A&P Exam 2
Which of the following is false concerning monocytes?
about same size as basophils
After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect
an increased reticulocyte count
Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?(Module 17.4C)
anemia
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called:
antagonists
What superficial landmark identifies the boundary between the left and right ventricles?
anterior interventricular sulcus
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland.(Module 16.6A)
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?
antibodies
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex.
What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle?
atrial systole
List the phases of the cardiac cycle (Module 18.10A)
atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
Define hormone receptor.(Module 16.4A)
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.
Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood?(Module 17.7D)
A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood
Define synergistic effect (Module 16.14A)
A synergistic effect is when two hormones have an effect where the net result is greater than the sum of the hormones' individual effects
Describe the functional aspects of RBCs (Module 17.5A)
RBCs have a large surface area — to — volume ratio,exhibit the ability to form stacks, and they are flexible.
Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?
Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter
The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after a __________ woman has carried a __________ fetus
Rh-, Rh+
Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh women ? (Module 17.8B)
RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies, which circulate in the mothers' bloodstream to destroy any fetal RBCs there, thereby preventing the mother from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells
The earlike extension of the atrium is the
auricle.
Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle?(Module 18.11A)
Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur.
Define endocrine system (Module 16.3A)
The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines
Describe the location and position of the heart.(Module 18.1A)
The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum.
Describe the heart's location in the body (Module 18.2B)
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm
The bicuspid, or miThe pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands mitral, valve is located
between the left atrium and left ventricle
All of the following are targets for insulin except
blood cells
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
Calcitonin
can be administered clinically to treat several metabolic disorders associated with elevated calcium levels and excessive bone formation.
The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as
cardiac tamponade
The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis
cardiovascular
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve.
The function of the atrium is to
collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries
coronary
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex.
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?(Module 18.6A)
The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood?(Module 17.7C)
They can receive only O- blood.
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?(Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Which blood type consists of plasma containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?
Type o
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium:right coronary artery and left coronary artery The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is:
growth hormones
Identify the components of the cardiovascular system.(Module 17.1A)
heart, blood, and blood vessels
All of the following blood diseases are caused by pathogens except
hemophilia
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except
increase sweat gland secretions
The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration?(Module 16.11B)
insulin
The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles
interventricular septum
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack of nucleus
Name the four chambers of the heart.(Module 18.1C)
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium.
The condition known as goiter can result from too
little iodine in the diet
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
low blood glucose
All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except:
lymph vessels
Cardiac muscle cells are __________.
mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a
myeloid leukemia
Identify the two types of leukemia.(Module 17.11B)
myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia
Name the hormones secreted by the heart.(Module 16.15A)
natriuretic peptides
The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except
nerves.
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of:
neutrophils
Identify the five types of white blood cells.(Module 17.9A)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils.
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
The cavity that contains only the heart is the
pericardial cavity.
Which blood disorder involves a deficiency of Vitamin B12?
pernicious anemia
An elevated hematocrit value is termed
polycythemia
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________:
prolactin; corticotropin
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the
pulmonary veins
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to red bone marrow
In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in
red bone marrow
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm
right ventricle
Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart.
right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
When blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis
separated
Which is a function of melatonin in humans?
sets circadian rhythms
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node
The normal pH of blood is
slightly alkaline.
Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?(Module 16.4C)
steroid hormones
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney
suprarenal
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called
tachycardia
The testes produce
testosterone
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,
the ventricles will beat more slowly.
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B antibodies
Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called
trabeculae carneae
Which blood type contains RBCs with surface antigen B only and plasma that contains only anti-A antibodies?
type b
The amount of blood returning to the heart is the
venous return
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except
viscosity about the same as water
Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except:
z lines
Define autorhythmicity.(Module 18.12A)
Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.
100,000
There are ________ pulmonary veins
4
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters
5-6
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume
55;92
The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute
6,000
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+concentration?(Module 16.18C)
Aldosteronism
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect:
All of the answers are correct
Why is it important that cardiac tissue contain many mitochondria and capillaries?(Module 18.3C)
Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity to use aerobic respiration to generate ATP and capillaries provide the oxygen and nutrients for this process.
Define diabetes mellitus (Module 16.13A)
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels
Define heart failure (Module 18.16A)
Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues
Define hematocrit (Module 17.2B)
Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements
What is hematology?(Module 17.4A)
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-producing organs, and blood disorders
Describe hemoglobin.(Module 17.5B)
Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen
Define hemostasis.(Module 17.10A)
Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?
Left atrium
What is the most common blood type in the United States?(Module 17.7B)
O+
Type O+ blood cannot be given to a type __________ recipient.
O-
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
As the heart rate slows, ________ get(s) longer
diastole
The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole
end-diastolic volume
Which of the following are the most abundant of the formed elements?
erythrocytes
Red cell production is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called
erythropoietin (EPO)
Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of hemostasis?
fibrinous
A hematocrit provides information on
formed elements abundance
When blood glucose levels fall:
glucagon is released.
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins