A&P - Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
Match the following: (e) raises blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(1) PTH
Match the following: (d) thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones where they form a joint (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(1) articular cartilage
Match the following: (d) a broken bone that does not break through the skin (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(1) closed (simple)
Match the following: (m) unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(1) osteogenic cells
Match the following: (a) column-like layer of maturing chondrocytes. (1) zone of hypertrophic cartilage (2) zone of calcified cartilage (3) zone of proliferating cartilage (4) zone of resting cartilage
(1) zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Match the following: (h) large cells derived from numerous monocytes; involved in resorption by release of lysosomal enzymes and acids (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(10) osteoclasts
Match the following: (j) an infection of bone (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(10) osteomyelitis
Match the following: (l) bundles of collagen fibers that attach periosteum to the bone (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Match the following: (k) a remnant of the active epiphyseal (growth) plate; a sign that the bone has stopped growing in length (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(11) epiphyseal line
Match the following: (l) an opening in the shaft of the bone allowing an artery to pass into the bone (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(11) nutrient foramen
Match the following: (i) a layer of hyaline cartilage in the area between the shaft and end of a growing bone (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
Match the following: (a) small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(12) lacunae
Match the following: (g) canals that extend longitudinally through the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves to the central canal (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(13) haversian (central) canals
Match the following: (a) decreases blood calcium levels by accelerating calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting osteoclasts. (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(2) CT
Match the following: (j) membrane lining the medullary cavity (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(2) endosteum
Match the following: (f) a broken bone that protrudes through the skin (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(2) open (compound)
Match the following: (k) mature cells that maintain the daily metabolism of bone (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(2) osteocytes
Match the following: (d) region of dead chondrocytes (1) zone of hypertrophic cartilage (2) zone of calcified cartilage (3) zone of proliferating cartilage (4) zone of resting cartilage
(2) zone of calcified cartilage
Match the following: (f) active form of vitamin D; raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract. (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(3) calcitriol
Match the following: (a) a broken bone in which one end of the fractured bone is driven into the other end (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(3) impacted fracture
Match the following: (a) space within the shaft of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(3) medullary cavity
Match the following: (e) microscopic unit of compact bone tissue (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(3) osteon (haversian system)
Match the following: (c) layer of actively dividing chondrocytes (1) zone of hypertrophic cartilage (2) zone of calcified cartilage (3) zone of proliferating cartilage (4) zone of resting cartilage
(3) zone of proliferating cartilage
Match the following: (f) the long, cylindrical main portion of the bone; the shaft (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(4) diaphysis
Match the following: (e) a partial break in a bone in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(4) greenstick fracture
Match the following: (c) during childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; production stimulated by human growth hormone (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(4) insulin like growth factors
Match the following: (b) tiny canals that penetrate compact bone; carry blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum. (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Match the following: (b) layer of small, scattered chondrocytes anchoring the epiphyseal (growth) plate to the bone. (1) zone of hypertrophic cartilage (2) zone of calcified cartilage (3) zone of proliferating cartilage (4) zone of resting cartilage
(4) zone of resting cartilage
Match the following: (j) rings of hard calcified matrix found just beneath the periosteum and lining the medullary cavity (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(5) circumferential lamellae
Match the following: (e) proximal and distal ends of bones (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(5) epiphyses
Match the following: (d) involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(5) sex hormones
Match the following: (g) microscopic bone breaks resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(5) stress fracture
Match the following: (c) splintered bone, with smaller fragments lying between main fragments (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(6) comminuted fracture
Match the following: (g) in a growing bone, the region that contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(6) metaphysis
Match the following: (d) cells that secrete the components required to build bone (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(6) osteoblasts
Match the following: (b) required for collagen synthesis (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(6) vitamin C
Match the following: (b) a condition of porous bones characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(7) osteoporosis
Match the following: (h) the tough covering that surrounds the bone surface wherever cartilage is not present (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(7) periosteum
Match the following: (i) irregular lattice of thin columns of bone found in spongy bone tissue (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(7) trabeculae
Match the following: (e) required for protein synthesis (1) PTH (2) CT (3) calcitriol (4) insulin like growth factors (5) sex hormones (6) vitamin C (7) vitamin K
(7) vitamin K
Match the following: (c) areas between osteons; fragments of old osteons (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(8) interstitial lamellae
Match the following: (i) condition characterized by failure of new bone formed by remodelling to calcify in adults (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(8) osteomalacia
Match the following: (c) hemopoietic tissue (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(8) red bone marrow
Match the following: (f) interconnected, tiny canals filled with extracellular fluid; connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal (1) osteogenic cells (2) osteocytes (3) osteon (haversian system) (4) perforating (Volkmann's) canals (5) circumferential lamellae (6) osteoblasts (7) trabeculae (8) interstitial lamellae (9) canaliculi (10) osteoclasts (11) nutrient foramen (12) lacunae (13) haversian (central) canals
(9) canaliculi
Match the following: (h) a degeneration of articular cartilage allowing the boney ends to touch; worsens due to friction between the bones (1) closed (simple) (2) open (compound) (3) impacted fracture (4) greenstick fracture (5) stress fracture (6) comminuted fracture (7) osteoporosis (8) osteomalacia (9) osteoarthritis (10) osteomyelitis
(9) osteoarthritis
Match the following: (b) triglyceride storage tissue (1) articular cartilage (2) endosteum (3) medullary cavity (4) diaphysis (5) epiphyses (6) metaphysis (7) periosteum (8) red bone marrow (9) yellow bone marrow (10) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (11) epiphyseal line (12) epiphyseal (growth) plate
(9) yellow bone marrow
Place in order the steps involved in the repair of a bone fracture: (1) Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bony callus formation; (2) formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture; (3) resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodelling of bone; (4) migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site; (5) bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocartilaginous callus. (a) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 (b) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3 (c) 1, 2, 5, 4, 3 (d) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 (e) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
(a) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 (2) formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture; (4) migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site; (5) bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocartilaginous callus. (1) Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bony callus formation; (3) resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodelling of bone;
Place in order the steps involved in endochondral ossification. (1) Nutrient artery invades the perichondrium. (2) Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. (3) Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. (4) Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses. (5) Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center. (a) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 (b) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 (c) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 (d) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 (e) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
(a) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 (3) Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify (1) Nutrient artery invades the perichondrium (5) Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification centre (2) Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity (4) Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses
A primary effect of weight-bearing exercise on bones is to: (a) provide oxygen for bone development (b) increase the demineralization of bone. (c) maintain and increase bone mass. (d) stimulate the release of sex hormones for bone growth. (e) utilize the stored triglycerides from the yellow bone marrow.
(c) maintain and increase bone mass.
Place in order the steps involved in intramembranous ossification. (1) Bony matrices fuse to form trabeculae. (2) Clusters of osteoblasts form a centre of ossification that secretes the organic extracellular matrix. (3) Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone's surface. (4) Periosteum develops on the bone's periphery. (5) The extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts. (a) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 (b) 4, 3, 5, 1, 2 (c) 1, 2, 5, 4, 3 (d) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 (e) 5, 1, 3, 4, 2
(d) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 (2) Clusters of osteoblasts form a centre of ossification that secretes the organic extracellular matrix. (5) The extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts. (1) Bony matrices fuse to form trabeculae. (4) Periosteum develops on the bone's periphery. (3) Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone's surface.
Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone: (a) is composed of numerous osteons (haversion systems) (b) is found primarily in the diaphyses of long bones, and compact bone is found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones. (c) contains osteons all aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. (d) does not contain osteocytes contained in lacunae. (e) is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.
(e) is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.
Bone resorption involves increased activity of osteoclasts. (T/F)?
True
The formation of bone from cartilage in known as endochondral ossification. (T/F)?
True
The growth of bone is controlled primarily by hormones. (T/F)?
True
The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's ____, while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide bone with ____.
hardness, tensile strength
Bone growth in length is called _____ growth, and bone growth in diameter (thickness) is called ____ growth.
interstitial, appositional