood. 2. During systole, the ventricles contract. 3. During early diastole, the ventricles relax.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

10%% change in vessel diameter

What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?

myocardium

Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?

pulmonary veins

The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a(n) ________.

pulse

The coronary veins empty blood from the myocardium into a large vein on the posterior side of the heart known as the ________.

coronary sinus

After ventricular contraction, the whole heart is briefly at rest and all the valves are closed. Which of the following statements best summarizes this early diastolic phase?

This is called isovolumetric relaxation and intraventricular pressure decreases.

Which of the following will reduce blood pressure?

decreasing peripheral resistance

By what pathway does oxygen leave capillaries to supply body tissues?

diffusion through capillary cell membranes

Which of these allows nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to bypass the fetal liver and enter the inferior vena cava?

ductus venosus

What is a common cause of valvular stenosis?

endocarditis

The layer of the heart wall synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is ________.

epicardium

Which of the following hormones promotes sodium ion (and water) reabsorption by the kidney in order to increase blood pressure and blood volume?

aldosterone

What is the ultimate cause of orthostatic hypotension in the elderly?

an aging, slowly reactive sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a warning sign of an impending myocardial infarction?

angina pectoris

An incompetent aortic semilunar valve would allow blood to backflow from the ________.

aorta to the left ventricle

The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.

apex

Which type of vessel has a thick tunica media?

artery

The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the closure of the ________ valves.

atrioventricular (AV)

What part of the heart's intrinsic conduction system carries impulses into the interventricular septum?

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

The flaplike opening in the interatrial septum of the fetus through which blood is shunted directly from the right atrium to the left atrium is the ________.

foramen ovale

What is a possible complication to arteriosclerosis?

heart attack

Cardiac output is the product of which two variables?

heart rate and stroke volume

The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and causes the ________.

heart rate to decrease

The single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the ________.

hepatic portal vein

Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Pericarditis is most closely related to which of the following cardiac conditions?

inadequate amounts of serous fluid

Which arteries carry oxygen-rich blood into the cranial cavity?

internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

Which vessel feeds oxygenated blood into the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) of the brain?

internal carotid artery

Which one of the following does NOT receive blood directly from the aortic arch?

right common carotid artery

Which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

A pulmonary embolism can be a direct result from which of the following conditions?

thrombophlebitis

Through which valve will blood flow when leaving the right atrium?

tricuspid valve

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

Our vessels lose elasticity as we age, as happens in arteriosclerosis. Which vessel layer is affected?

tunica media

The vessel that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus is the ________.

umbilical vein

Which of the following will slow the heart rate?

vagus nerve stimulation

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the diameter of blood vessels?

vasoconstriction

Which of these will increase arterial blood pressure (BP)?

vasoconstriction of arteries

Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

venae cavae

The mitral valve is normally closed ________.

when the ventricle is in systole

During mid-to-late diastole, blood flows from the atria to fill their respective ventricles to prepare for systole. What is happening during this time?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are open. Blood flows passively from veins through atria into ventricles. Atria contract to force the remaining blood into the ventricles.

Blood is returned to the right side of the heart from the lungs.

FALSE

During ventricular diastole, the bicuspid and tricuspid (mitral)valves are closed.

FALSE

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in one minute.

FALSE

The chordae tendineae anchor the semilunar valves to the walls of the ventricles.

FALSE

The renal veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the kidneys.

FALSE

The hepatic veins drain the blood from the liver and return it to the inferior vena cava

TRUE

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170%% to meet the body's increased O2O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.

After listening to Janetta's heart for several seconds, her doctor told Janetta that she has an incompetent right atrioventricular (AV) valve. What did Janetta's doctor hear that led to that conclusion?

a swishing sound heard after the right AV valve has closed

Fluid tends to be forced out of a capillary bed by ________ while ________ tends to draw fluid into the capillary bed

blood pressure; osmotic pressure

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in

blood vessel diameter

Which type of vessel is constructed only from tunica intima?

capillaries

Where is the radial artery located?

lateral forearm

What chamber of the heart will blood enter after passing through the bicuspid valve?

left ventricle

Which organ is bypassed by the special circulation pathways of a fetus?

liver

Due to the presence of plasma proteins, what pressure draws fluids into capillaries?

osmotic pressure

What does the umbilical vein carry?

oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

The friction blood encounters as it flows through the vessels is called ________.

peripheral resistance

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exceptions to this rule are the ________ arteries and veins.

pulmonary

From what organs does the hepatic portal vein receive blood?

stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas

What is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heart beat?

stroke volume (SV)

Which term means heart contraction?

systole