A&P Chapter 15
The upper motor neuron of a somatic motor pathway has a cell body that lies in __________. * A nucleus of the spinal cord * A CNS processing center * A nucleus of the brain stem * An area outside the CNS
A CNS processing center
The sensory homunculus is __________. * A functional map of the somatomotor cortex * A functional map of the cerebellum * A functional map of the somatosensory cortex * All of the listed responses are correct.
A functional map of the somatosensory cortex
Ruffini corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs are similar in their __________. * Structure * Ability to detect tension and distortion * Location between a skeletal muscle and a tendon * Both being thermoreceptors
Ability to detect tension and distortion
Judith is receiving messages in her brain from baroreceptors in the stomach, chemoreceptors detecting PO2 levels in the blood, and tactile receptors in the skin. All this information must be transmitted in what type of format to be detected by the CNS? * Sensations * Pain * Action potentials * Perception
Action potentials
The pyramidal system includes which of the following? * Corticobulbar * Anterior corticospinal * Lateral corticospinal * All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following serve as receptors to measure body position and balance? * Muscle spindles * Inner ear receptors * Golgi tendon organs * All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Somatic motor pathways always involve __________. * An upper and lower motor neuron * A ganglionic and preganglionic neuron * Sensory and motor fibers * Anterior and lateral nuclei
An upper and lower motor neuron
The spinocerebellar pathway includes __________. * Lateral and anterior tracts * Gracilis and cuneatus nuclei * Anterior and posterior tracts * Lateral and posterior tracts
Anterior and posterior tracts
An individual would lose two-point discrimination at 3â€"5 mm on which region(s) of the body? * Lips * Fingertips * Tongue * Backs of hands and feet
Backs of hands and feet
Which type of receptor detects pressure changes? * Tactile receptor * Thermoreceptor * Baroreceptor * Nociceptor
Baroreceptor
Which type of receptor detects volumes of digestive materials in the colon? * Thermoreceptors * Baroreceptors * Chemoreceptors * Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Which type of sensory receptor detects changes in pressure in an organ? * Chemoreceptors * Baroreceptors * Tactile receptors * Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors are sensory receptors that detect changes in pressure in an organ.
The background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities are controlled by __________. * The pyramidal system * Vestibular nuclei * Superior and inferior colliculi * Basal nuclei
Basal nuclei
Chemoreceptors are located in __________. * The aorta * The carotid arteries * The digestive tract * Both the carotid arteries and the aorta
Both the carotid arteries and the aorta
Visceral sensory information is distributed primarily to reflex centers in the __________. * Brain stem and diencephalon * Skeletal muscles * Cerebellar hemispheres * Cerebral cortex
Brain stem and diencephalon
Which process inhibits nuclei along a sensory pathway and reduces the awareness of a stimulus? * Central adaptation * Receptor potential * Proprioception * Peripheral adaptation
Central adaptation inhibits nuclei along a sensory pathway and reduces the awareness of a stimulus.
The center of somatic motor control that coordinates complex motor patterns is the __________. * Thalamus * Cerebral cortex * Cerebellum * Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
The center of somatic motor control that plans and initiates voluntary motor activity is the __________. * Cerebellum * Cerebral cortex * Basal nuclei * Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata would be sensitive to changes in ph and PCO2 in __________. * Lymph * Aortic blood supply * Cerebrospinal fluid * Venous blood supply
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following is a possible location for a chemoreceptor? * The dermis of the skin * Muscle spindles * The urinary bladder * Carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies and monitor the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in the blood.
In somatic motor control, the cerebellum's role involves __________. * Coordinating complex motor patterns * Inhibiting reflex patterns * Simple spinal reflexes * Planning and initiating motor activity
Coordinating complex motor patterns
The extrapyramidal tracts do NOT include which of the following? * Tectospinal * Corticobulbar * Rubrospinal
Corticobulbar
The three integrated pathways controlling conscious and subconscious motor commands in skeletal muscle are the __________. * Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal * Corticospinal, medial, and lateral * Cerebellum, corticospinal, and reticulospinal * Corticobulbar, tectospinal, and rubrospinal
Corticospinal, medial, and lateral
The anterior spinothalamic pathway carries the sensations of __________. * Fine touch and pressure * Crude touch and pressure * Proprioception from the joints * Pain, heat, and cold
Crude touch and pressure
The relative proportions to the sensory and motor homunculus are __________. * Different because some sensitive areas have few muscles * Identical to one another * Identical to normal body proportions
Different because some sensitive areas have few muscles
The basal nuclei contain two populations of neurons, one releasing ach and the other releasing GABA. Ach has a(n) _____________ effect on the neurons they synapse with, whereas GABA has a(n) ____________ effect. * Hyperpolarizing; depolarizing * Both would have stimulatory effects. * Excitatory; inhibitory * Inhibitory; excitatory
Excitatory; inhibitory
Which of these types of sensory receptors is INCORRECTLY linked with its function? * Exteroceptor monitors respiratory system * Proprioceptor monitors muscles and joints * Interoceptor visceral sensory * Interoceptor monitors pain, taste, and deep pressure * Exteroceptor somatic sensory
Exteroceptor monitors respiratory system
What category of sensory receptor provides information about the external environment? * Proprioceptors * Exteroceptors * Interoceptors * Receptor fields
Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment.
The axons of the posterior column ascend within the __________. * Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus * Posterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts * Posterior and interior spinocerebellar tracts * All of the listed responses are correct.
Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
The posterior column pathway carries the sensations of __________. * Crude touch and pressure * Proprioception from the joints * Pain, heat, and cold * Fine touch and pressure
Fine touch and pressure
What is the term for the branching end of a dendrite that is NOT protected by accessory structures? * Tactile corpuscle * Free nerve ending * Receptor field * Muscle spindle
Free nerve endings are the branching ends of dendrites that are not protected by accessory structures.
A receptor potential large enough to generate an action potential is called __________. * Generator potential * Receptor specificity * A receptive field * All of the listed responses are correct.
Generator potential
Which of the following statements about the sensory homunculus is FALSE? * Hearing from the left ear is processed in the right sensory homunculus. * Posterior column pathways lead to the sensory homunculus. * Pain and temperature sensations from the left side of the body are received by the right sensory homunculus. * The relative size of an area of the homunculus is determined by the number of sensory receptors in that area of the body.
Hearing from the left ear is processed in the right sensory homunculus.
The posterior column pathway receives sensations associated with __________. * Pain and temperature * Crude touch and pressure * Highly localized fine touch, pressure, vibration, and position * All of the listed responses are correct.
Highly localized fine touch, pressure, vibration, and position
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs centers of somatic motor control with their activities? * Hypothalamus controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating, drinking, and sexual activity * Basal nuclei modify voluntary and reflexive motor patterns at the subconscious level * Inferior medulla oblongata coordinates complex motor patterns * Cerebral cortex plans and initiates voluntary motor activity
Inferior medulla oblongata coordinates complex motor patterns
The reticulospinal tract is involved with regulation of __________. * Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles * Balance and muscle tone * Involuntary reflex activity and autonomic functions * Involuntary regulation of balance and posture
Involuntary reflex activity and autonomic functions
Which role does the medulla play in somatic motor control? * It balances reflexes and respiratory reflexes. * It coordinates complex motor patterns. * It plans and initiates voluntary motor activity. * It modifies voluntary and subconscious motor patterns.
It balances reflexes and respiratory reflexes.
Which of the following statements about adaptation is FALSE? * It can occur peripherally when the level of receptor activity changes. * It can occur in the CNS when inhibition of nuclei occurs along a sensory pathway. * It is a feature of tonic receptors but not of phasic receptors. * It is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.
It is a feature of tonic receptors but not of phasic receptors.
Why does the sensory homunculus appear distorted in the face and hands? * It is a representation of the number of prefrontal cortex neurons needed to manipulate those given areas. * It is a representation of the number of sensory neurons in the given body areas. * It is a representation of where the special sense organs are located. * It is a representation of the number of motor neurons associated with the given areas of the body.
It is a representation of the number of sensory neurons in the given body areas.
An individual whose primary motor cortex has been destroyed retains the ability to walk and maintain balance, but the movements __________. * Are under involuntary control and are poorly executed * Are characteristic of involuntary motor commands * Are restricted and result in partial paralysis * Lack precision and are awkward and poorly controlled
Lack precision and are awkward and poorly controlled
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs types of tactile receptors with their functions? * Free nerve endingsâ€"found between epidermal cells, these are dendrites of sensory neurons with small receptive fields * Lamellated corpuscles also called Meissner corpuscles, these measure fine touch and pressure and low-frequency vibrations in eyelids, fingertips, and lips * Tactile discs" also called Merkel discs, these measure fine touch and pressure and touch very large epithelial cells in the stratum germinativum * Root hair plexus monitors movement across body surfaces when a hair is displaced
Lamellated corpuscles also called Meissner corpuscles, these measure fine touch and pressure and low-frequency vibrations in eyelids, fingertips, and lips
Which of the following correctly links components of the pyramidal motor pathways? * Upper motor neurons soma lies in a CNS processing center * Cerebral peduncles carry pyramidal tracts on either side of midbrain * Corticobulbar tracts upper motor neurons that synapse with neurons of cranial nerves * Pyramidal cells located in primary motor cortex * Lateral corticospinal tracts descend without crossing to level of spinal nerves
Lateral corticospinal tracts descend without crossing to level of spinal nerves
The primary goal of the vestibular nuclei is __________. * Regulation of reflex activity * Controlling involuntary eye movements * The triggering of visual and auditory stimuli * Maintaining posture and balance
Maintaining posture and balance
The center of somatic motor control that controls basic respiratory reflexes is the __________. * Medulla oblongata * Cerebrum * Mesencephalon * Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder that affects __________. * Nociceptors and their associated sensory neurons * Neurons of the reticular activating system * Neurons of the prefrontal cortex * Motor neurons and their associated skeletal muscles
Motor neurons and their associated skeletal muscles
Which receptors are common in superficial portions of the skin, in joint capsules, within the periostea of bones, and around the walls of blood vessels? * Nociceptors * Thermoreceptors * Mechanoreceptors * All of the listed responses are correct.
Nociceptors
A sensory first-order neuron traveling along the posterior column pathway from the arm would synapse in the __________. * Arbor vitae of the cerebellum * Nucleus gracilis * Nucleus cuneatus * Reticular activating system
Nucleus cuneatus
Which of the following is NOT classified as a general sense? * Temperature * Pressure * Olfaction * Pain
Olfaction
Nociceptors, common in the skin, in joint capsules, and around the walls of blood vessels, are sensory receptors for __________. * Temperature * Pain * Chemical concentration * Physical distortion
Pain
Which of the following correctly defines referred pain? * Pain generalized all over the body, as accompanying a fever * Pain felt in an uninjured body area rather than in the area where the injury actually occurred * Pain felt as being received from an amputated limb * Pain localized to a specific small area of the body where injury has occurred
Pain felt in an uninjured body area rather than in the area where the injury actually occurred
Which of the following correctly defines referred pain? * Pain felt in an uninjured body area when the injury has actually occurred in another location * Pain localized to a specific, small area of the body where injury has occurred * Pain felt as being received from an amputated limb * Pain generalized all over the body, such as the pain accompanying a fever
Pain felt in an uninjured body area when the injury has actually occurred in another location
Which part of the brain is affected by Parkinson's disease? * Basal nuclei * Cerebellum * Cerebrum * Medulla oblongata
Parkinson's disease is a disorder in which the excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei become more active, producing problems in controlling voluntary movement.
The efferent division of the nervous system that includes nuclei, motor tracts, and motor neurons controls __________. * Peripheral effectors * The CNS * The brain stem and diencephalon * Visceral sensory information
Peripheral effectors
The receptors that provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus are called __________. * Generator potentials * Phasic receptors * Receptor potentials * Tonic receptors
Phasic receptors
The spinocerebellar pathway carries information concerning the __________. * Sensations that cause referred and phantom limb pain * Position of muscles, tendons, and joints to the cerebellum * Pressure on each side of the body * Sensations of touch, pain, and temperature
Position of muscles, tendons, and joints to the cerebellum
The three major somatic sensory pathways are the __________. * First-, second-, and third-order * Nuclear, cerebellar, and thalamic * Posterior column, spinothalamic, and spinocerebellar * Anterior, posterior, and lateral spinothalamic
Posterior column, spinothalamic, and spinocerebellar
The integrative activities performed by neurons in the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei are essential to the __________. * Involuntary regulation of posture and muscle tone * Precise control of voluntary and involuntary movements * Voluntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle * Involuntary regulation of autonomic functions
Precise control of voluntary and involuntary movements
Somatic sensory information does NOT travel to which of the following locations? * Primary sensory cortex * Primary motor cortex * Cerebellar hemispheres * All of the listed responses are correct.
Primary motor cortex
Which part of the brain is responsible for the highest level of motor command in terms of complexity and voluntary motion? * Primary motor cortex * Visual cortex * Primary sensory cortex * Cerebellum
Primary motor cortex
In the thalamus, data arriving over the posterior column pathway are integrated, sorted, and projected to the __________. * Spinal cord * Primary sensory cortex * PNS * Cerebellum
Primary sensory cortex
The spinocerebellar pathway carries the sensations of __________. * Crude touch and pressure * Pain, heat, and cold * Fine touch and pressure * Proprioception
Proprioception
Which one of the following is NOT a correct linkage of a receptor type with the stimulus that excites it? * Chemoreceptor presence of specific molecules in body fluids * Nociceptor tissue damage and pain * Proprioceptor touch on skin surface * Mechanoreceptor contact or pressure on cell membrane
Proprioceptor touch on skin surface
Which of the following sensory receptors monitors the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction? * Proprioceptors * Lamellated corpuscles * Ruffini corpuscles * Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction.
Voluntary and involuntary somatic motor commands issued by the brain reach peripheral targets by traveling over the __________. * Sensory and motor fibers * Ganglionic and preganglionic fibers * Pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems * Spinothalamic tracts
Pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems
If a sensation arrives at the wrong part of the sensory cortex, you will __________. * Experience pain in the posterior column pathway * Lose all capability of receiving and sending information * Be incapable of experiencing pain or pressure * Reach an improper conclusion about the source of the stimulus
Reach an improper conclusion about the source of the stimulus
Free nerve endings can be stimulated by many different stimuli because they exhibit little __________. * Receptor specificity * Ability to initiate transduction * Information about the location of a stimulus * Accessory structures
Receptor specificity
The term for pain felt in an uninjured part of the body rather than the injured part is called __________. * Adaptation * Phantom pain * Fast pain * Referred pain
Referred pain is a phenomenon in which an individual feels pain in an uninjured part of the body rather than the part of the body that is actually injured.
Which of the following receptors are stimulated when a stiff breeze blows across the skin of your arm and moves some of the hairs? * Lamellated corpuscles * Root hair plexuses * Golgi tendon organs * Ruffini corpuscles
Root hair plexuses
The motor neurons and pathways that control skeletal muscles form the __________. * Central nervous system * Somatic nervous system * Afferent division of the nervous system * Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
The primary sensory cortex of the cerebral hemispheres or areas of the cerebellar hemispheres receive __________. * Somatic motor information * Visceral sensory information * Somatic sensory information * Visceral motor information
Somatic sensory information
Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or the external environment are called __________. * Interneurons * Effectors * Somatic * Sensory receptors
Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment are called sensory receptors.
The simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the __________. * Cerebellum * Mesencephalon * Spinal cord * Cerebrum
Spinal cord
If a tract name begins with spino-, it must start in the __________. * Brain and end in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), bearing motor commands * Spinal cord and end in the brain, bearing motor commands * Spinal cord and end in the brain, carrying sensory information * Spinal cord and end in the PNS, carrying sensory information
Spinal cord and end in the brain, carrying sensory information
When someone touches a hot stove, the rapid, automatic, preprogrammed response that preserves homeostasis is provided by the __________. * Cerebellum * Cerebral cortex * Primary sensory cortex * Spinal reflex
Spinal reflex
If the name of a tract ends in -spinal, its axons must __________. * Start in the spinal cord and end in the brain, carrying sensory information * Start in the spinal cord and end in the PNS, carrying motor commands * Start in the higher centers and end in the spinal cord, bearing motor commands * Start in the higher centers and end in the spinal cord, bearing sensory information
Start in the higher centers and end in the spinal cord, bearing motor commands
Which of the following provides conscious control of skeletal muscles? * Corticospinal pathway * Posterior column pathway * Medial pathway * Lateral pathway
The corticospinal pathway provides conscious control of skeletal muscles.
Which of the following is responsible for subconscious regulation of muscle tone and reflex activity in the neck, trunk, and proximal limbs? * Lateral pathway * Medial pathway * Corticobulbar tracts * Corticospinal pathway
The medial pathway is responsible for subconscious regulation of muscle tone and reflex activity in the neck, trunk, and proximal limbs.
Which of the following is a functional map of the neurons in the cerebral cortex that control skeletal muscles? * Motor homunculus * Receptive field * Sensory homunculus
The motor homunculus is a functional map of the neurons in the cerebral cortex that control skeletal muscles.
Which of the following statements about levels of processing and motor control is correct? * Voluntary responses are more complex than reflex reactions. * Myelination of axons reduces the delay between stimulus and response, increasing motor control. * Voluntary responses require more time to prepare and execute than reflex reactions. * The number of neurons in the cerebral cortex continues to increase until at least age 4. * The brain grows in size and complexity until at least age 4.
The number of neurons in the cerebral cortex continues to increase until at least age 4.
The posterior column pathways carry the sensation of __________. * Proprioception * Fine touch * Pain and temperature * Crude touch and pressure
The posterior column pathways carry the sensation of fine touch.
The area monitored by a single receptor is called __________. * The receptive field * Transduction * Generator potential * Receptor potential
The receptive field
If the primary sensory cortex were damaged or the projection fibers cut, a person would be able to detect light touch but would be unable to determine __________. * The source of the stimulus * The magnitude of the stimulus * The amount of pressure * All of the listed responses are correct.
The source of the stimulus
Which pathway is responsible for proprioception? * Posterior column pathway * Spinothalamic pathway * Spinocerebellar pathway * Fasciculus gracilis
The spinocerebellar pathway carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
The spinothalamic pathway relays impulses associated with __________. *crude sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature * Proprioceptive information and vibrations * The position of muscles, tendons, and joints * fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
The spinothalamic pathway is responsible for the sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Which pathway is responsible for the sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature? * Spinocerebellar pathway * Spinothalamic pathway * Posterior column pathway * Corticospinal pathway
The spinothalamic pathway is responsible for the sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Which of the following is the term for the crossing of an axon from the left side to the right side or from the right side to the left side? * Receptor potential * Phantom pain * Decussation * Central adaptation
The term for the crossing of an axon from the left side to the right side or from the right side to the left side is decussation .
Which type of sensory receptor detects temperature changes? * Tactile receptors * Chemoreceptors * Nociceptors * Thermoreceptors
Thermoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect temperature changes.
How many major motor pathways are there? * One * Two * Three * Four
Three
Sensory information requires __________ neuron(s) to reach the thalamus. * One * Two * Three * Four
Three
There are __________ major sensory pathways. * Four * Three * Two * One
Three
What type of receptor is always active? * Temperature receptor * Tonic receptor * Phasic receptor * Fast adapting receptor
Tonic receptors are always active and change only in the frequency of their action potentials.
Which of the following is NOT a general sense? * Pressure * Temperature * Touch * Vision
Touch, pressure, and temperature are general senses; vision is not.
Tactile receptors provide sensations of __________. * Touch, pressure, and vibration * Pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels * Conscious perception of pain * Joint and muscle movement
Touch, pressure, and vibration
Thermoreceptors are phasic receptors because they are __________. * Unaffected by the temperature sensations * Slow when adapting to a stable temperature * Inactive when the temperature is changing * Very active when the temperature is changing
Very active when the temperature is changing
The motor tracts in the spinal cord controlling subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone are the __________. * Tectospinal tracts * Vestibulospinal tracts * Reticulospinal tracts * Corticobulbar tracts
Vestibulospinal tracts