A&P: Chapter 8 Part 2

What parts of the femur are involved in the hip joint? What parts are involved in the knee joint?

Distal to the head is a constricted neck and two massive, rough processes called the greater and lesser trochanters, which are insertions for the powerful muscles of the hip. The medial/lateral epicondyles are the widest points of the femur, and easily palpated at the knee. On the anterior side of the femur, the patellar surface articulates with the patella.

The hands have more phalanges than the feet.

False, each hand and foot has 14 phalanges

On a living person, it would be possible to palpate the acromion and spine of the scapula but not the muscles of the infraspinous fossa.

False, muscles of the infraspinous fossa are easily palpated on the back, inferior to the scapular spine.

A wristwatch or bracelet normally encircles the area of the carpal (wrist) bones.

False, the carpal bones are in the base of the hand, not the narrow region of the wrist.

As an adaptation to pregnancy, the females pelvis is deeper than the male's.

False, the females pelvis is wider and shallower than the male's.

Name the four long bones from the tip of the little finger to the base of the hand.

From the tip of the little finger to the base of the hand, the four long bones are: distal phalanx, middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, and the metacarpal bone of the little finger

Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. Which ribs fall into each category?

Ribs 1 through 7 are called true ribs because each has its own costal cartilage connecting it to the sternum. Ribs 8 through 12 are called false ribs because they lack independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. Ribs 11 through 12 are called floating ribs because they have no direct or indirect connection to the sternum at all.

Name the prominent knobs on each side of your ankle. What bones contribute to these structures?

The "medial malleolus" on the inside of the ankle is part of the tibia, while the "lateral malleolus" on the outside is part of the fibula.

Name the three fossae of the scapula, and describe their location.

The Supraspinous fossa, "above" the scapula spine; the infraspinous fossa, "below" the scapula spine; and the subscapular fossa, "beneath" the scapula on its anterior surface.

Describe several ways in which the male and female pelvic girdles differ.

The average male pelvis is more robust (heavier and thicker) than the females owing to the forces exerted on the bones by stronger muscles. The female pelvis is wider and shallower and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of the infants head.

Name the bones of the adult pelvic girdle. What three bones of a child fuse to form the hip bone of an adult?

The bones are the two hip coxal bones and the sacrum. The three bones of a child to fuse to form the hip bone of an adult are the illium, ischium, and pubis.

Name any four structures of the pelvis that you can palpate and describe where to palpate them.

The disc and the adjacent region of each pubic bone constitute the pubic symphysis which can be palpated as a hard prominence immediately above the genitalia. The ischial tuberosity which supports your body when you are sitting can be palpated by sitting on your fingers. The illiac crest a curved upper ridge of the illium and can be palpated along the sides of the hips by running your along it. The anterior superior iliac spine located at the front of the iliac crest can be palpated by placing your hand on the upper hip and moving anteriorly until you reach a distinct bump.

Name the four carpal bones of the proximal row from lateral to medial, then the four bones of the distal row in the same order.

The four carpal bones of the proximal row from lateral to medial are: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; while the four bones of the distal row in the same order are: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

What three bones meet at the elbow? Identify the fossae, articular surfaces, and the processes of this joint and state to which bone each of these features belongs.

The humerus, radius, and ulna. The key fossa is the "cubital fossa" on the humerus, the primary articular surfaces are the trochlea (humerus) and trochlear notch (ulna), and the prominent process is the olecranon process, which belongs to the ulna.

The upper and lower limbs each contain 30 bones, yet we have 8 carpal bones in the upper limb and only 7 tarsal bones in the lower limb. What makes up the difference in the lower limb?

The lower limb simply has one less bone in its ankle joint complex, meaning the "missing" bone is not present in the tarsal group, which constitutes the ankle bones in the lower limb

Describe how to distinguish the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle from each other, and how to distinguish its superior and inferior surfaces.

The medial sternal end has a rounded, hammerlike head, and the lateral acromial end is markedly flattened. The superior surface is relatively smooth and rounded and the inferior surface is flatter and marked by grooves and ridges for muscle attachment.

Name all of the bones that articulate with the talus and describe the location of each.

The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, forming the ankle joint, and with the calcaneus (heel bone) inferiorly, and the navicular bone anteriorly, both located within the foot;

Name the three divisions of the sternum and list the sternal features that can be palpated on a living person.

The three divisions of the sternum are the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium has a median suprasternal notch which can easily be palpated between your clavicles and the right and left clavicular notches. The body joins the manubrium at the sternal angle which can be palpated as a transverse ridge at the point where the sternum projects farthest forward.

Name the three parts of the sternum. How many ribs attach (directly or indirectly) to each part?

The three parts of the sternum are the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The first pair of ribs attaches directly to the manubrium, ribs three through seven attach directly to the body, no ribs attach directly to the xiphoid process.

How is the unusual mobility of the human shoulder joint related to the habitat of our primate ancestors?

This flexibility helped them get around in diverse habitats and cope with changing climates.

The sacroiliac joint is formed where the _____ surface of the sacrum articulates with that of the ilium.

auricular

Which of these is the bone of the heel? cuboid, calcaneus, navicular trochlear, and talus

calcaneus

The disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the _____ of the humerus.

capitulum

All of the following are carpal bones, except the _____, which is a tarsal bone.

cuboid

The ________ arch of the foot extends from the heel to the great toe.

medial longitudinal

The _____ processes of the radius and ulna form bony protubernaces on each side of the wrist.

styloid

The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is

the ischium

The tubercle of a rib articulates with

the transverse process of vertebra