A&P Exam 1 (1, 2, 3)

A patient voices concern that her normal cholesterol level is dangerous. "I eat no cholesterol at all. That stuff is toxic!" she declares. What is your best response?

"A normal cholesterol level is a good thing. Your cells depend on cholesterol to stay healthy, and you can't make vital hormones without it."

The husband of a patient who is critically ill asks, "Why do they keep checking my wife's pH? Isn't knowing her oxygen level enough?" What is the best response?

"Many of her body's systems only work properly when her pH is within a narrow range, so we monitor it carefully."

An acid with a pH of 6 has ________ hydrogen ions than pure water.

10-fold more

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?

3:1

Why does an 80-year-old woman require a much longer time to reover from the flue than a woman who is age 30?

As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient. As a result our internal environment becomes less and less stable.

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Bones can support and protect body organs becasue they contain hard mineral deposits

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? a. H2O b. NaCl c. NaOH d. CH4

CH4

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

Exocytosis

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

Facilitated diffusion

The knee is proximal to the thigh

False

A weak base buffers an acid by completely dissociating and accepting all of the acid's H+.

False Buffers are essential for stabilizing the pH of body fluids (such as blood). They work without completely dissociating.

Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing.

False Polar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are electrically balanced due to the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.

Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions.

True

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?

Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

Which of the following statements is false? a. Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. b. Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. c. Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. d. Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible changes in shape.

Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction?

Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture?

Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses? a. Na b. I c. Fe d. P

Na

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Na+

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanism?

Negative feeback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule?

Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen.

What is a membrane potential?

a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid

What section of the human body is presented in the figure?

Sagittal (the side)

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

Semipermeable

Which of the following statements about the polarity of covalent bonds is correct?

Small elements with 6 or 7 electrons are electron-hungry and usually become electromagnetic after attracting electrons.

Which of the following is the regional term which includes the head:

The axial part

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, and palms face forward with thumbs pointing away from the body

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?

The cell has a great metabolic demand.

Under a microscope you view a cell with a very large quantity of lysosomes present. What could this indicate?

The cell is about to undergo apoptosis.

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? a. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis of glucose molecules. b. Carbohydrates consist of monomers called simple sugars. c. Dietary glucose is primarily used to drive our metabolic pathways that produce energy. d. The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.

The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.

which of the following is true of negative feedback mechanisms?

The effect opposes the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

Salivary amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates. What will happen to this enzyme as it follows the food into the stomach where the pH drops to 2.5?

The enzyme will denature and become inactive.

Which represents the correct order in which the elements interact in a homeostatic control system?

The receptor, the control center and the effector

Which of the following best defines anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

If the figure were used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would be most directly associated with the structure labeled B?

Thermostat setting

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia?

They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

Which is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs?

To prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall

Which of the following is true about lipids? a. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. b. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. c. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. d. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.

True

All organic compounds contain carbon

True

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

True

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells.

True

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

True

The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis

True

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance.

True

Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. a. a weak acid b. a bicarbonate ion c. common in the liver d. a proton donor

a bicarbonate ion

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________.

a hypertonic solution

What is a dipole?

a polar molecule

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ___________.

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3?

alkaline solution

The arrow between the letters A and B in the figure represents __________.

an afferent pathway

What is a cation?

an atom that loses one or more electrons and acquires a net positive charge

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons

What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond?

an electrical attraction between opposite charges

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

anaphase

Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy.

false

Water is an important molecule because it __________.

can form hydrogen bonds.

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?

cardiovascular physiology

Ions are transported across plasma membranes using __________, which requires __________.

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister

chromatids

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

cytokinesis

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched a. microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye b. gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye c. embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth d. cytology: stufy of the strutures in a particular region

cytology: study of the structures in a particular region

Sucrose is a _________.

disaccharide

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

dorsal

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.

false

Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains.

false

Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.

false

The knee is proximal to the thigh.

false

The regional term used to identify the thigh is ___________.

femoral

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?

forming the entire glycocalyx

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?

glucose

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.

glycogen

What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?

hydrogen bond

A high fever causes an enzyme to lose its three dimensional structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures?

hydrogen bonds

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

interphase

Sodium has one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine?

ionic

Salts are always ________.

ionic compound

The nucleolus __________.

is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell

Which of the following describes tight junctions?

junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

metaphase

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

molecular transport through the membrane

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

The regulation of body temperature is an example of which type of homeostatic control?

negative feedback

Which two of these terms are used to describe the back of the elbow? a. olecranon b. brachial c. olecranal d. antecubital

olecranon & olecranal

How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it?

one

Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level?

organismal

The functions of centrioles include ________.

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

Which of the following is NOT a compound?

oxygen gas

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.

phagocytosis

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following does NOT describe uses for the ATP molecule? a. mechanical work b. pigment structure c. chemical work d. transport down the concentration gradient

pigment structure

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active trasnport

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

prophase

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?

proteins

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment?

receptor

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?

sagittal

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

small concentration gradient

Which of the following is NOT an example of the level of structural organization represented by the image numbered 6?

smooth muscle

Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?

sodium

Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein?

structural framework

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

swell and burst

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

telophase

Which of the following statements is correct? a. The chin is caudal to the novel b. The naval is caudal to the chin c. The navel is superior to the chin d. The naval is medial to the chin

the naval is caudal to the chin

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Which specific body cavity houses the heart and lungs?

thoracic

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate?

time

What is the purpose of the energy extracted from ATP in this figure?

to generate a sodium concentration gradient

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

to maintain homeostasis

What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis?

transcription and translation

A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

true

Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.

true

Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense?

two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides

Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident?

urinary bladder