A&P Final

Which of the following hormones stimulates liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fat breakdown? A) insulin B) thyroid hormone C) ACTH D) glucagon

glucagon

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the pancreas? A) glucagon B) glucocorticoids C) insulin D) somatostatin

glucocorticoids

Which of the following is an organic compound? A) hydrochloric acid (HCl) B) salt (NaCl) C) glucose (C6H12O6) D) water (H2O)

glucose (C6H12O6)

Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. This action would most likely involve A. pronation of the forearm. B. circumduction of the wrists. C. opposition of the thumb. D. abduction of the fingers. E. adduction of the fingers.

adduction of the fingers.

The anterior pituitary gland is also called the A) adenohypophysis B) neurohypophysis C) hypothalamus D) sella turcica

adenohypophysis

Where are androgens produced in females? A) hypothalamus B) adrenal cortex C) ovary D) kidney

adrenal cortex

To maintain life all living organisms depend on A) oxygen. B) food. C) blood. D) hydrogen

food

The study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called A) cytology. B) astrology. C) gross anatomy. D) histology

histology

In a(n) _______ gland, entire cells break down to form the secretion. A) exocrine B) merocrine C) holocrine D) autocrine

holocrine

Which of the following brain areas is the most important integrating center for autonomic nervous system functions? A) hypothalamus B) midbrain C) pons D) thalamus

hypothalamus

Which of the following types of cells add calcium and phosphorus to bone as well as manufactures bone? A) osteoclasts B) osteoblasts C) osteons D) matrix cells

osteoblasts

In the process of bone remodeling, old bone is removed by A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C) osteoclasts. D) remodeling osteoprogenitor cells.

osteoclasts

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following tears down bone? A) osteoclasts B) osteoblasts C) osteons D) matrix cells

osteoclasts

Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system? A) one motor neuron extending from the CNS to the effector B) two motor neurons in series C) three motor neurons in series D) four motor neurons in series

two motor neurons in series

Of these nerve fibers, which conduct action potentials the SLOWEST? A) myelinated nerve fibers B) large-diameter fibers C) type B fibers D) type C fibers

type C fibers

______________ tips the soles medially, like facing each other, and _____________ tips the soles laterally, away from each other. A. Dorsiflexion; plantar flexion B. Inversion; eversion C. Medial excursion; lateral excursion D. Opposition; reposition E. Retraction; protraction

Inversion; eversion

Which of the following statements about the spinal cord is NOT correct? A) It has two enlargements. B) It extends to the level of lumbar vertebra three in an adult. C) It gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. D) It has a central canal that is continuous with the fourth ventricle of the brain.

It extends to the level of lumbar vertebra three in an adult

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sclera? A) It provides attachment points for muscles that move the eye. B) It helps nourish the retina. C) It helps maintain the shape of the eye. D) It protects internal structures of the eye.

It helps nourish the retina

What is the function of thyroglobulin? A) It helps to synthesize and store thyroid hormones. B) It controls blood calcium levels. C) It transports thyroid hormones in the blood. D) It stores lipids and carbohydrates.

It helps to synthesize and store thyroid hormones

________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. A) Hydrolase B) RNA polymerase C) DNA polymerase D) Peptide polymerase

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is mismatched? A) cholesterol - nucleic acid B) enzyme - protein C) ribose - RNA D) triglycerol - fat

cholesterol - nucleic acid

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? A) cholesterol?a steroid B) alanine?an amino acid C) starch?a polysaccharide D) catalase?an enzyme

cholesterol a steroid

A cluster of specialized ependymal cells and capillaries that form and secrete cerebrospinal fluid into a ventricle is a A) arachnoid granulation. B) cervical plexus. C) choroid plexus. D) pampiniform plexus.

choroid plexus

DNA wrapped within proteins forms structures called A) chromosomes. B) actin. C) DNA molecules. D) nucleoli.

chromosomes

DNA condenses to form structures called _________ in the nucleus. A) RNAs B) cytosols C) genes D) chromosomes

chromosomesproduce ribosomal subunits

Which of the following is a terminal ganglion of the parasympathetic division? A) ciliary ganglion B) celiac ganglion C) inferior mesenteric ganglion D) superior mesenteric ganglion

ciliary ganglion

A sty is an inflammation of what type of gland associated with follicles of the eyelashes? A) ciliary gland B) meibomian gland C) sebaceous gland D) tarsal gland

ciliary gland

Contraction of which of the following muscles is involved with changing the shape (thickening) of the lens? A) ciliary muscles B) circular muscles of the iris C) orbicularis oculi D) radial muscles of the iris

ciliary muscles

As you view your right index finger moving toward the tip of your nose, all of the following occur EXCEPT A) the lenses thicken B) ciliary muscles relax C) the eyes rotate medially D) the diameter of the pupils decreases

ciliary muscles relax

Aqueous humor is secreted by the __________; it flows out of the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber where it is reabsorbed at a ring-like blood vessel called the __________. A) ciliary process; canal of Schlemm B) ciliary process; eustachian tube C) iris; canal of Schlemm D) iris; eustachian tube

ciliary process; canal of Schlemm

When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, __________ is converted to __________ and dissociates from opsin which triggers reactions leading to the closure of __________ channels in the outer segments of rod cells. A) cis-retinal; trans-retinal; K+ B) cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na+ C) trans-retinal; cis-retinal; K+ D) trans-retinal; cis-retinal; Na+

cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na+

The interior spaces of an endoplasmic reticulum are A) part of the cytosol. B) filled with ribosomes. C) filled with hydrolases. D) cisternae.

cisternae

When light strikes a photoreceptor cell, Na+ ion channels __________, so __________ Na+ ions enter the cell, and __________ glutamate is released from the cell. As a result, the postsynaptic bipolar cell __________. A) open, more, more, hyperpolarizes B) open, more, less, depolarizes C) open, fewer, more, hyperpolarizes D) close, fewer, more, hyperpolarizes E) close, fewer, less, depolarizes

close, fewer, less, depolarizes

The absolute refractory period comes to an end when the activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels __________, and inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels __________. A) close, close B) close, open C) open, close D) open, open

close, open

When the plasma membrane is at rest, activation gates of the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are __________ and inactivation gates are __________. A) closed; closed B) closed; open C) open; closed D) open; open

closed; open

Which of the following is NOT one of the four regions into which the spinal cord is divided? A) coccygeal B) lumbar C) sacral D) thoracic

coccygeal

Which plexus supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx? A) cervical plexus B) brachial plexus C) lumbosacral plexus D) coccygeal plexus

coccygeal plexus

All of the following structures are found in the middle ear EXCEPT A) malleus, incus, and stapes. B) tensor tympani muscle. C) stapedius muscle. D) auditory (Eustachian) tube. E) cochlea.

cochlea

Tendons and ligaments contain the protein A) keratin. B) fibrin. C) lignin. D) collagen.

collagen

Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles? A) cartilage B) bone C) epithelium D) collagen fibers

collagen fibers

Sharpey fibers, located on the periphery of a bone, are A) collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone. B) elastic fibers that are found in tendons. C) fibers that make up the structure of endosteum. D) elastic fibers that make up the structure of periosteum.

collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone

Since bone is a connective tissue, it has all the necessary features of a connective tissue including a matrix. What makes up the matrix of a bone? A) collagen, elastic fibers, and other proteins B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts C) collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite D) sodium, calcium, phosphorus, elastic fibers and some adipose tissue

collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite

You are walking barefoot and step on a tack with your right foot. All of the following will occur EXCEPT A) flexor muscles in your right thigh and leg contract to remove your foot B) reciprocal innervation inhibits extensor muscles in the same limb C) collaterals of sensory neurons stimulate alpha motor neurons that cause extension in the opposite limb D) collaterals of interneurons stimulate a crossed extensor reflex

collaterals of sensory neurons stimulate alpha motor neurons that cause extension in the opposite limb

The melanocytes in very dark skin A) are more numerous. B) contain more melanin. C) contain less melanin. D) contain melatonin.

contain more melanin

The ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament are found in which of the following joints? A) shoulder B) knee C) elbow D) hip

elbow

In a normal situation all atoms are A) positively charged. B) electrically neutral. C) negatively charged. D) electrically insignificant.

electrically neutral

Inorganic substances that dissolve in water to release ions are known as A) alkaline. B) electrolytes. C) bases. D) inorganic compounds

electrolytes

In ionic bonding A) only non-polar molecules are involved. B) a "sea of electrons" is formed. C) electrons are transferred from one atom to another. D) two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons.

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Atoms are the smallest particles of any ________ carrying all the properties of that element. A) molecule B) macromolecule C) element D) metal

element

Which of these stimulates the secretion of ADH? A) elevated blood osmolality B) decreased blood osmolality C) releasing hormones from the hypothalamus D) ACTH E) increased blood pressure

elevated blood osmolality

Which of the following diarthrotic movements is shrugging the shoulders? A) elevation B) retraction C) depression D) retraction

elevation

Which one of the following diarthrotic movements moves a bone superiorly? A) elevation B) retraction C) depression D) retraction

elevation

Normal chewing in humans involves ________________ of the mandible. A. protraction and retraction B. opposition and reposition C. elevation and pronation D. elevation and depression E. supination and depression

elevation and depression

All of the following are retroperitoneal EXCEPT the A) esophagus. B) pancreas. C) kidneys. D) adrenal glands.

esophagus

Which of the following is NOT one of the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere? A) ethmoid B) frontal C) occipital D) temporal

ethmoid

Which of the following is the passageway between the middle ear and the pharynx? A) eustachian tube B) external auditory meatus C) oval window D) semi-circular canals

eustachian tube

Which of the following will help cool the body? A) absorption of ultraviolet light rays by the skin B) evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface C) contraction of the arrector pili muscles D) decreased blood flow to the skin

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

A neurotransmitter that increases the permeability for sodium in a postsynaptic neuron causes A) no changes in the resting potential. B) damage to the myelin sheath. C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D) an alteration of the membrane threshold.

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Most of the calcium taken in with the diet that is not absorbed is A) stored in the liver. B) excreted by the kidneys in the urine. C) excreted in the feces. D) recycled in the body.

excreted in the feces.

By covering the whole body surface skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in A) excretion B) immunity C) circulation D) respiration

excretion

Symphyses are the most common type of fibrous joints.

false

The coxal joint is a ball-and-socket joint where the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

false

The shoulder is the only multiaxial ball-and-socket joint in the human body.

false

Gyri on the cerebral surface _______ the surface area of the cortex. A) slightly increase B) greatly increase C) slightly decrease D) greatly decrease

greatly increase

Visual inspection of the liver and stomach during surgery is an example of A) microscopic anatomy (histology). B) comparative anatomy. C) gross anatomy. D) ultrastructure.

gross anatomy

Which hormone stimulates its target cells to divide, increases their rate of protein synthesis, decreases their use of glucose and increases their use of fats? A) cortisol B) thyrocalcitonin C) insulin D) growth hormone

growth hormone

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for A) release of energy. B) digestion of food products. C) growth of body parts. D) neutralization of acids by buffers.

growth of body parts

A ridge or fold on the surface of the cerebrum is called a A) ganglion. B) gyrus. C) lobe. D) sulcus.

gyrus

Which of the following describes the standard measurement to determine the rate at which hormones are eliminated from the body? A) whole-life B) half-life C) metabolic rate D) transport rate

half-life

In people that wear pointed shoes, the great toe can be deformed and displaced laterally. This condition is known as A) a bunion B) hallux valgus C) subluxation D) arthroplasty

hallux valgus

Which of these parts of the body has the greatest area represented in the primary motor cortex? A) foot B) arm C) hand D) chest E) wrist

hand

The brainstem A) consists of ascending and descending pathways. B) contains cranial nerve nuclei II-XII. C) has nuclei and connections that form the reticular activating system. D) has many important reflexes, some of which are necessary for survival. E) has all of the above.

has all of the above

Water-soluble hormones A) have a long half-life. B) have a short half-life. C) bind to intracellular receptors. D) both A and C

have a short half-life

A simple carbohydrate is characterized by A) having a molecular formula of C6H12O6. B) being a building block of nucleic acids. C) having several polypeptide chains joined together. D) having too many double bonds.

having a molecular formula of C6H12O6

Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are A) bone growth hormone and epiphyseal growth hormone. B) human growth hormone and thyroid hormone. C) thyroid stimulating hormone and body growth hormone. D) pituitary hormone and bone growth hormone.

human growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

Which of the following is NOT the name of an organ system? A) hormonal B) lymphatic C) circulatory D) muscular

hormonal

The gray matter on either side of the spinal cord is subdivided into anterior, lateral and posterior A) columns. B) horns. C) funiculi. D) fasciculi.

horns

The complex and unique three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule is maintained largely by __________ bonds. A) electrovalent B) covalent C) ionic D) hydrogen

hydrogen

What types of bonds hold the complementary base pairs of DNA together? A) hydrogen bonds B) covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) acid-base interactions

hydrogen bonds

The inorganic portion of a bone structure, made primarily of calcium phosphate crystals, is known as A) collagen bone component. B) appetite. C) organic calcium. D) hydroxyapatite.

hydroxyapatite

A man raises his chin to shave his neck. This action is A. elevation of the mandible. B. extension of the neck. C. hyperextension of the neck. D. abduction of the neck. E. dorsiflexion of the neck.

hyperextension of the neck

Suppose you are looking at the back of your hand and you turn your fingers upward to admire a new ring. A motion employed in this would be A. dorsiflexion of the hand. B. hyperextension of the wrist. C. extension of the wrist. D. flexion of the wrist. E. hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints.

hyperextension of the wrist.

The groin is also known as the ______ region. A) crural B) inguinal C) perineum D) popliteal

inguinal

Albinism develops due to A) lack of melanin in only certain areas. B) inherited mutant gene for melanin. C) superficial location of skin pigments. D) decrease in arterial blood circulating in the area.

inherited mutant gene for melanin

Which of the following hormones produced in the testes inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary? A) estrogen B) testosterone C) inhibin D) relaxin

inhibin

The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly A) onto the skin surface. B) into the bloodstream. C) into a gland duct. D) into the brain tissue

into the bloodstream

Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold? A) intramembranous B) replacement C) endochondral D) perichondral

intramembranous

Which of these movements of the foot causes ankle sprains most frequently? A) abduction B) dorsiflexion C) eversion D) inversion E) plantarflexion

inversion

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of tilting the soles of the feet inward and then outward? A) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion B) protraction and retraction C) inversion and eversion D) opposition and reposition

inversion and eversion

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location? A) stomach B) liver C) heart D) kidney

kidney

The classic ACL injury that occurs in sports involves which joint? A) knee B) shoulder C) hip D) elbow

knee

The collateral and cruciate ligaments are found in which of the following joints? A) shoulder B) knee C) elbow D) hip

knee

The fibrocartilage articular disks in this joint are referred to as menisci. A) ankle B) hip C) knee D) shoulder E) temporomandibular

knee

Which joint contains cruciate and collateral ligaments? A) ankle B) hip C) knee D) shoulder E) temporomandibular

knee

Which of these joints has the largest number of ligaments and bursae? A) ankle B) hip C) knee D) shoulder E) temporomandibular

knee

The watery fluid we call "tears" is secreted by _________ glands. A) ceruminous B) eccrine C) lacrimal D) tarsal

lacrimal

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is A) medial. B) proximal. C) distal. D) lateral.

lateral

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one occurs when one grinds the teeth? A) elevation and depression B) protraction and retraction C) lateral and medial excursion D) circumduction

lateral and medial excursion

To separate the brainstem from the forebrain, a cut must be made between the A) medulla and pons. B) pons and midbrain. C) midbrain and diencephalon. D) diencephalon and cerebrum. E) pons and cerebellum.

midbrain and diencephalon

Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is A) osteoporosis. B) ossification. C) osteosarcoma. D) osteocyte.

ossification

What fluid is located between the bony and membranous labyrinths within the inner ear? A) aqueous humor B) endolymph C) perilymph D) vitreous humor

perilymph

The anus is in the ____ region. A) perineal B) gluteal C) pubic D) inguinal

perineal

The connective tissue layer that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the A) endoneurium. B) epineurium. C) perineurium.

perineurium

A tissue that surrounds a long bone, made of a double layer of connective tissue, is referred to as the A) endosteum. B) marrow. C) growth plate. D) periosteum.

periosteum

Motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement occurs in the A) precentral gyrus. B) premotor area. C) postcentral gyrus. D) prefrontal area.

prefrontal area

Which of these areas of the cerebral cortex is involved in the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements? A) primary motor cortex B) somatic sensory cortex C) prefrontal area D) premotor area E) basal nuclei

prefrontal area

The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following? A) sensory and motor neurons B) sensory, association and motor neurons C) sensory, motor and interneurons D) sensory and association neurons

sensory and motor neurons

The process of DNA replication is A) semiconservative. B) known as translation. C) semipermeable. D) sequencing of codons in RNA

semiconservative

A spinal nerve ("mixed") nerve contains A) axons and dendrites. B) sensory nerve fibers and astrocytes. C) oligodendrocytes and motor nerve fibers. D) sensory and motor nerve fibers.

sensory and motor nerve fibers

The primary structure of a protein is determined by the A) number of polypeptide chains in the molecule. B) sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. C) folded, helical nature of the molecule. D) the number of polypeptide and hydrogen bonds

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Membranes lining body cavities that lack openings to the outside are called A) synovial. B) mucous. C) serous. D) cutaneous.

serous

Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of A. syndesmoses. B. gomphoses. C. serrate sutures. D. plane sutures. E. lap sutures.

serrate sutures

The various types of epithelium are classified by the A) size and shape of cells. B) shape of cells and number of cell layers. C) number of cell layers and size of the cells. D) size and location of cells.

shape of cells and number of cell layers

A covalent bond is characterized by A) sharing electrons by the atoms. B) sharing electrons by one atom and gaining electrons by the other. C) the attractive force between oppositely charged atoms. D) involvement of many different forces

sharing electrons by the atoms.

The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the A) shoulder to the wrist. B) elbow to the wrist. C) shoulder to the elbow. D) elbow to the fingers.

shoulder to the elbow.

Glands with a single duct are called A) simple. B) compound. C) acinar. D) alveolar

simple

The epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines is A) simple cuboidal. B) simple columnar. C) pseudostratified. D) transitional.

simple columnar.

The aroma of a cake baking in the kitchen reaches the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of A) simple diffusion. B) dialysis. C) osmosis. D) active transport.

simple diffusion

Which type of epithelium is best suited for rapid filtration? A) simple squamous B) stratified squamous C) pseudostratified D) stratified cuboidal

simple squamous

The lipid-soluble hormones are __________, thyroid hormones, or derivatives of fatty acids. A) glycolipids B) phospholipids C) steroids D) triglycerides E) glycerols

steroids

Which of these hormone types bind to nuclear receptors? A) proteins B) glycoproteins C) polypeptides D) epinephrine E) steroids

steroids

Which of these is NOT a function of one or both of the pituitary gonadotropins? A) stimulate milk production in the mammary gland B) stimulate growth of ovarian follicles C) promote production of sperm cells in the testes D) stimulate secretion of sex hormones from ovaries and testes

stimulate milk production in the mammary gland

Positive feedback is when hormone "A" is secreted, stimulates secretion of hormone "B" which then A) is rapidly degraded. B) amplifies the cellular DNA. C) stimulates the secretion of more hormone "A". D) inhibits the secretion of hormone "A".

stimulates the secretion of more hormone "A"

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of this is to A) manufacture blood cells. B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin. C) store adipose tissue. D) store bone forming cells.

store adipose tissue.

A major function of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is that DNA A) helps in the synthesis of varieties of nucleic acids. B) is important in building muscles. C) stores genetic information. D) is important in building carbohydrates

stores genetic information

Simple epithelium has one layer of cells on the basement membrane, ___________ epithelium has more than one layer of cells. A) squamous B) fibrous C) stratified D) simple

stratified

In which of these layers are melanocytes found? A) dermis B) hypodermis C) stratum corneum D) stratum basale E) stratum lucidum

stratum basale

The stratum germinativum is also called the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum granulosum. C) stratum lucidum. D) stratum reticularis. E) stratum basale.

stratum basale

Which of the following layers of the epidermis consists of a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis and includes pigment-producing melanocytes? A) stratum corneum B) stratum granulosum C) stratum lucidium D) stratum basale (germinativum)

stratum basale (germinativum)

The __________ consists of many layers of dead squamous cells surrounded by lipids. A) dermis B) hypodermis C) stratum corneum D) stratum basale E) stratum spinosum

stratum corneum

In which layer of epidermis do the nucleus and other organelles disintegrate, and the cells die? A) stratum basale B) stratum corneum C) stratum granulosum D) stratum lucidum E) stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

Which stimulus would increase the rate of growth hormone secretion? A) high blood glucose levels B) high blood protein levels C) stress D) high somatostatin levels

stress

A knee-jerk reflex is an example of a A) crossed extensor reflex. B) withdrawal reflex. C) Golgi tendon reflex. D) stretch reflex.

stretch reflex

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as A) striated voluntary. B) striated involuntary. C) nonstriated voluntary. D) nonstriated involuntary

striated involuntary

Anatomy deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of body parts. C) psychology of humans. D) chemical compounds within the body.

structure of the human body

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the A) epidural space. B) neural tube. C) subarachnoid space. D) subdural space.

subarachnoid space

Which of the following is NOT a collateral ganglion of the sympathetic division? A) celiac ganglion B) inferior mesenteric ganglion C) submandibular ganglion D) superior mesenteric ganglion

submandibular ganglion

The ______________________ bursa does not belong to the glenohumeral joint. A. subdeltoid B. subcoracoid C. subpatellar D. subacromial E. subscapular

subpatellar

Where within the nasal cavity is the olfactory epithelium located? A) anterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity B) posterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity C) inferior portion of the nasal cavity D) superior portion of the nasal cavity

superior portion of the nasal cavity

A person who is standing in the anatomic position has their hands __________ and their forearms __________. A) pronated, flexed B) pronated, extended C) supinated, flexed D) supinated, extended E) abducted, extended

supinated, extended

Which of the following movements occurs when turning a doorknob clockwise or driving a screw into a piece of wood? A) opposition B) pronation C) supination D) excursion

supination

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of rotating the palm up and down? A) supination and pronation B) protraction and retraction C) lateral and medial excursion D) opposition and reposition

supination and pronation

Which of these movements is NOT required for a person in the military to salute? A) flexion of the forearm B) abduction of the arm C) supination of the hand

supination of the hand

What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue? A) support and bind spinal cord and vertebral column together B) help nerves grow rapidly C) provide nutrients to brain D) support and bind nervous tissue together, and they provide nutrients to neurons

support and bind nervous tissue together, and they provide nutrients to neurons

The radioulnar joint, or interosseus membrane, is an example of a A) synchondrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) gomphosis. E) symphysis.

syndesmosis

Which of these types of joints are bones united by fibrous connective tissue, with no joint cavity, and with little or no movement? A) synchondrosis B) syndesmosis C) symphysis D) synovial E) all of these

syndesmosis

Stretch marks result from A) bleeding into the epidermis. B) bleeding into the dermis. C) aging of the skin. D) torn collagen fibers.

torn collagen fibers.

When light strikes a rod, the visual pigment rhodopsin is activated, which then activates _____ thus resulting in the ____ of the rod cells. A) phosphodiesterase, depolarization B) cGMP, hyperpolarization C) transducin, depolarization D) transducin, hyperpolarization

transducin, hyperpolarization

Unlike the anterolateral and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems, the spinocerebellar tracts A) are descending tracts. B) transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project. C) have four neurons in each pathway. D) carry only pain sensations. E) have primary neurons that synapse in the thalamus.

transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ___________ plane. A) coronal B) midsagittal C) transverse D) frontal

transverse

Each of the following cranial nerves supplies motor impulses to muscles of the eye EXCEPT the A) abducens B) oculomotor C) trigeminal D) trochlear

trigeminal

The anesthetic a dentist injects before drilling to clean and repair a cavity is done to block sensory impulses from a branch of what cranial nerve? A) abducens B) facial C) trigeminal D) trochlear

trigeminal

The only cranial nerve involved in sensory cutaneous innervation is the A) facial. B) glossopharyngeal. C) trigeminal. D) vagus.

trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT contain only sensory axons? A) olfactory B) optic C) trigeminal D) vestibulocochlear

trigeminal

The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior side of the arm.

true

The wrist can be hyperextended but the elbow cannot.

true

Which of the following is an example of "suppurative arthritis"? A) rheumatoid arthritis B) tuberculosis arthritis C) osteoarthritis D) pseudogout

tuberculosis arthritis Which of these types of joints are bones united by fibrous connective tissue, with no joint cavity, and with little or no movement? A) synchondrosis B) syndesmosis C) symphysis D) synovial E) all of these

After traveling a short distance in a spinal nerve, sympathetic preganglionic axons exit the spinal nerve in a A) gray ramus. B) pelvic nerve. C) sympathetic chain. D) white ramus communicans.

white ramus communicans

Which of the following structures secrete inhibin? A) testis B) uterus C) ovaries D) Both A and C

Both A and C

Which taste sensation is the most sensitive? A) bitter B) salty C) sweet D) umami

bitter

The ankle is _______ to the knee. A) deep B) peripheral C) superior D) distal

distal

Which of these is NOT a connective tissue? A) blood B) muscle C) cartilage D) areolar tissue

muscle

The DNA of a cell is mostly found in the A) nucleus. B) ribosome. C) mitochondria. D) plasma membrane.

nucleus

Which of the following bones is considered to be flat? A) femur B) sternum C) vertebra D) talus

sternum

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves. A) 12 B) 21 C) 31 D) 43

12

In which sequence do these cause and effect events occur in someone with diabetes mellitus? 1. Cells cannot absorb glucose. 2. Fat catabolism elevates blood ketone bodies. 3. Ketone bodies cause osmotic diuresis and ketoacidosis. 4. Cells switch to using fat and protein. A) 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4, 3

1, 4, 2, 3

An element has 7 electrons, 7 protons, and 7 neutrons, what will be the atomic weight of that element? A) 7 B) 14 C) 21 D) 0

14

The activity of enzymes depends on the optimum pH. What is the optimum pH for stomach acid? A) 12 - 14 B) 0 - 7 C) 1.5 - 2 D) 7.35 - 7.45

1.5 - 2

How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule? A) 10 B) 5 C) 4 D) 2

2

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. VII (Facial) 2. IX (Glossopharyngeal) 3. X (Vagus) 4. XII (Hypoglossal) Select the nerves that are sensory from the pharynx. A) 1,2 B) 1,3 C) 2,3 D) 3,4 E) 2,4

2,3

Given these areas of the cerebral cortex: 1. auditory association area 2. Broca's area 3. premotor area 4. primary auditory area 5. primary motor area 6. Wernicke's area What is the correct sequence that these areas would be used as someone says "Hi" to you; you hear and understand them and say "Hi" back to them? A) 4,1,2,6,3,5 B) 1,4,2,6,3,5 C) 4,1,6,2,5,3 D) 4,1,6,2,3,5 E) 1,4,6,2,3,5

4,1,6,2,3,5

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. III (Oculomotor) 2. VII (Facial) 3. IX (Glossopharyngeal) 4. X (Vagus) 5. XII (Hypoglossal) Select the nerves that control tongue muscles. A) 1,2 B) 2,3 C) 3,4 D) 3,5 E) 4,5

4,5

Which of the following indicates the correct path sympathetic nerve fibers take when leaving the spinal cord before returning to a spinal nerve on their way to stimulate arrector pili muscles and sweat glands in the skin? 1. white ramus 2. paravertebral ganglion 3. spinal nerve 4. ventral root 5. gray ramus A) 3-4-1-2-5 B) 3-4-5-2-1 C) 4-3-1-2-5 D) 4-3-5-2-1

4-3-1-2-5

Photoreceptors in the human eye are capable of detecting and responding to wavelengths in which of the following ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum? A) 0 (--) 125nm B) 400 (--) 700nm C) 20 (--) 20,000nm D) 1,000 (--) 10,000nm

400 (--) 700nm

How many primary tastes have been identified? A) 4 B) 5 C) 7 D) 400

5

Given these components of a reflex: 1. interneuron 2. skeletal muscle 3. sensory neuron 4. motor neuron 5. sensory receptor Choose the sequence below that best represents the order followed in a reflex, from stimulus to response. A) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 C) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 5, 4, 1, 3, 2

5, 3, 1, 4, 2

Given these parts of the retina: 1. bipolar cells 2. ganglion cells 3. optic disc 4. optic nerve 5. photoreceptor cells List the parts in the order electrical signals travel through them after light strikes the retina. A) 1,2,5,3,4 B) 2,1,5,4,3 C) 3,2,1,4,5 D) 5,2,1,3,4 E) 5,1,2,3,4

5,1,2,3,4

Normal blood pH is maintained within a range of A) 7.35 - 8.5 B) 7.35 - 7.45 C) 4.5 - 5.5 D) 1 - 14

7.35 - 7.45

Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs? A) 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal B) 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 6 sacral - 1 coccygeal C) 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 4 sacral - 1 coccygeal D) 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

An mRNA molecule of 2400 nucleotides (bases) in length, could contain _______ codons. A) 800 B) 600 C) 1200 D) 2400

800

How many of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brainstem? A) 9 B) 10 C) 11 D) 12

9

The number of naturally occurring elements is A) 32. B) 90. C) 500. D) 150

90

Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology? A) A car runs out of gas and stops. B) A teacher marks all the wrong answers on students' exam papers. C) A toilet tank refills itself after a flush. D) An automatic door opens as soon as somebody approaches it

A toilet tank refills itself after a flush

Which of the following reactions represents a decomposition reaction? A) A + B → C + D B) A + B → AB C) AB → A + B D) C + D → AB

AB → A + B

Which of these hormones is not a hormone that is secreted into the hypothalamohypophysial portal system? A) GHRH B) TRH C) PIH D) GnRH E) ACTH

ACTH

One mole of carbon contains _________ atoms of carbon. A) 12 B) 100 grams C) 14 grams D) Avogadro's number

Avogadro's number

Which of these is an example of positive-feedback regulation in the endocrine system? A) An increase in blood glucose causes an increase in insulin secretion; insulin moves glucose into cells. B) An increase in TSH causes an increase in thyroid hormone secretion; thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion. C) Before ovulation, an increase in LH causes an increase in estrogen, which causes an increase in LH. D) An increase in TRH causes an increase in TSH secretion; thyroid hormone inhibits TRH secretion. E) An increase in blood calcium causes an increase in calcitonin secretion; calcitonin moves calcium into the blood.

Before ovulation, an increase in LH causes an increase in estrogen, which causes an increase in LH

When the arrector pili muscle contracts, which of the following happens? A) The hair shaft is pulled closer to the skin B) The hair shaft is pulled perpendicular to the skin surface. C) Movement of the hair follicle causes "goose bumps". D) Both B and C.

Both B and C.

What characteristic is shared by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion? A) Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. B) Both involve the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. C) Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane. D) Both involve the movement of a substance from regions of a higher concentration to lower concentration without cellular energy.

Both involve the movement of a substance from regions of a higher concentration to lower concentration without cellular energy

The elements present in DNA and RNA are A) C, H, O B) C, H, O, N, S C) C, H, O, N, P D) O, H, N, P, S

C, H, O, N, P

Which pair of spinal nerves does NOT supply any skin area? A) C1 B) C8 C) T1 D) S1

C1

Which of the following combinations of spinal nerves supply the brachial plexuses? A) C1-C4 B) C1-T1 C) C5-T1 D) T12-S5

C5-T1

Which one among the following expresses the chemical formula of glucose? A) C6H6O6 B) C6H12O6 C) CO2H2O D) C6H12O6

C6H12O6

The major site for processing information and integrating mental processes is the A) ANS (parasympathetic division). B) ANS (sympathetic division). C) CNS. D) PNS. E) somatic motor nervous system.

CNS

Which of the following structures in the hair would contain hard keratin? A) Shaft B) Hair bulb C) Medulla D) Cuticle

Cuticle

When a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor, A) DNA produces mRNA B) G proteins are activated C) the hormone-receptor complex causes ion channels to open or close D) the cell's response is faster than when a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor E) the hormone is usually a large, water-soluble molecule

DNA produces mRNA

All of the following are true about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT which one? A) Preganglionic fibers are relatively long. B) Preganglionic fibers form synapses with postganglionic fibers in terminal ganglia. C) Nerve fibers arise from the brainstem or sacral region of the spinal cord. D) Each preganglionic neuron synapses with as many as 17 postganglionic neurons.

Each preganglionic neuron synapses with as many as 17 postganglionic neurons.

Which statement is correct? A) Each endocrine gland secretes only one hormone. B) Each target cell may be capable of responding to several hormones. C) Each hormone affects only one type of target cell. D) The release of all hormones is controlled by other hormones.

Each target cell may be capable of responding to several hormones

Which of the following is NOT true about the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A) Fibers arise from spinal nerves in the thoracic and lumbar regions. B) Preganglionic fibers are short. C) Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia. D) Effects on target organs are specific and local.

Effects on target organs are specific and local.

To maintain homeostasis which of the following conditions are necessary? A) Ion concentrations must be high. B) Water volume must be low. C) Electrolyte balance is key for maintaining homeostasis. D) Acid concentrations must be high.

Electrolyte balance is key for maintaining homeostasis.

Which statement among the following is true? A) Electrons are largely responsible for the weight of the atom. B) Protons could easily move from one atom to another for the formation of molecules. C) Electrons are most likely to be found in an electron cloud. D) Neutrons are another name for protons.

Electrons are most likely to be found in an electron cloud.

A drooping upper eyelid could indicate damage to cranial nerve A) I (Olfactory). B) II (Optic). C) III (Oculomotor). D) IV (Trochlear). E) VI (Abducens).

III (Oculomotor)

_______________ joint is a multiaxial joint. A. The radioulnar B. The metatarsophalangeal C. The humeroulnar D. The humeroscapular E. The atlantoaxial

The humeroscapular

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is NOT true? A) The face is forward. B) The arms are at the sides. C) The palms are facing backward. D) The body is erect.

The palms are facing backward

Which of these cranial nerves carries parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs? A) III (Oculomotor) B) VII (Facial) C) IX (Glossopharyngeal) D) X (Vagus) E) XII (Hypoglossal)

X (Vagus)

An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following? A) fluid retention by the kidneys B) increased melanin production C) a possible site of entry for microorganisms D) loss of cell regeneration ability

a possible site of entry for microorganisms

A cutaneous nerve to the hand is severed at the elbow. The distal end of the nerve at the elbow is then stimulated. The subject reports A) no sensation because the receptors are gone. B) a sensation only in the region of the elbow. C) a sensation "projected" to the hand. D) a vague sensation on the side of the body containing the cut nerve.

a sensation "projected" to the hand

When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the resulting mixture is called A) a solute. B) decomposed. C) a solution. D) an alcohol.

a solution

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the ______ cavity. A) pleural B) thoracic C) inguinal D) abdominal

abdominal

Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement away from the midsagital line (as in standing spread legged)? A) flexion and extension B) hyperextension C) abduction D) adduction

abduction

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) A) increase the breakdown of fats. B) increase the breakdown of proteins. C) increase blood glucose levels. D) decrease inflammation. E) all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions? A) temperature. B) concentration of reactants. C) presence of catalysts. D) all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following receptors occur in the membranes of target cells of sympathetic postganglionic neurons? A) alpha and beta adrenergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) nicotinic cholinergic D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones are examples of A) proteins. B) glycoproteins. C) polypeptides. D) amino acid derivatives. E) steroids.

amino acid derivatives

Proteins are composed of building blocks called A) triacylglycerols. B) phospholipids. C) amino acids. D) monosaccharides

amino acids

The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the sequence of A) nucleotides in a protein. B) amino acids in a protein. C) nucleotides in the anticodons of rRNA. D) codons in DNA.

amino acids in a protein

What determines the color of skin? A) number of keratinocytes in the epidermis B) thickness of the epidermis layer of skin C) amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the skin D) amount of carbon dioxide present in the body

amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the skin

The deep groove on the ventral surface that extends the length of the spinal cord is the A) anterior median fissure. B) central canal. C) central sulcus. D) longitudinal fissure.

anterior median fissure

What two grooves extend the length of the spinal cord and partially divide it into right and left halves? A) anterior median fissure and central sulcus B) anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus C) central sulcus and longitudinal fissure D) longitudinal fissure and posterior median sulcus

anterior median fissure and central sulcus

Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have A) more melanocytes than races with darker skin. B) fewer melanocytes than races with darker skin. C) approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skin. D) no melanocytes.

approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skin

Cerebrospinal fluid passes into the blood by way of the A) arachnoid granulations. B) cerebral aqueduct. C) lateral ventricles. D) choroid plexus. E) brachial plexus.

arachnoid granulations

The fingerlike structures at which the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood occurs are the A) arachnoid granulations. B) choroid plexuses. C) chorionic villi. D) folia.

arachnoid granulations

Articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with A) articular cartilage. B) synovial membrane. C) a fibrous capsule. D) a tendon sheath. E) fibrocartilage.

articular cartilage

Which of these structures is NOT covered with synovial membrane? A) articular cartilage B) bursa C) joint cavity D) tendon sheath

articular cartilage

Which of the following is a cartilage pad found in some synovial joints? A) articular disks B) epiphyseal plate C) synovium D) sheath.

articular disks

An example of a plane, or gliding, joint is the A) shoulder. B) elbow. C) ankle. D) articular processes between vertebrae. E) atlantooccipital joint.

articular processes between vertebrae

Carbon dioxide is present in our bodies A) after a reaction occurs to synthesize protein. B) as a genetic factor. C) as a result of respiration. D) as a necessary compound for our body structure.

as a result of respiration

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? A) neurons - supportive cells of the nervous system B) axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body C) neuroglia - the conducting cell of the nervous system D) dendrite - rapidly dividing cell

axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

The term "calcium homeostasis" refers to which of the following? A) balance of calcium between the bone and the cartilage B) creation of calcium by bones C) balance of calcium between the blood and the bones D) movement of calcium to and from cartilage

balance of calcium between the blood and the bones

Which of the following types of synovial joints is the most freely moveable? A) ball and socket B) hinge C) saddle D) gliding

ball and socket

Another term for ellipsoidal joints is _________ joints. A) pivot B) hinge C) ball-and-socket D) saddle

ball-and-socket

A decrease in blood pressure is detected by _______________ in the common carotid arteries and leads to a _______________ reflex that stimulates an increase in the heart rate and force of contraction. A) baroreceptors; parasympathetic B) baroreceptors; sympathetic C) nociceptors; parasympathetic D) nociceptors; sympathetic

baroreceptors; sympathetic

Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cells? A) basal cells B) mitral cells C) olfactory hairs D) tufted cells

basal cells

What type of nuclei in the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain are involved in control of motor functions? A) ependymal cells B) caudate nucleus C) basal nuclei D) lentiform nucleus

basal nuclei

Which of the following occupy a large portion of the cerebrum? A) basal nuclei B) red nucleus C) substantia nigra D) suprachiasmatic nucleus

basal nuclei

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is comprised of the A) basilar artery. B) internal carotid artery. C) Both A and B. D) Neither A nor B.

basilar artery and internal carotid artery

The receptor cells for hearing are located on the upper surface of what membrane? A) basilar membrane B) tectorial membrane C) tympanic membrane D) vestibular membrane

basilar membrane

Which effectors would be stimulated after consumption of nicotine? A) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons only B) sympathetic postganglionic neurons only C) both parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons D) neither parasympathetic neither/nor sympathetic postganglionic neurons

both parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Which of these is not a means by which hormones are eliminated from the circulatory system? A) excreted into urine or bile B) bound to binding proteins C) enzymatically degraded in the blood D) actively transported into cells E) conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid

bound to binding proteins

The plexus that originates from spinal nerves C5-T1 is the A) brachial plexus. B) cervical plexus. C) lumbar plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) coccygeal plexus.

brachial plexus

Which of the following does NOT belong to the axial part of the body? A) neck B) left upper quadrant C) thoracic region D) brachial region

brachial region

Which of these organs would be least affected by insulin hyposecretion? A) resting skeletal muscle B) brain C) adipose tissue D) cardiac muscle

brain

Nerve fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following segments of the central nervous system? A) brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord B) cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord C) lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord D) thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Phosphodiesterase A) converts GDP to GTP. B) opens Na+ ion channels. C) opens Cl- ion channels. D) breaks down cAMP to AMP. E) separates the alpha subunit from the others.

breaks down cAMP to AMP

Compared to younger bones, older bones are more _______ due to a decrease in ________. A) flexible; hydroxyapatite B) brittle; hydroxyapatite C) brittle; collagen D) flexible; collagen

brittle; collagen

A solution that resists changes in pH when H+ or OH(--) ions are added to it, is called a(n) A) buffered solution. B) base. C) alkali. D) neutral solution.

buffered solution

A(n) _________________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint. A. articular sac B. synovial vesicle C. bursa D. meniscus E. articular cavity

bursa

Which of the following is a fluid-filled sac found in a synovial joint? A) meniscus B) bursa C) sheath D) synovial membrane

bursa

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the cartilage matrix is mineralized with calcium carbonate is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypertrophy. D) calcification.

calcification

If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones? A) calcitonin B) pituitary hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

calcitonin

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels? A) insulin B) cortisol C) calcitonin D) parathyroid hormone

calcitonin

Calmodulin is found in target cells in which the second messenger is A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) calcium. D) diacylglycerol.

calcium

Otoliths are made of __________ and associated with the __________. A) calcium carbonate; crista ampullaris B) calcium carbonate; macula C) calcium phosphate; crista ampullaris D) calcium phosphate; macula

calcium carbonate; macula

Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell processes are known as A) Volkmann canals. B) central canals. C) perforating canals. D) canaliculi.

canaliculi

The angles where the eyelids join at the medial and lateral margins of the eye are called A) canthi. B) caruncles. C) palpebral fissures. D) ciliary glands. E) tarsal plates.

canthi

Organic compounds always contain A) carbon and oxygen. B) carbon and hydrogen. C) hydrogen and oxygen. D) sulfur and phosphorus.

carbon and hydrogen

Which of the following types of connective tissue is MISMATCHED with its matrix? A) areolar - loosely packed matrix of protein fibers B) bone - mineralized matrix C) cartilage - highly vascular matrix D) blood - liquid matrix

cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Most of the peripheral skeleton of a 7-month-old fetus is primarily A) adipose tissue. B) cartilage tissue. C) general fetal tissue. D) undifferentiated bone tissue.

cartilage tissue.

Which of the following joints is held together with cartilage? A) fibrous B) cartilaginous C) hinged D) synovial

cartilaginous

Which of the following is not one of the four primary classes of tissue? A) cartilaginous tissue B) connective tissue C) epithelial tissue D) muscular tissue

cartilaginous tissue

Clouding of the lens occurs in which of these eye disorders? A) cataracts B) glaucoma C) strabismus D) trachoma

cataracts

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the A) ribosome B) cell C) organ D) organelle

cell

The _______ comprises the bulk of the mature adult brain. A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) medulla oblongata D) pons

cerebrum

The embryonic forebrain gives rise to the A) cerebrum and cerebellum. B) cerebrum and midbrain. C) cerebrum and diencephalon. D) cerebellum and diencephalon.

cerebrum and diencephalon

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement in which one limb makes circular movements? A) elevation and depression B) protraction and retraction C) lateral and medial excursion D) circumduction

circumduction

Which of the following diarthrotic movements is the pitcher's arm in a baseball game? A) circumduction B) retraction C) adduction D) retraction

circumduction

A baseball player winding up for the pitch ______________ the shoulder. A. rotates B. circumducts C. extends D. flexes E. elevates

circumducts

The anterior and lateral muscles of the leg and foot are innervated by the A) common fibular nerve. B) femoral nerve. C) obturator nerve. D) tibial nerve. E) coccygeal plexus.

common fibular nerve

A single motor neuron in the central nervous system, which receives a number of EPSPs and IPSPs simultaneously, illustrates which type of neuronal circuit? A) convergent pathway B) divergent pathway C) reverberating circuit D) parallel after-discharge circuit

convergent pathway

The generation of an action potential in response to spatial summation illustrates the result of which type of neuronal circuit? A) convergent pathway B) divergent pathway C) reverberating circuit D) parallel after-discharge circuit

convergent pathway

All of the following are part of the middle "vascular" tunic of the eye EXCEPT A) choroid B) ciliary body C) iris D) cornea

cornea

Image formation depends on refraction, the bending of light. At which location does the greatest amount of refraction occur? A) aqueous humor B) cornea C) lens D) vitreous humor

cornea

The greatest amount of refraction in the eye occurs when light enters the A) aqueous humor. B) cornea. C) lens. D) pupil. E) vitreous humor.

cornea

Sympathetic axons leave the sympathetic chain ganglia in all of the following EXCEPT A) cranial nerves. B) spinal nerves. C) splanchnic nerves. D) sympathetic nerves.

cranial nerves.

The parasympathetic division is also referred to as the _______________ division. A) afferent B) craniosacral C) somatic D) thoracolumbar

craniosacral

Olfactory nerves pass from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs through the A) external auditory canal. B) cribriform plate. C) nasolacrimal duct. D) mastoid sinus. E) olfactory tract.

cribriform plate

The axons of the olfactory neurons pass through the foramina of the _____ to synapse with mitral or tufted cells in the ____. A) cribriform plate, olfactory tract B) cribriform plate, olfactory bulb C) nasal bone, olfactory tract D) nasal bone, olfactory bulb

cribriform plate, olfactory bulb

Each ampulla of a semicircular canal contains a(n) ________, which is involved in sensing movement of the head or dynamic equilibrium. A) crista ampullaris B) helicotrema C) macula D) organ of Corti

crista ampullaris

In the ampulla of each semicircular canal there is specialized sensory epithelium called the A) macula. B) crista ampullaris. C) organ of Corti. D) cupula. E) helicotrema

crista ampullaris

Afferent nerve endings associated with the skin are called A) cutaneous receptors. B) visceroreceptor. C) proprioceptors.

cutaneous receptors

In cold weather _______ may result from reduced blood circulation through the skin. A) jaundice B) hypothermia C) hemangioma D) cyanosis

cyanosis

The process by which cytoplasm divides during cell division is known as A) cytokinesis. B) karyokinesis. C) synthesization. D) phagocytosis

cytokinesis

Intermediate filaments are found in the A) nucleus. B) rER. C) cytosol. D) extracellular space.

cytosol

Organelles outside of the nucleus of cell are surrounded by a fluid called the A) cisternae. B) intracellular support. C) cytosol. D) cytoplasm.

cytosol

Which of the following is a possible explanation for a person losing all vision in their left eye? A) damage to the left occipital lobe B) damage to the left lateral geniculate nucleus C) damage to the left optic nerve D) a lesion in the left optic tract

damage to the left optic nerve

A man was in an accident and severed his spinal cord between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT occur? A) loss of sensation in the trunk below the shoulders, the lowers limbs and portions of the arms B) damage to the phrenic nerves, which would therefore affect breathing C) loss of movement in the lower limbs D) damage to the intercostal nerves, which would affect breathing because the intercostal muscles would be paralyzed

damage to the phrenic nerves, which would therefore affect breathing

Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _______ reactions. A) endergonic B) decomposition C) reduction D) synthesis

decomposition

Because of the down-regulation of GnRH the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is A) increased. B) unchanged. C) decreased.

decreased

Which of these occurs as a response to a thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland)? A) increased calcitonin secretion B) increased T3 and T4 secretion C) decreased TRH secretion D) increased TSH secretion

decreased TRH secretion

Which of the following changes is not seen with aging? A) decreased levels of GH B) decreased melatonin C) decreased levels of T3 and T4 D) decreased blood glucose levels

decreased blood glucose levels

A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in A) secretion. B) storage of glycogen. C) detoxification activities. D) cellular communication.

detoxification activities

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the A) sternum. B) diaphragm. C) mediastinum. D) mesentery.

diaphragm

The shaft of a bone is known as the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) periosteum. D) diaphysis.

diaphysis

The shoulder, elbow, and knee are examples of which of the following types of joints? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

diarthrosis

Which of the following is the correct term for a freely moveable joint? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

diarthrosis

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of raising and lowering the toes? A) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion B) protraction and retraction C) inversion and eversion D) opposition and reposition

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

If there are two lines connecting the atoms in a molecule, the double lines represent a(an) A) single covalent bond. B) double covalent bond. C) ionic bond. D) no bond.

double covalent bond.

In the case of a disease in which hormone levels are normal but the target cells are not responding, the cause may be A) up-regulation in the target cells. B) up-regulation in the hormone-secreting cells. C) down-regulation in the target cells. D) increased sensitivity in the target cells.

down-regulation in the target cells occurs when target cells decrease the number of hormone receptors in response to high hormone levels or prolonged exposure.

The most superficial of the meninges is the A) arachnoid mater. B) pia mater. C) filum terminale. D) dura mater. E) conus medullaris.

dura mater

From superficial to deep, the three layers of the meninges are A) dura mater - pia mater - arachnoid mater B) dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater C) pia mater - dura mater - arachnoid mater D) pia mater - arachnoid mater - dura mater

dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mate

Venous blood flows through the _______, located in some areas of the meninges surrounding the brain. A) dural venous sinuses B) epidural spaces C) subarachnoid spaces D) ventricles

dural venous sinuses

The process of intramembranous ossification begins when? A) during embryonic development B) at birth C) in the teenage years D) around the time of full development

during embryonic development

Endochondral ossification begins at what age? A) during fetal development B) birth C) puberty D) adulthood

during fetal development

All of these conditions can increase the amount of melanin in the skin EXCEPT: A) exposure to ultraviolet light. B) pregnancy. C) genetics. D) eating carrots. E) increased estrogen levels.

eating carrots.

Prostaglandins are also known as A) eicosanoids. B) endorphins. C) growth factors. D) amines.

eicosanoids

These are the major categories of joints, except A. elastic. B. synovial. C. cartilaginous. D. fibrous. E. bony.

elastic

Which of the following signals is considered a paracrine signal? A) LH B) endorphin C) ADH D) thromboxane

endorphin

Which of the following types of neuroglia are found in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and produce cerebrospinal fluid? A) astrocytes B) microglia C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

When a suspect is arrested by the police, typically they are handcuffed behind their back. In this position, the suspect's arms are A) abducted. B) adducted. C) circumducted. D) extended. E) flexed.

extended

Kicking a football straight ahead with your toes involves what movement of your leg? A) abduction B) adduction C) circumduction D) extension E) flexion

extension

Tilting the head posteriorly to look up at the sky requires A) abduction of the neck. B) adduction of the neck. C) circumduction of the neck. D) extension of the neck. E) flexion of the neck.

extension of the neck

What is the name of the short tube that conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane? A) external auditory canal B) auditory tube C) canal of Schlemm D) eustachian tube

external auditory canal

As one of the characteristic of Life, development includes A) fertilization and reproduction. B) differentiation and morphogenesis. C) fertilization and differentiation. D) morphogenesis and metabolism.

fertilization and differentiation

Woven bone is formed during which of the following situations? A) puberty B) fetal development and after fractures C) the first few months following birth D) periods of bone decalcification in old age

fetal development and after fractures

The only type of cell seen in a tendon is a A) muscle fiber. B) reticular fiber. C) collagen fiber. D) fibroblast

fibroblast

Connective tissue fibers are produced by A) macrophages. B) mast cells. C) fibroblasts. D) All of the above.

fibroblasts

The adrenal medulla A) produces steroids. B) has cortisol as its major secretory product. C) decreases its secretions during exercise. D) forms from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS. E) all of the above.

forms from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS

Merkel cells are A) found in the hypodermis. B) keratinocytes. C) found in the epidermis. D) melanocytes.

found in the epidermis

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the development of the central nervous system? A) neural tube B) neural plate C) three-vesicle (three-pouch) brain D) four-vesicle (four-pouch) brain

four-vesicle (four-pouch) brain

Which of the following is the location in the retina at which the sharpest images are produced? A) fovea centralis B) optic chiasm C) optic disc D) ora serrata

fovea centralis

Which of the following conditions is a hereditary disease in which uric acid crystals build up in the joint space and cause pain? A) gout B) osteoarthritis C) rheumatism D) rheumatoid arthritis

gout

The formation of scar tissue is most directly caused by A) neutrophils. B) fibrin. C) granulation tissue. D) wound contraction.

granulation tissue.

The gray matter on the right and left sides of the spinal cord is connected by a A) corpus callosum. B) gray commissure. C) intermediate mass. D) vermis.

gray commissure

Increased blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion from the pancreas. This is an example of A) hormonal regulation of hormone secretion. B) neural regulation of hormone secretion. C) humoral regulation of hormone secretion.

humoral regulation of hormone secretion

In children and adolescents, what is the epiphyseal plate composed of? A) bone B) hyaline cartilage C) collagen fibers D) elastic fiber, collagen fibers, and elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

In early stages of development, the fetal skeleton is formed by A) hyaline cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) bone. D) muscular tissue.

hyaline cartilage

Skin does not include the A) epidermis. B) papillary layer. C) hypodermis. D) dermis.

hypodermis

From its point of secretion until it reaches its target cells, TRH is found in or passes through which structures? A) hypothalamus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, posterior pituitary B) hypothalamus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels, anterior pituitary C) anterior pituitary, vascular system, thyroid gland D) thyroid gland, vascular system, target organs and tissues

hypothalamus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels, anterior pituitary

The hormone ADH is produced by cells whose bodies are in the ____, but it is actually released or secreted in the _____. A) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary B) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary C) hypophysis; hypothalamus D) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypotrophy. D) calcification.

hypotrophy

Perception can occur only A) at the receptor. B) within the afferent neuron. C) in the cerebral cortex. D) in an effector, such as skeletal muscle. E) in the cerebellum.

in the cerebral cortex

The _________ of the midbrain are integral to the auditory pathway. A) corpora quadrigemina B) superior colliculi C) inferior colliculi D) tectum

inferior colliculi

The white matter in each half of the spinal cord is organized into three columns. Which of the following is NOT one of the columns? A) ventral column B) lateral column C) inferior column D) dorsal column

inferior column

Which of the following autonomic plexuses is formed by parasympathetic fibers that arise from spinal nerves S2 to S4? A) cardiac B) esophageal C) inferior hypogastric D) pulmonary

inferior hypogastric

Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerves form each of the following autonomic plexuses EXCEPT the A) cardiac. B) esophageal. C) inferior hypogastric. D) pulmonary.

inferior hypogastric.

The thyroid gland is located A) superior to the kidneys. B) inferior to the hypothalamus. C) inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea. D) posterior to the stomach.

inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _______________, which explains in part the nature of most shoulder dislocations. A. anteriorly B. posteriorly C. superiorly D. inferiorly E. medially

inferiorly

In the electromagnetic spectrum, which of these forms of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? A) gamma rays B) infrared C) UV light D) visible light E) X-rays

infrared

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary is the A) corpus callosum. B) infundibulum. C) insula. D) intermediate mass.

infundibulum

Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life? A) intellectual capability B) production of energy C) intake of food compounds D) growth

intellectual capability

In the thoracic region, the ventral rami of spinal nerves form __________; elsewhere the ventral rami form __________. A) intercostal nerves, plexuses B) dorsal nerves, ganglia C) ventral nerves, splanchnic nerves D) plexuses, dermatomes E) ganglia, phrenic nerves

intercostal nerves, plexuses

Which region of the olfactory cortex aids in modifying sensory information in the olfactory bulb? A) intermediate olfactory area B) lateral olfactory area C) medial olfactory area D) superior olfactory area

intermediate olfactory area

Up-regulation A) is responsible for periodic decreases in sensitivity of some tissues to certain hormones. B) is responsible for the increase of LH receptors in ovarian tissue. C) occurs when one hormone decreases the sensitivity of a tissue to a second hormone. D) all of these

is responsible for the increase of LH receptors in ovarian tissue

Refraction A) occurs when light encounters an object that is not transparent. B) occurs when light travels through water. C) is the bending of light. D) is responsible for the color of objects we see.

is the bending of light

Which of the nerves arising from the lumbosacral plexus is the largest peripheral nerve in the body? A) femoral B) ischiadic nerve C) obturator nerve D) pudendal nerve

ischiadic nerve

When different forms for the same atom exist due to the difference in the number of neutrons, they are known as A) atoms. B) isotopes. C) neutrons. D) molecules.

isotopes

If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone? A) it becomes stiff and brittle B) no noticeable differences occur with the bone C) it becomes soft and rubbery D) it breaks apart into thousands of small pieces

it becomes soft and rubbery

Synovial joints are always enclosed by a A) cartilage layer. B) joint capsule. C) tendon sheath. D) synostosis. E) synchondrosis.

joint capsule

Synovial membranes line A) joint cavities. B) the pancreas. C) the respiratory tract. D) the heart.

joint cavities

Sometimes people with TMJ disorders bruxate (grind side-to-side) their teeth at night. This movement is A) medial and lateral rotation of the mandible. B) lateral excursion of the mandible. C) circumduction of the mandible. D) flexion and extension of the mandible. E) abduction and adduction of the mandible.

lateral excursion of the mandible

Axons carrying visual information synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. A) medial geniculate nucleus B) lateral geniculate nucleus C) ventral posterior nucleus D) None of the above.

lateral geniculate nucleus

The _______ contains a portion of the inguinal region. A) left lower quadrant B) left upper quadrant C) hypochondriac region D) epigastric region

left lower quadrant

The spleen is in the _______ of the abdomen. A) left upper quadrant B) right upper quadrant C) right lateral abdominal region D) epigastric region

left upper quadrant

Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of A) width and numbers B) length and numbers C) depth and numbers D) length and width

length and numbers

Which muscle raises the upper eyelid when it contracts? A) levator palpebrae superioris B) orbicularis oculi C) superior oblique D) superior rectus

levator palpebrae superioris

To understand the structure of complex body systems we start from the structure of the atom and progress to the structure of the organ systems. This concept is called A) levels of deterioration. B) structural diversity. C) the hierarchy of species. D) levels of organization

levels of organization

A parietal membrane _______, whereas a visceral membrane _______. A) covers organs; lines cavities B) lines cavities; covers organs C) is thick; is thin D) secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid

lines cavities; covers organs

A hormone that penetrates the plasma membrane of its target cells and binds to a receptor in the nucleus is classified as a(n) _____ hormone. A) nonsteroid B) water-soluble C) peptide D) lipid-soluble

lipid-soluble

Concerning the half-life of hormones: A. lipid-soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life B. Hormones with a shorter half-life regulate activities with a slow onset and long duration. C. hormones with a shorter half-life are maintained at more constant levels in the blood D. lipid-soluble hormones are degraded rapidly by enzymes in the circulatory system. E. water-soluble hormones usually combine with plasma proteins.

lipid-soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life

Which of the following nutrients will commonly be metabolized for energy at the end of a long race? A) glucose B) lipids C) proteins D) glycogen

lipids

The extracellular liquid matrix in blood is A) adipose. B) liquid. C) fibroblast. D) calcium salt.

liquid

If there is an increase in the extracellular Na+ ion concentration, the result is A) depolarization of the plasma membrane. B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. C) little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane.

little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane

Primary targets for glucagon are ________ cells. A) skeletal muscle B) pancreatic C) renal D) liver

liver

The nerves that supply the lower limbs enter or exit from this area of the spinal cord. A) brachial plexuses B) cervical enlargement C) cervical plexuses D) lumbar enlargement

lumbar enlargement

The plexus that originates from spinal nerves L1-L4 is the A) cervical plexus. B) brachial plexus. C) lumbar plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) coccygeal plexus.

lumbar plexus

Which spinal nerves comprise the cauda equina? A) coccygeal B) lumbar, sacral and coccygeal C) sacral D) sacral and coccygeal

lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

The sciatic nerves arise from which of these plexuses? A) brachial B) cervical C) choroid D) lumbosacral

lumbosacral

From which plexus does the ischiadic (sciatic) nerve originate? A) brachial plexus B) cervical plexus C) coccygeal plexus D) myenteric plexus E) lumbosacral plexus

lumbosacral plexus

Small molecules combine to form A) atoms. B) atomic molecules. C) macromolecules. D) micromolecules

macromolecules

The name for one of the structures involved in detecting a change in the position of the head with respect to gravity or static equilibrium is A) ampulla. B) crista ampullaris. C) helicotrema. D) macula.

macula

The specialized receptor structure found in the utricle and saccule is the A) macula. B) crista ampullaris. C) organ of Corti. D) cupula. E) helicotrema

macula

Axons carrying auditory information synapse in the __________ of the thalamus A) medial geniculate nucleus B) lateral geniculate nucleus C) ventral posterior nucleus D) None of the above.

medial geniculate nucleus

The __________ is responsible for visceral and emotional reactions to odors and has connections to the limbic system. A) intermediate olfactory area B) lateral olfactory area C) medial olfactory area D) olfactory bulb

medial olfactory area

Which region of the olfactory cortex is connected to the limbic system? A) intermediate olfactory area B) lateral olfactory area C) medial olfactory area D) superior olfactory area

medial olfactory area

Compression of what nerve arising from the brachial plexus results in numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers, a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome? A) axillary nerve B) radial nerve C) median nerve D) musculocutaneous nerve

median nerve

If there is a decrease in the specific plasma protein to which a hormone binds, A) more free hormone is available. B) less hormone binds to target cells. C) blood levels of the hormone increase. D) all of these

more free hormone is available

As the concentration of free hormone molecules increase in the blood, A) more hormone molecules diffuse out of the blood and reach target cells. B) fewer hormone molecules diffuse and reach target cells. C) no movement is seen as the concentration of hormone has no affect on diffusion. D) target cells become unresponsive to the hormone.

more hormone molecules diffuse out of the blood and reach target cells

Which of these receptors occur in the membranes of sympathetic postganglionic neurons? A) alpha and beta adrenergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) nicotinic cholinergic D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

nicotinic cholinergic

Compared to the autonomic nervous system, receptors of the somatic nervous system include A) nicotinic cholinergic receptors only. B) muscarinic cholinergic receptors only. C) nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) cholinergic and nicotinic receptors.

nicotinic cholinergic receptors only

The capability of any atom (other than inert elements) to react or to form any molecule depends on the A) number of outermost electrons. B) number of protons. C) number of neutrons. D) total number of protons and neutrons

number of outermost electrons

Atomic number of an element is determined by the A) number of neutrons. B) position of electrons. C) number of protons. D) total number of electrons and protons

number of protons.

Which of these nerves supplies muscles that adduct the thigh? A) common fibular nerve B) femoral nerve C) obturator nerve D) sural nerve E) coccygeal plexus

obturator nerve

The visual cortex and the visual association area are located in the A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe.

occipital lobe

A drooping upper eyelid is a symptom indicative of possible damage to what cranial nerve? A) abducens B) oculomotor C) optic D) trochlear

oculomotor

During saltatory conduction, action potentials jump from A) one astrocyte to another. B) an axon to a dendrite. C) one internode to another. D) one node of Ranvier to another. E) one microglia cell to another.

one node of Ranvier to another

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) synthesis reaction - two reactants combine to form a larger product B) decomposition reaction - large reactant broken into smaller products C) oxidation - gain of electrons D) dehydration reaction - water is a product of the reaction

oxidation - gain of electrons

Which of the following types of ganglia occur in chains on either side of the vertebral column? A) collateral ganglia B) paravertebral ganglia C) prevertebral ganglia D) terminal ganglia

paravertebral ganglia

The __________ lobe of the cerebrum is the major center for the reception and evaluation of sensory information, except for smell, hearing, and vision. A) frontal B) insula C) occipital D) parietal E) temporal

parietal

Which lobes of the cerebrum serve as the main center for receiving and processing of sensory information EXCEPT for smell, hearing, and vision? A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal

parietal

Which of the following is most inferior in location? A) pelvic cavity B) mediastinum C) diaphragm D) pleural cavity

pelvic cavity

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n) A) neurologist. B) anatomist. C) physiologist. D) engineer

physiologist

Biochemical and molecular explanations provide a better understanding of A) body parts. B) anatomical details of bones. C) physiology of organs. D) ecological niches.

physiology of organs.

The fibrous strand or filum terminale that anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord to the coccyx is a continuation of the A) arachnoid mater. B) dorsal root ganglion. C) epidural mater. D) pia mater.

pia mater

The sella turcica is the location of which gland? A) thymus B) adrenal C) pineal D) pituitary

pituitary

In which of the following types of synovial joints does one bone have a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament on the other, enabling one bone to revolve on the other? A) pivot B) hinge C) saddle D) gliding

pivot

Which of the following consists of nerve tissue, and is an extension of the hypothalamus? A) anterior pituitary B) adrenal cortex C) thymus D) posterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

The _________________ does not belong to the tibiofemoral joint. A. lateral meniscus B. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) C. tibial (medial) collateral ligament D. fibular (lateral) collateral ligament E. posterior tibiofibular ligament

posterior tibiofibular ligament

Nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system are located in the membranes of A) preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division. B) effector cells innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers. C) effector cells innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. D) postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

The Golgi tendon reflex A) involves the synapse of sensory neurons from the Golgi tendon organs with stimulating interneurons at the spinal cord. B) prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons. C) involves the stimulation of alpha neurons leading back to the muscles that are stretching tendons. D) results in increased tension at tendons.

prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons

Glucagon A) primarily affects the liver. B) causes glycogen to be stored. C) causes blood glucose levels to decrease. D) decreases fat metabolism. E) all of the above

primarily affects the liver

Carbohydrates are also known as A) harmful chemicals. B) primary sources of energy. C) necessary components for protein formation. D) unsaturated compounds.

primary sources of energy

Joe is 45, and has not ridden a bicycle since he was 18. To his amazement, he gets on a bike and rides with little effort. This is an example of A) declarative memory. B) procedural memory. C) sensory memory. D) short-term memory.

procedural memory

What is the general function of glands? A) protect the body B) control the function of epithelial tissues C) produce and secrete specialized compounds to control and maintain different body functions D) help to maintain blood pressure and nerve actions

produce and secrete specialized compounds to control and maintain different body functions

The main hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy is A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C) relaxin. D) inhibin.

progesterone

The primary action of antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, is to A) cause a decrease in blood calcium levels. B) promote the retention of water by the kidneys. C) increase metabolic rate. D) stimulate uterine smooth muscle contractions during delivery.

promote the retention of water by the kidneys

Afferent nerve endings in joints and tendons are called A) exteroreceptors. B) proprioceptors. C) visceroreceptors.

proprioceptors

A deficiency of arachidonic acid would cause a deficiency of A) endorphin. B) melatonin. C) growth hormone. D) prostaglandin.

prostaglandin

Cerumen A) is sweat. B) is a hormone. C) protects the fingernails. D) protects the tympanic membrane

protects the tympanic membrane

Before a doctor performs an episiotomy, a cut in the perineum that makes the opening of the birth canal larger, branches of what nerves arising from the lumbosacral plexuses are anesthetized? A) femoral nerves B) ischiadic nerves C) obturator nerves D) pudendal nerves

pudendal nerves

Proteins of the plasma membrane serve all of the following functions, except A) pumps water out of the cell B) catalyzes reactions outside of the cell C) transports ions from the outside to the inside of the cell D) binds neurotransmitters

pumps water out of the cell

What are the enlargements on the medulla oblongata that are involved in conscious skeletal muscle control? A) cardiac center B) olives C) pyramids D) decussate

pyramids

After severely breaking his left humerus in an accident, a man lost sensation on the posterior aspect of the limb and was unable to extend his forearm, wrist, or fingers. What nerve was damaged? A) axillary B) musculocutaneous C) radial D) ulnar

radial

Of these colors of the visible spectrum, which has the longest wavelength? A) blue B) green C) purple D) red E) yellow

red

What change/s occur when red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution? A) red blood cells gain water B) red blood cells lose water and shrink C) red blood cells neither gain nor lose water D) concentration of sodium increases within the cells

red blood cells lose water and shrink

Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in A) yellow bone marrow. B) thymus. C) red bone marrow. D) the spleen.

red bone marrow

A molecule is said to be _______ when it gains one or more electrons. A) a free radical B) electrified C) oxidized D) reduced

reduced

If the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments __________ and the lens __________. A) pull; flattens B) relax; flattens C) pull; thickens D) relax; thickens

relax; thickens

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the testes? A) androgens B) testosterone C) relaxin D) inhibin

relaxin

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"? A) bone that develops during fetal development and stays with us for life B) removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts C) the construction of bone around blood vessels for a Haversian canal D) the laying out of new bone in a fracture site

removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts

During an action potential, when a nerve cell membrane changes from positive inside to negative inside, the cell membrane is undergoing A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) tetany. D) treppe.

repolarization

To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to A) think. B) read. C) reproduce. D) overgrow

reproduce

Eccrine sweat glands A) are most common in the armpits and groin. B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. C) respond primarily to emotional stress. D) usually are associated with hair follicles.

respond primarily to elevated body temperature

The ability of an organism to sense changes that take place within its body is an example of A) responsiveness. B) movement. C) breathing. D) metabolism.

responsiveness

Cerebellar dysfunction may result in all of the following EXCEPT A) decreased muscle tone. B) balance impairment. C) intention tremor. D) resting tremor.

resting tremor

Because of injuries received in an automobile accident, a young man remains hospitalized in a coma. It is likely the injuries affected his A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) limbic system. D) reticular formation.

reticular formation

Which layer of the eye contains the photoreceptor cells? A) choroid B) ciliary body C) retina D) sclera

retina

All of the following are correctly paired EXCEPT A) canal of Schlemm - aqueous humor B) ciliary body - iris C) retina - suspensory ligaments D) vitreous humor - posterior compartment

retina - suspensory ligaments

Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that send signals to organs within the pelvic cavity originate? A) brainstem B) cervical region of the spinal cord C) sacral region of the spinal cord D) thoracic region of the spinal cord

sacral region of the spinal cord

Which of the following synovial joints is the trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb? A) condyloid B) hinge C) saddle D) gliding

saddle

A ______ section separates the body into right and left portions. A) frontal B) transverse C) dorsal D) sagittal

sagittal

The rotator cuff is located in which of the following joints? A) shoulder B) wrist C) elbow D) hip

shoulder

The activity of apocrine sweat glands A) produces cerumen. B) sometimes leads to body odor. C) gives the skin a healthy glow. D) produces sweat on the palm of the hand.

sometimes leads to body odor.

The nail body is produced by A) lunula cells. B) melanocytes. C) specialized epithelial cells. D) specialized dermal cells.

specialized epithelial cells

Microglia are: A) specialized motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. B) star-shaped cells that help form the blood-brain barrier. C) specialized macrophages of the CNS that mobilize in response to inflammation. D) found in choroid plexuses, and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

specialized macrophages of the CNS that mobilize in response to inflammation

Which of the following is NOT an effect of pineal body secretions? A) inhibition of reproductive functions B) help regulation of sleep cycles C) stimulation of appetite D) inhibition of GnRH

stimulation of appetite

Which of the following serves as a nucleus in the midbrain that is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements? A) inferior olivary nucleus B) cerebral peduncles C) substantia nigra D) suprachiasmatic nucleus

substantia nigra

Which of the following types of stimuli produces only a local potential, but not an action potential? A) maximal B) supramaximal C) threshold D) subthreshold

subthreshold

The cranial cavity is _______ to the thoracic cavity. A) inferior B) anterior C) peripheral D) superior

superior

The thoracic cavity lies where in relationship to the abdominopelvic cavity? A) dorsal (posterior) B) ventral (anterior) C) superior D) inferior

superior

All of the following are intrinsic eye muscles EXCEPT the A) ciliary muscles B) dilator pupillae C) sphincter pupillae D) superior oblique

superior oblique

Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is NOT controlled by the oculomotor nerve? A) inferior oblique B) inferior rectus C) medial rectus D) superior oblique

superior oblique

Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is controlled by the trochlear nerve? A) inferior rectus B) medial rectus C) superior oblique D) superior rectus

superior oblique

Parasympathetic ganglia are located near the _______________ and are called ______________. A) spinal cord; collateral ganglia. B) spinal cord; paravertebral ganglia. C) target organs; collateral ganglia. D) target organs; terminal ganglia.

target organs; terminal ganglia

Which of the following is (are) NOT a major part of the cerebellum? A) tegmentum B) flocculonodular lobe C) vermis D) lateral hemispheres

tegmentum

The bulk of the adult human brain develops from which of the following secondary vesicles (pouches) during embryonic development? A) diencephalon B) mesencephalon C) myelencephalon D) telencephalon

telencephalon

Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion? An increase in the A) viscosity of the solvent B) the distance the molecules have to travel C) molecular weight of the diffusing particles D) temperature

temperature

The primary auditory cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe.

temporal lobe

When two action potentials arrive in very close succession at a single presynaptic terminal, A) an IPSP is produced. B) the second action potential cancels the first. C) spatial summation occurs. D) temporal summation occurs.

temporal summation occurs

The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________ lobe from the __________ nerve. A) occipital; trochlear B) occipital; vestibulocochlear C) temporal; trochlear D) temporal; vestibulocochlear

temporal; vestibulocochlear

What is the name for the portion of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the cortex? A) falx cerebri B) falx cerebelli C) tectoral membrane D) tentorium cerebelli

tentorium cerebelli

The axons of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division synapse within _______________ ganglia. A) collateral B) paravertebral C) sympathetic chain D) terminal

terminal

Which of the following ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A) collateral B) paravertebral C) sympathetic D) terminal

terminal

Which is NOT a part of the brainstem? A) medulla oblongata B) midbrain C) pons D) thalamus

thalamus

In the second messenger mechanism, A) one hormone needs to act on the target cell before a second hormone can act on it. B) one hormone interferes with the action of a second hormone. C) two hormones act together on a target cell, with the second hormone having the greater effect. D) the hormone binds to a membrane receptor, which activates an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a second messenger inside the cell.

the hormone binds to a membrane receptor, which activates an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a second messenger inside the cell

The infundibulum connects A) the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. B) the thalamus and hypothalamus. C) the thalamus and epithalamus. D) the thalamus and subthalamus. E) the medulla and the pons.

the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase insures that A) the neurotransmitter binds to receptors longer. B) the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction has a short duration of action. C) excess GABA is destroyed rapidly. D) the inhibitory effect of glycine is prolonged.

the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction has a short duration of action

The fluid mosaic model is a theory for the structure of A) microtubules B) microfilaments C) the DNA molecule D) the plasma membrane

the plasma membrane

Some joints become synostoses by A. the replacement of fibers with cartilage. B. the replacement of cartilage with fibers. C. the replacement of bone with cartilage. D. the replacement of bone with fibers. E. the replacement of fibers with bone.

the replacement of fibers with bone

Synovial fluid is secreted by A) bone cells. B) cartilage cells. C) adipose cells. D) the synovial membrane. E) both a and b

the synovial membrane

Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because A) their sweat glands are less active. B) their sebaceous glands become overactive. C) they sweat excessively. D) the skin becomes too oily

their sweat glands are less active.

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common? A. these are joints found only in the appendicular skeleton B. these are joints found only in the axial skeleton C. these are bony joints D. these are fibrous joints E. these are cartilaginous joints

these are fibrous joints

The term "dorsal" means A) further from the point of attachment to the body. B) to lie with the anterior surface down. C) toward the back of the body. D) away from the midline

toward the back of the body.

The lattice of spongy bone consists of plates, rods and spines, called A) marrow. B) trabeculae. C) lacunae. D) endosteum.

trabeculae

Each column in the white matter of the spinal cord consists of one or more A) funiculi. B) gyri. C) horns. D) tracts.

tracts

One process that occurs in a nucleus of a cell is A) digestion of lipids. B) production of ATP. C) translation. D) transcription

transcription

The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as A) transduction. B) translocation. C) translation. D) transcription

transcription

Which cranial nerve controls the muscles involved in chewing? A) facial B) glossopharyngeal C) trigeminal D) vagus

trigeminal

This nerve, commonly called the "funny bone," passes behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus; it is the A) axillary nerve. B) median nerve. C) musculocutaneous nerve. D) radial nerve. E) ulnar nerve.

ulnar nerve

Which one among the following bases is present in RNA but NOT in DNA? A) adenine B) guanine C) cytosine D) uracil

uracil

When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system, the endocrine system generally A) is faster-acting than the nervous system B) produces effects that are of shorter duration C) uses blood-borne chemical messengers D) produces more localized effects E) relies less on chemical messengers

uses blood-borne chemical messengers

All of the following are part of the cochlea EXCEPT A) cochlear duct B) scala tympani C) scala vestibuli D) utricle

utricle

Autonomic fibers of the _______ nerve carry motor impulses to the heart and many smooth muscles and glands in the viscera of the thorax and abdomen. A) abducens B) accessory C) trochlear D) vagus

vagus

Dural sinuses contain A) air. B) mucous. C) serous fluid. D) venous blood.

venous blood

Which senses provide information about various internal organs? A) somatic B) visceral C) special

visceral

The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the A) visceral pleura. B) parietal pleura. C) visceral pericardium. D) parietal pericardium.

visceral pleura

Damage to the optic chiasm may result in A) blindness in the right eye. B) blindness in the left eye. C) visual loss of the temporal half of each visual field.

visual loss of the temporal half of each visual field

The superior colliculi are involved with __________, whereas the inferior colliculi are involved with __________. A) control of skeletal muscle, blood pressure B) blood pressure, heart rate C) hearing, muscle tone D) breathing, heart rate E) visual reflexes, hearing and auditory reflexes

visual reflexes, hearing and auditory reflexes

Which of these parts of the eye normally NEVER has melanin present? A) choroid B) ciliary body C) iris D) retina E) vitreous humor

vitreous humor

The threshold of a neuron is the A) total amount of neurotransmitter it takes to cause an action potential. B) voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels. C) time between binding of the neurotransmitter and firing of an action potential. D) voltage across the resting cell membrane.

voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels

The repolarization phase of the action potential occurs because A) voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open. B) voltage-gated K+ ion channels open. C) voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close. D) voltage-gated K+ ion channels close. E) both B and C

voltage-gated K+ ion channels open and voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close.

Most metabolic reactions occur in A) alcohol. B) blood. C) carbon dioxide. D) water

water

Osmosis is the diffusion of _______ across a selectively permeable membrane. A) urea B) oxygen C) water D) sodium

water

Aquaporins are A) water channels. B) carrier proteins. C) active transport. D) bulk transport.

water channels.

Sweat contains A) water, salts and wastes. B) sebum. C) water only. D) dead cells, urea and sodium chloride

water, salts and wastes.

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin? A) white B) brown C) red D) black

white

The innermost layer of adrenal cortex is A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona reticularis. C) zona fasciculate. D) medulla.

zona reticularis

Given these observations: 1. A hormone will affect only a specific tissue (not all tissues). 2. A tissue can respond to more than one hormone. 3. Some tissues respond rapidly to a hormone, whereas others take many hours to respond. Which of these observations can be explained by the characteristics of hormone receptors? A) 1 B) 1,2 C) 2,3 D) 1,3 E) 1,2,3

1,2,3

Given these events: 1. alpha subunit binds to adenylyl cyclase 2. cAMP is produced 3. cAMP binds to protein kinase 4. phosphate groups are attached to enzymes 5. phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP Arrange them in the correct order as they occur after the G protein dissociates. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 1,3,2,5,4 C) 2,3,5,4,1 D) 3,4,1,2,5 E) 5,4,3,2,1

1,2,3,4,5

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. IV (Trochlear) 2. VI (Abducens) 3. VII (Facial) 4. XI (Accessory) 5. XII (Hypoglossal) Select the nerves that are somatic motor/proprioceptive only. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 1,2,4,5 C) 1,3,4,5 D) 2,3,4 E) 3,4,5

1,2,4,5

Given these characteristics: 1. amplitude-modulated signals 2. all-or-none response 3. usually slower response 4. effects usually more generally distributed List the characteristics that apply to the endocrine system when compared to the nervous system. A) 2,3 B) 1,2,4 C) 1,3,4 D) 1,2 E) 3,4

1,3,4

Given these parts of the inner ear: 1. oval window 2. round window 3. scala tympani 4. scala vestibuli 5. helicotrema List the correct order in which vibrations travel through the cochlea when the stapes is vibrated. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 1,4,5,3,2 C) 2,4,5,3,1 D) 3,2,4,5,1 E) 4,2,3,1,5

1,4,5,3,2

Given the following structures from the brachial plexus: 1. ventral rami 2. cords 3. divisions 4. branches 5. trunks What is the correct sequence of structures emerging from the brachial plexus? A) 5,4,1,2,3 B) 1,4,3,2,5 C) 1,5,3,2,4 D) 2,3,5,1,4 E) 1,5,4,2,3

1,5,3,2,4

Given these layers of neurons in the sensory retina: 1. bipolar layer 2. ganglionic layer 3. photoreceptor layer List these layers in the correct order they are encountered as light passes from the vitreous humor through the sensory retina. A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C) 2,1,3 D) 2,3,1 E) 3,1,2

2,1,3

Given these events: 1. activation of cAMP 2. activation of genes 3. alteration of enzyme activity Which of these events can occur when a hormone binds to a nuclear hormone receptor? A) 1 B) 1,2 C) 2,3 D) 1,2,3

2,3

Given the following events: 1. Action potentials from the cerebellum go to the motor cortex and spinal cord. 2. Action potentials from the motor cortex go to lower motor neurons and the cerebellum. 3. Action potentials from proprioceptors go to the cerebellum. Arrange the events in the order they occur in the cerebellar comparator function. A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C) 2,1,3 D) 2,3,1 E) 3,2,1

2,3,1

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. III (Oculomotor) 2. VII (Facial) 3. IX (Glossopharyngeal) 4. X (Vagus) 5. XII (Hypoglossal) Select the nerves that are sensory from the tongue. A) 1,3,5 B) 1,2,4 C) 2,3,4 D) 2,3,5 E) 3,4,5

2,3,4

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. V (Trigeminal) 2. VII (Facial) 3. IX (Glossopharyngeal) 4. X (Vagus) 5. XII (Hypoglossal) Select the nerves that contain all three types of fibers: sensory, somatic motor/proprioceptive, and parasympathetic. A) 1,3,5 B) 1,4,5 C) 2,3,4 D) 2,4,5 E) 3,4,5

2,3,4

Given this list of molecule types: 1) nucleic acid derivatives 2) fatty acid derivatives 3) peptides 4) proteins 5) phospholipids Which could be hormone molecules A) 1,2,3 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3,4 D) 2,3,4,5 E) 1,2,3,4,5

2,3,4

Given these structures: 1. lacrimal canaliculi 2. lacrimal ducts 3. lacrimal sac 4. nasolacrimal duct 5. puncta List the structures in the correct order that tears would flow through them after being produced in the lacrimal gland. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 2,5,1,3,4 C) 3,1,4,2,5 D) 4,5,1,2,3 E) 5,1,3,4,2

2,5,1,3,4

Normally, emmetropia occurs in the eye when viewing objects A) closer than 5 feet from the eye. B) 5 feet or more from the eye. C) closer than 20 feet from the eye. D) 20 feet or more from the eye.

20 feet or more from the eye

Given these events: 1. receptor is phosphorylated 2. glucose entry into the cell occurs 3. insulin binds to membrane-bound receptor 4. phosphate groups are attached to specific intracellular proteins Arrange the events in the correct order as insulin influences intracellular activity. A) 1,2,3,4 B) 2,1,4,3 C) 3,1,4,2 D) 3,4,1,2 E) 4,3,2,1

3,1,4,2

Given these events: 1. activities of the cell are altered 2. G protein subunits separate 3. GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit List them in the correct order as they occur after a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor. A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C) 2,1,3 D) 3,2,1 E) 3,1,2

3,2,1

Given these events: 1. protein is synthesized 2. mRNA is synthesized 3. aldosterone binds to aldosterone receptor in the cytoplasm 4. aldosterone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus 5. mRNA leaves the nucleus Choose the correct sequence of events that occur after aldosterone diffuses through the plasma membrane of a target cell. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 2,4,1,3,5 C) 3,4,2,5,1 D) 4,3,2,5,1 E) 5,1,3,4,2

3,4,2,5,1

From this list of cranial nerves: 1. I (Olfactory) 2. II (Optic) 3. III (Oculomotor) 4. IV (Trochlear) 5. VI (Abducens) Select the nerves that control movement of eye muscles. A) 1,3,5 B) 1,4,5 C) 2,3,4 D) 2,4,5 E) 3,4,5

3,4,5

There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves. A) 12 B) 21 C) 31 D) 43

31

The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports __________ Na+ ions and __________ K+ ions for every ATP molecule used. A) 1;2 B) 2;2 C) 2;3 D) 3;2 E) 3;3

3;2

Given these areas of the cerebral cortex: 1. Broca's area 2. premotor area 3. primary motor cortex 4. Wernicke's area If a person hears and understands a word and then says the word out loud, in what order are the areas used? A) 1,4,2,3 B) 1,4,3,2 C) 3,1,4,2 D) 4,1,2,3 E) 4,1,3,2

4,1,2,3

In the cyclic AMP second-messenger mechanism of hormone action, which of these events happens immediately after the hormone binds to its receptor? A) Adenylate cyclase is activated. B) Cyclic AMP is converted to AMP. C) Protein kinases are activated. D) A G protein is activated

A G protein is activated

______ possesses a double membranes with cristae formed by the inner membrane. A) The nuclear envelope B) A mitochondrion C) The lysosome D) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A mitochondrion

Which of the following best describes a proton? A) A proton has one positive charge, mass of one unit and found in nucleus. B) A proton has negative charge, mass of one unit and found in nucleus. C) A proton has one negative charge, no mass and found in nucleus. D) A proton can have both positive and negative charge and found in nucleus

A proton has one positive charge, mass of one unit and found in nucleus.

The primary stimulus for the release of cortisol is A) nerve stimulation of the posterior pituitary. B) ACTH from the hypothalamus. C) increased blood glucose levels. D) increased levels of sodium in the blood.

ACTH from the hypothalamus

In which pair of hormones does the first cause increased secretion of the second? A) ACTH; cortisol B) FSH; aldosterone C) LH; insulin D) TSH; prolactin

ACTH; cortisol

The release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex is regulated by other hormones. Which of these hormones is correctly matched with its origin and function? A) CRH—secreted by the hypothalamus; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol B) CRH—secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol C) ACTH—secreted by the hypothalamus; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol D) ACTH—secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

ACTH—secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of A) GH B) aldosterone C) ADH D) ACTH

ADH

Which of these is NOT an intracellular mediator molecule? A) cAMP B) cGMP C) ADH D) DAG E) IP3

ADH

_________ is called the energy currency of cells. A) Phosphate B) Sodium chloride C) ATP D) DNA

ATP

A patient is unable to move her eyes laterally. Which cranial nerve might be damaged? A) (Olfactory) B) (Optic) C) (Oculomotor) D) Trochlear E) (Trigeminal) F) (Abducens)

Abducens

Which endocrine disorder is correctly matched with its cause? A) diabetes mellitus - hypersecretion of insulin B) Cushing syndrome - low blood glucose C) Grave's disease - hypersecretion of cortisol D) Addison's disease - hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Addison's disease - hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Intact skin provides protection because A) it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes. B) melanin absorbs UV light. C) it reduces water loss. D) All of the above

All of the above

Melanin production can be influenced by A) genetics. B) exposure to sunlight. C) pregnancy. D) All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following hormones will increase in the blood when glucose levels are low? A) growth hormone B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) All of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following would reduce the amount of hormone concentration in the blood circulation? A) conjugation with sulfate groups B) increased degradation of the hormone C) the amount of the hormone that irreversibly binds to plasma proteins D) All of the above.

All of the above

Which one among the following describes the function of the plasma membrane? A) The plasma membrane separates the cell from its external environment. B) The plasma membrane encloses cellular contents. C) The plasma membrane controls the movement of molecules from one side of the cell to the other. D) All of the above are functions of the plasma membrane.

All of the above are functions of the plasma membrane

The ways in which the skin promotes loss of excess body heat are A) dilation of dermal blood vessels. B) activation of eccrine sweat glands to release more sweat to skin surface. C) loss of heat by evaporation of sweat. D) All of the above processes occur to reduce body heat.

All of the above processes occur to reduce body heat

Which of the following statements about the sebaceous gland is true? A) They are associated with the hair follicle. B) Sebaceous glands are classified as holocrine glands. C) The secretion from sebaceous glands is called sebum. D) All of the above statements about the sebaceous gland are true.

All of the above statements about the sebaceous gland are true

Which of the following statements about proteins is true? A) Proteins are necessary for body structure and they serve as energy sources, and chemical messengers. B) Proteins are made up with C, H, O, and N, and sometimes S. C) They can act as enzymes. D) All of the above statements are about proteins.

All of the above statements are about proteins

Which of the following statements about lipids is true? A) Lipids are insoluble in water. B) Cholesterol and fats are different varieties of lipids. C) Fat molecules contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen is much smaller than in carbohydrates. D) All of the above statements are true about lipids.

All of the above statements are true about lipids

Which one among the following statement about smooth muscle is TRUE? A) The smooth muscles are responsible for the movements of the internal organs. B) The cells in the smooth muscles have actin, but no striations. C) The muscular cells in the smooth muscles are shorter than the skeletal muscles. D) All of the above statements are true about the smooth muscle.

All of the above statements are true about the smooth muscle

Which statement regarding the role of water in the body is true? A) Water can absorb and transport heat. B) Water is the most abundant compound in the body. C) Water carries nutrients as well as waste materials. D) All of the above statements are true regarding the role of water in the body

All of the above statements are true regarding the role of water in the body

Which of the following statements about anatomy and physiology is true? A) Anatomy and physiology are ancient fields of study. B) Anatomy and physiology both are required to understand the body system. C) Research still expands the concepts of physiology. D) All of the above statements are true.

All of the above statements are true.

Bones A) can develop from cartilage. B) are made of connective tissue. C) are organs. D) All of the above.

All of the above.

The reflex arc contains a A) sensory receptor. B) sensory neuron. C) motor neuron withdrawal reflex. D) All of the above.

All of the above.

The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is A) pseudostratified B) ciliated C) mucus-secreting D) All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following groups of people are more likely to get skin cancer as they become older? A) Those who have been frequently over-exposed to the sun. B) Fair skinned blonds and redheads. C) Those who have a pre-existing mole. D) All of the above.

All of the above.

The first human anatomical illustrations, published by ___________, allowed for the correction of centuries of mistakes in textbooks. A) Claudius Galen B) Andreas Vesalius C) Theodor Schwann D) William Harvey

Andreas Vesalius

One of the functions of bone is "electrolyte balance." Which of the following best represents this role? A) Bones exchange all types of electrolytes with the blood and with cartilage. B) Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed. C) Bones take up and store electrolytes but seldom release them. D) Bones are storage places for electrolytes, iron, proteins, and fats

Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed.

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is A) protection from water loss. B) production of Vitamin E. C) detection of painful stimuli. D) Both A and C.

Both A and C

Which of the following hormones secreted by the pineal body inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone? A) melatonin B) thymosin C) arginine vasotocin D) Both A and C

Both A and C

Which of the following is true about melatonin secretion? A) More melatonin is secreted at night. B) More melatonin is secreted during the day. C) Melatonin can help regulate sleep cycles. D) Both A and C.

Both A and C

Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of A) Ca2+ ions. B) Cl- ions. C) K+ ions. D) proteins.

Ca2+ ions

Calcitonin A) is secreted by the parathyroid glands. B) levels increase when blood calcium levels decrease. C) causes blood calcium levels to decrease. D) insufficiency results in weak bones and tetany

Causes blood calcium levels to decrease.

Which of the following is NOT true? A) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ganglia near the spinal cord. B) Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located within the CNS. C) Cell bodies of the first neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in autonomic ganglia. D) Interneurons are located entirely within the CNS.

Cell bodies of the first neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in autonomic ganglia.

Which of the following is NOT true about cones compared to rods? A) Cones produce color images rods do not. B) Cones contain the substance rhodopsin. C) Cones are less sensitive to light. D) Cones produce sharp, clear images.

Cones contain the substance rhodopsin

Which statement about solubility of a compound is TRUE? A) Compounds are always solid and cannot be dissolved in any solution. B) Solubility properties of compounds are completely unknown. C) Compounds are always liquid and can be dissolved in any solution. D) Compounds, depending on their structure, could be water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Compounds, depending on their structure, could be water-soluble or fat-soluble

________ is a process in which hormones are made less active or are eliminated by attaching water-soluble molecules such as sulfate or glucuronic acid groups to them in the liver. A) Active transport B) Conjugation C) Excretion D) Metabolism E) Structural protection

Conjugation

Which of the following is true concerning light and dark-skinned races? A) Light-skinned people have fewer melanocytes than dark skinned people. B) Melanin production in light-skinned people is greater than in dark-skinned people. C) Dark-skinned people have the same number of melanocytes as light-skinned people but there is greater melanin production in dark skinned-people. D) None of the above.

Dark-skinned people have the same number of melanocytes as light-skinned people but there is greater melanin production in dark skinned-people.

What is the difference between a hair and a hair follicle? A) Hair is composed of living stratified squamous tissue, whereas a hair follicle is composed of dead dermal cells. B) Hair originates in the subcutaneous layer, whereas a hair follicle originates from the dermis. C) Both of them are basically the same. D) Dead epidermal cells exist in the hair, whereas a hair follicle is composed of living epidermal cells.

Dead epidermal cells exist in the hair, whereas a hair follicle is composed of living epidermal cells.

Which one among the following statements about organelles is true? A) They are extracellular structures. B) They are part of the cell membrane. C) Depending on the particular cell function, organelles vary in number and type. D) They generally lack membranes

Depending on the particular cell function, organelles vary in number and type

Which of these statements is true regarding keratinization? A) The deepest cells are located in the stratum corneum. B) Epithelial cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of cells. C) The stratum corneum has cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic division. D) The stratum basale can thicken to produce a callus. E) The newest cells are found in the outer layer of cells.

Epithelial cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of cells

GnRH directly stimulates the release of A) FSH B) estrogen C) progesterone D) testosterone

FSH

The term gonadotropins refers to this pair of hormones. A) FSH and LH B) TSH and ACTH C) PRF and PIF D) somatomedins and somatotropin

FSH and LH

The stimulus for the release of reproductive hormones is A) neural stimulation from the hypothalamus. B) FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. C) ovulation. D) sperm production.

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

All of the following pituitary gland hormones are tropic except A) ACTH. B) FSH. C) TSH. D) GH.

GH

Which of these hormones stimulates somatomedin secretion? A) FSH B) GH C) LH D) Prolactin E) TS

GH

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _______ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department. A) nucleus B) lysosome C) Golgi apparatus D) endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following cell organelles would be most important in secretory epithelial cells? A) cilia B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) desmosomes

Golgi apparatus

Inhibitory interneurons are involved in which of the following spinal reflexes? A) Golgi tendon reflex B) knee jerk reflex C) stretch reflex D) patellar reflex

Golgi tendon reflex

John injured the quadriceps muscles in his legs due to increased tension and tearing while horsing around on the football field. What reflex failed to protect the muscles? A) Golgi tendon reflex B) flexor reflex C) knee jerk reflex D) stretch reflex

Golgi tendon reflex

Which of the following reflexes inhibits skeletal muscle contraction? A) knee-jerk reflex B) Golgi tendon reflex C) stretch reflex D) patellar reflex

Golgi tendon reflex

Most of the terms used in anatomy and physiology originated from which of the following languages? A) Greek and French B) French and English C) Greek and Latin D) Latin and Spanish

Greek and Latin

Which of the following is true concerning hair growth? A) Hair grows continually until old age. B) Hair grows for a period of time and then rests and grows again. C) The period of rest before additional growth is the same for all structures in the body. D) Hair grows from cells called the shaft

Hair grows for a period of time and then rests and grows again

Which statement about hydrogen bonding is true? A) Hydrogen bond is formed by sharing electrons between atoms. B) Hydrogen bond also requires formation of ions. C) Hydrogen bond is a weak force between atoms in a molecule but is of enormous importance in physiology. D) Hydrogen bond is nothing but a different form of hydrogen ion

Hydrogen bond is a weak force between atoms in a molecule but is of enormous importance in physiology

This cranial nerve contains parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupils of the eyes. A) I (Olfactory) B) II (Optic) C) III (Oculomotor) D) IV Trochlear E) VI (Abducens)

III (Oculomotor)

Which cranial nerve has only somatic motor/proprioceptive and parasympathetic fibers? A) III (Oculomotor) B) V (Trigeminal) C) VII (Facial) D) IX (Glossopharyngeal) E) X (Vagus)

III (Oculomotor)

Which of the following is NOT true concerning an electrical synapse? A) Connexons carry ions between the two communicating cells. B) Information travels in one direction only. C) This type of synapse is characteristic of cardiac muscle. D) Information transfer does not involve the release of neurotransmitters.

Information travels in one direction only

Which of the following is NOT true about the knee jerk reflex? A) It is a spinal reflex. B) It is a somatic reflex. C) It helps to maintain an upright posture. D) It involves conduction of nerve impulses from sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron.

It involves conduction of nerve impulses from sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron

Which of the following statements about the lens is NOT true? A) It is biconvex. B) It is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. C) It helps to focus light on the retina. D) It is covered by a highly elastic, transparent capsule.

It is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments

Which of the following is NOT true about the cornea? A) It is the main place at which refraction of light occurs. B) It is transparent. C) It is nourished by the vitreous humor. D) It is avascular.

It is nourished by the vitreous humor.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid? A) It forms a protective cushion around the brain and spinal cord. B) It helps nourish cells and maintain a stable ion balance in the central nervous system. C) It transports oxygen in white blood cells to neurons in the central nervous system. D) It transports waste back to the blood.

It transports oxygen in white blood cells to neurons in the central nervous system.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? A) It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. B) It contains the most highly specialized cells. C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen. D) Its functional cells are sensitive to changes in their surroundings.

Its intercellular space is filled with collagen.

One reason for the resting membrane potential (between -70mV and -90mV) is that A) there are extra Na+ ions outside the plasma membrane, and extra Cl- ions inside the plasma membrane. B) Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient to the outside of the cell. C) K+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient to the outside the cell. D) large protein ions diffuse to immediately outside the plasma membrane. E) fewer Ca2+ ions inside the plasma membrane make the inside more negative.

K+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient to the outside the cell

Which hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum? A) FSH B) LH C) TSH D) PRL

LH

Which of the following epidermal cells functions in immunity? A) Langerhans cells B) Merkel's cells C) keratinocytes D) melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord. A) anterior horns B) lateral funiculi C) lateral horns D) posterior horns

Lateral horns

Which of the following statements concerning transport across the plasma membrane is true? A) Polar molecules are transported only from the outside to the inside of the cell. B) Lipid-soluble substances diffuse through the membrane by dissolving in the phospholipid bilayer. C) Water cannot move through the plasma membrane. D) Generally, cations pass through the membrane more easily than anions.

Lipid-soluble substances diffuse through the membrane by dissolving in the phospholipid bilayer

Which of the following is a bacterial disease spread by the bite of a tick that can affect joints? A) rheumatoid arthritis B) lyme disease C) syphilis D) pseudogout

Lyme disease

Which of these nerve endings are found in the dermal papillae, and are associated with two-point discrimination? A) Merkel's disks B) hair follicle receptors C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) Meissner's corpuscles

Meissner's corpuscles

The depolarization phase of the action potential is due to A) Na+ ions moving into the cell. B) K+ ions moving into the cell. C) Na+ ions moving out of the cell. D) K+ ions moving out of the cell. E) both A and B.

Na+ ions moving into the cell

In the dark the inward diffusion of __________ causes rod cells to partially depolarize and to release the neurotransmitter __________ from their synaptic ends to inhibit or stimulate rod cells. A) K+; acetylcholine B) K+; glutamate C) Na+; acetylcholine D) Na+; glutamate

Na+; glutamate

Which of the following is true concerning the growth of nails? A) Nails grow from the hyponychium outward. B) Nails are modified structures derived from the stratum corneum. C) Fingernails take about six months to grow from the matrix to the end of the nail plate. D) Toenails take about three months to grow from the matrix to the end of the nail plate.

Nails are modified structures derived from the stratum corneum

Which one among the following statements about nails is true? A) Nails protect the ends of fingers and toes. B) Nails alternate between growing and resting stages. C) Nails grow from their free edges. D) Nails are essentially part of the dermis

Nails protect the ends of fingers and toes

Which of the following organs is located in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) heart. B) trachea. C) thymus gland. D) None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following is NOT true of olfactory neurons? A) The axons of the olfactory neurons combine to form the olfactory nerves. B) The olfactory neurons synapse with cells in the olfactory bulb. C) Olfactory neurons have receptors that react with odorants dissolved in fluid. D) Olfactory neurons are uni-polar neurons.

Olfactory neurons are uni-polar neurons.

If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected? A) Osteoclast activity is increased. B) Calcium absorption from the small intestine is inhibited. C) Calcium reabsorption from the urine is inhibited. D) Less active vitamin D is formed in the kidneys. E) All of the above

Osteoclast activity is increased

Which of these sensory nerve endings senses deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, and proprioception, and is found in the deep dermis or hypodermis? A) Merkel's disks B) hair follicle receptors C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) free nerve endings

Pacinian corpuscles

Concerning skin color, which of these statements is correctly matched? A) Skin appears yellow = not enough oxygen in blood. B) Pale skin = shock. C) Skin tans = increased carotene in stratum corneum. D) Dark skin = less melanin than light skin. E) Pregnancy = decrease in the production of melanin.

Pale skin = shock

Which layer of the skin causes the formation of "fingerprints"? A) Epidermis B) Papillary layer of the dermis C) Reticular layer of the dermis D) The hypodermis

Papillary layer of the dermis,

__________ are released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood. A) Autocrine chemical signals B) Pheromones C) Paracrine chemical signals D) Hormones E) Neurotransmitters

Paracrine chemical signals

A plastic surgeon would most likely make a skin incision: A) Perpendicular to the cleavage lines. B) Around the cleavage lines. C) Parallel to the cleavage lines. D) None of the above.

Parallel to the cleavage lines.

Which of the following statements concerning the effect of hormones on bones is NOT correct? A) Growth hormone causes growth of bone tissue. B) Parathyroid hormone increases bone density and bone mass. C) Thyrocalcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity. D) Estrogen and androgen stimulate the growth of bone tissue but eventually lead to the cessation of bone growth.

Parathyroid hormone increases bone density and bone mass

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following is the primary activity? A) Sodium ions are flowing out of the cell. B) Sodium ions are flowing into the cell. C) Potassium ions are flowing into the cell. D) Potassium ions are flowing out of the cell.

Potassium ions are flowing out of the cell

Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic neurons? A) Preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem. B) Preganglionic fibers originate in the sacral region of the spinal cord. C) Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves. D) Preganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves.

All of the following are functions of the endocrine system except: A) Regulate blood calcium levels B) Regulate the heart rate C) Control the water balance of the body D) Regulate a knee-jerk reflex

Regulate a knee-jerk reflex

Which of the following is NOT true about rods compared to cones? A) Rods produce black and white but not color images. B) Rods are most numerous in the fovea. C) Rods contain rhodopsin. D) Rods produce general outlines of objects rather than sharp images.

Rods are most numerous in the fovea.

The sensory receptors in the dermis and hypodermis responsible for sensing continuous touch or pressure are A) Merkel's disks. B) Meissner's corpuscles. C) Ruffini's end organs. D) free nerve endings. E) Pacinian corpuscles.

Ruffini's end organs

Which of these nerve endings sense continuous touch or pressure, and are found primarily in the dermis of the fingers? A) Merkel's disks B) Hair follicle receptors C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) free nerve endings

Ruffini's end organs

Which one of the following types of neuroglial cells is found in the peripheral nervous system? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

Schwann cells

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue? A) Conduction of action potentials B) Secretion and absorption of molecules C) Support and covering of other tissue types D) Contraction and relaxation

Secretion and absorption of molecules

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the resting membrane potential? A) The membrane is relatively more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions. B) Potassium ions are constantly moving out of the cell down their concentration gradient. C) Sodium ions are in relatively higher concentration inside the cell than outside. D) The membrane is relatively permeable to chloride ions.

Sodium ions are in relatively higher concentration inside the cell than outside

Which of the following statements about physiology is true? A) Physiology is a stagnant subject. B) Some human body functions are still not clearly understood. C) Physiology could never be related with anatomy. D) Physiology has no relationship with chemistry.

Some human body functions are still not clearly understood

_______ are a type of cell with flagella. A) Sperm B) Hair C) Cilia D) Neuron

Sperm

Which of the following is NOT true about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A) Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. B) Stimulation affects several organs at the same time resulting in generalized effects. C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively long. D) Preganglionic fibers from synapses with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia.

Stimulation affects several organs at the same time resulting in generalized effects

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the A) stratum basale. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum granulosum. D) stratum corneum

Stratum corneum

Which of the following layers of the epidermis contain cornified cells? A) Stratum basale B) Stratum spinosum C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum corneum

Stratum corneum

The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under A) physiology. B) anatomy. C) ground. D) dust.

anatomy

_______________ stimulation leads to dilation of the pupils of the eyes and _______________ stimulation leads to constriction of the pupils. A) Increased parasympathetic; decreased parasympathetic B) Increased sympathetic; decreased sympathetic C) Parasympathetic; sympathetic D) Sympathetic; parasympathetic

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

_______________________ are the least movable joints. A. Symphyses B. Synchondroses C. Syndesmoses D. Gomphoses E. Synostoses

Synostoses

____________________ are the most movable joints. A. Symphyses B. Synovial joints C. Syndesmoses D. Gomphoses E. Synchondroses

Synovial joints

Elevated levels of which of the following hormones could cause a goiter? A) FSH B) thyrocalcitonin C) glucagon D) TSH

TSH

Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps in understanding their function. Which of the following is an accurate example of that principle? A) The heart is responsible for high blood pressure. B) The knees can be a cause of trouble when climbing stairs. C) Foldings in the brain do not reflect the complexity of the brain. D) The hand is adapted for grasping

The hand is adapted for grasping

Which of these events occur when a person steps on a tack with their right foot? A) The right foot is pulled away from the tack because of the Golgi tendon reflex. B) The left leg is extended to support the body because of the stretch reflex. C) The flexor muscles of the thigh contract, and the extensor muscles relax because of reciprocal innervation. D) The extensor muscles of both thighs contract because of the crossed extensor reflex. E) all of these

The flexor muscles of the thigh contract, and the extensor muscles relax because of reciprocal innervation

In the resting state of the membrane, which of the following situations exists for voltage-gated sodium ion channels? A) The activation and inactivation gates alternate between being closed and open. B) The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed C) The activation and inactivation gates are both closed. D) The activation gate is open and the inactivation gate is closed.

The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following situations exists? A) The membrane is becoming less permeable to all ions. B) The inside of the membrane is becoming more negative with respect to the outside. C) The membrane potential remains constant. D) The inside of the membrane is becoming more positive with respect to the outside.

The inside of the membrane is becoming more positive with respect to the outside

Which of the following statements about nerve fibers of the optic nerves is true? A) The nasal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm. B) The temporal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm. C) The nasal fibers from the left and the temporal fibers from the right retina crossover at the optic chiasm. D) The nasal fibers from the right and the temporal fibers from the left retina crossover at the optic chiasm.

The nasal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm

The voltage across a neuron's membrane has changed from its resting potential of -70mV to -80mV. Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE regarding this situation? A) The neuron has bound a neurotransmitter that increases membrane permeability to sodium ions. B) Large pores have opened in the membrane to allow release of large intracellular anions. C) The neuron has bound a neurotransmitter that increases the permeability to chloride ions. D) Additional myelin has been added to the membrane to provide greater electrical insulation.

The neuron has bound a neurotransmitter that increases the permeability to chloride ions

Choose the statement that most accurately predicts the long-term effect of a substance that prevents active transport of iodide by the thyroid gland. A) Large amounts of T3 and T4 accumulate within the thyroid follicles, but little is released. B) The person exhibits hypothyroidism. C) The anterior pituitary secretes smaller amounts of TSH. D) The circulating levels of T3 and T4 increase.

The person exhibits hypothyroidism.

Which of the following statements about melatonin is correct? A) Melatonin is secreted by the pituitary gland. B) The secretion of melatonin is controlled by environmental light and dark periods. C) Melatonin is synthesized from melanocyte stimulating hormone. D) The secretion of melatonin is stimulated by exposure to light.

The secretion of melatonin is controlled by environmental light and dark periods

Which most likely occurs if a healthy person receives an injection of T3 and T4? A) The secretion rate of TSH declines. B) The person develops symptoms of hypothyroidism. C) The person develops hypercalcemia. D) The person secretes more TRH.

The secretion rate of TSH declines

Which of these facts about the spinal cord is (are) correct? A) There are 12 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. B) The spinal cord extends inferiorly to the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. C) The spinal cord is anchored to the coccyx by the filum terminale. D) Gray matter is superficial to the white matter of the spinal cord. E) all of these

The spinal cord is anchored to the coccyx by the filum terminale

What happens when the ciliary muscles relax? A) The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens flattens. B) The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens flattens. C) The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens thickens. D) The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens thickens.

The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens flattens

What do all hormones have in common? A) They are made from amino acids. B) They are bound to transport molecules in the blood. C) They bind to and interact with a receptor in the target cell. D) They use the second messenger mechanism to control the target cell.

They bind to and interact with a receptor in the target cell

Which of the following is not true for a hormone with short half life? A) They are generally water soluble. B) Their concentration increases and decreases rapidly within the blood. C) They bind to plasma proteins, which prevents their breakdown. D) They regulate activities which begin quickly and last for a short duration

They bind to plasma proteins, which prevents their breakdown

Which of these combinations represents a convergent pathway in the nervous system? A) One presynaptic neuron synapses with four postsynaptic neurons. B) One presynaptic neuron synapses with one postsynaptic neuron. C) Three presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron. D) An afferent neuron synapses with an association neuron. E) Collateral axons from a presynaptic neuron synapse with several postsynaptic neurons.

Three presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following cranial nerves does not transmit taste sensation? A) Trigeminal (V) nerve B) Facial (VII) nerve C) Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve D) Vagus (X) nerve

Trigeminal (V) nerve

__________ pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain, and __________ pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord. A) Two; twelve B) Eight; twenty-four C) Twelve; thirty-one D) Fifteen; thirty-six E) Twelve; thirty

Twelve; thirty-one

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction? A) Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide. B) Sucrose is chemically broken down to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. C) Sodium chloride is dissolved in water. D) Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain.

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide

What happens during the process of cell division? A) Two daughter cells with reduced numbers of chromosomes are formed. B) Cytoplasm with identical RNA molecules are produced. C) Two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes and all other cellular components are produced. D) None of the above is true.

Two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes and all other cellular components are produced.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism? A) Shivering when the body temperature falls below normal levels B) Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold C) Secreting insulin to decrease blood sugar concentration after a meal or whenever the blood sugar level is high D) Increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure is low

Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold

Parts of this cranial nerve must be anesthetized for dental work. A) III (Oculomotor) B) IV (Trochlear) C) V (Trigeminal) D) VI (Abducens) E) VII (Facial)

V (Trigeminal)

The only cranial nerve involved in sensory cutaneous (skin) innervation is the A) III (Oculomotor). B) V (Trigeminal). C) VII (Facial). D) IX (Glossopharyngeal). E) X (Vagus).

V (Trigeminal)

The superior and inferior alveolar nerves are branches of which cranial nerve? A) III (Oculomotor) B) V (Trigeminal) C) VII (Facial) D) IX (Glossopharyngeal) E) X (Vagus)

V (Trigeminal)

Bell palsy results in paralysis of facial muscles. Which cranial nerve is involved? A) V (Trigeminal) B) VII (Facial) C) IX (Glossopharyngeal) D) XI (Accessory) E) XII (Hypoglossal)

VII (Facial)

Which of these nerves is responsible for tears (i.e., stimulates the lacrimal gland) and also stimulates two salivary glands? A) II (Optic) B) III (Oculomotor) C) V (Trigeminal) D) VI (Abducens) E) VII (Facial)

VII (Facial)

Sensory impulses from taste receptors are transmitted to the brain on which of the following cranial nerves? A) I, II and VIII B) III, IV and VI C) VII, IX and X D) only VII

VII, IX and X

In compact bone, the Haversian canals (central canals) go the length of the bone. What are the connectors from one Haversian canal to another? A) Volkmann canals (perforating canals) B) Haversian II canals C) semicircular canals D) blood canals

Volkmann canals (perforating canals)

A base is defined as a chemical that A) accepts H+. B) releases H+. C) releases H2O. D) accepts OH(--).

accepts H+.

Which of the following statements about molecules is true? A) When two or more atoms bond, they form a new structure called a molecule. B) Molecules have to be formed by atoms of same type of elements. C) Molecules have to be formed by atoms of different type of elements. D) All of the above statements are false

When two or more atoms bond, they form a new structure called a molecule

If you feel pain in your stomach, through which cranial nerve are the action potentials traveling to your brain? A) V (Trigeminal) B) VII (Facial) C) IX (Glossopharyngeal) D) X (Vagus) E) XI (Accessory)

X (Vagus)

Which cranial nerve innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles? A) V (Trigeminal) B) VII (Facial) C) IX (Glossopharyngeal) D) XI (Accessory) E) XII (Hypoglossal)

XI (Accessory)

An osteon (Haversian system) is actually A) a Haversian canal (central canal) and its lamellae. B) a growth of new bone. C) layers of bone in a fontanel. D) a bone that has demineralized.

a Haversian canal (central canal) and its lamellae.

A characteristic usually found in epithelial tissue, but not connective, muscular, or nervous tissue is A) a large extracellular matrix. B) contractility. C) an ability to carry action potentials. D) a basement membrane.

a basement membrane

A pocket, or sac, filled with synovial fluid that extends for a distance away from the rest of the joint cavity is called A) a bursa. B) articular cartilage. C) an articular disk. D) the periosteum. E) a herniation.

a bursa

Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone? A) a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte B) an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast C) a space within the bone for marrow development D) another term for the diploe of a flat bone

a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte

Which of the following is a nonmembranous organelle? A) a mitochondrion B) the rough endoplasmic reticulum C) a centriole D) a lysosome

a centriole

Parathyroid hormone secretion increases in response to A) a decrease in blood calcium levels. B) increased production of parathyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. C) increased secretion of parathyroid-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. D) increased secretion of calcitonin. E) a decrease in secretion of ACTH.

a decrease in blood calcium levels

Cyanosis is a condition caused by A) consuming large amounts of carotene. B) increased blood flow to the skin. C) albinism. D) exposure to ultraviolet light. E) a decrease in blood oxygen.

a decrease in blood oxygen.

A birthmark is A) a disorder of dermal capillaries. B) an inflammation of the Merkel cells. C) melontinitis. D) jaundice.

a disorder of dermal capillaries

Prostaglandins are made from A) amino acids. B) cholesterol. C) a fatty acid. D) glycerol.

a fatty acid

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in A) a nerve. B) the brain. C) a ligament. D) skull bone

a ligament

Endochondral ossification ends at what age? A) birth B) puberty C) adulthood D) about age 50

adulthood

Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is the movement of spreading the fingers? A) flexion and extension B) hyperextension C) abduction D) adduction

abduction

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of ______________ of the shoulder. A. abduction B. adduction C. circumduction D. rotation E. protraction

abduction

Muscle tissue is characterized by its A) strength. B) ability to endure. C) ability to contract. D) rigidity.

ability to contract.

Which of the following does not decrease with age? A) reproductive hormones B) ability to regulate blood sugar levels C) GH D) thymosin

ability to regulate blood sugar levels

The effect of hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during infancy is A) normal height but mental retardation. B) very short stature (height) but normal brain development. C) abnormal bone development and irreversible brain damage. D) low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, tissue swelling.

abnormal bone development and irreversible brain damage

Which of these processes occurs when viewing a nearby object (i.e., an object you are holding in your hand)? A) accommodation B) dilation of the pupils C) divergence of the eyes D) all of these

accommodation

The ________________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint. A. fovea capitis B. greater trochanter C. lesser trochanter D. acetabular labrum E. ischial tuberosity

acetabular labrum

Release of which neurotransmitter leads to the excitation and contraction of skeletal muscles? A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) glutamate D) serotonin

acetylcholine

Compared to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system secretes A) acetylcholine only. B) norepinephrine only. C) acetylcholine or norepinephrine. D) acetylcholine or dopamine.

acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Osteoclasts are active cells that tear down bone. They do this by secreting ________ that dissolve the organic part of the bone matrix. A) hydroxyapatase B) acid and protein-digesting enzymes C) bases and calcium-digesting enzymes D) epiphyseal reduction

acid and protein-digesting enzymes

Lemon juice and vinegar are __________ in nature. A) basic B) salts C) acidic D) neutral

acidic

The carpus is distal to the A) manus. B) tarsus. C) digits. D) acromion.

acromion

When cAMP is used as a second messenger, its action is to A) activate a G protein. B) activate a protein kinase. C) initiate an enzyme cascade. D) bind with the hormone.

activate a protein kinase

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? A) simple diffusion B) osmosis C) active transport D) facilitated diffusion

active transport

When molecules move from the area of lower concentration to the area of higher concentration and energy is used, it is called A) filtration. B) osmosis. C) active transport. D) passive transport

active transport

The sodium-potassium pump, located in the plasma membrane, A) actively moves potassium into cells. B) osmotically moves sodium into cells. C) actively transports water out of cells. D) moves chlorine out of cells

actively moves potassium into cells

Stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during exercise results in secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood; when exercise ends, the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood decreases rapidly. This is an example of A) acute hormone regulation. B) chronic hormone regulation. C) cyclic hormone regulation.

acute hormone regulation

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called A) adaptation. B) projection. C) association. D) perception. E) sensation.

adaptation

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called A) adaptation. B) projection. C) translation. D) conduction. E) phantom pain.

adaptation

A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is A) cartilaginous tissue B) muscular tissue C) adipose tissue D) epithelial tissue

adipose tissue

Which endocrine gland is located just superior to the kidney? A) testes B) pituitary C) parathyroid D) adrenal

adrenal

The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is known as the _________ division. A) efferent B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) afferent

afferent

Because it selectively activates beta receptors, which of the following drugs is used to dilate bronchioles in respiratory disorders such as asthma? A) albuterol B) atropine C) phenylephrine D) propranolol

albuterol

A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are A) very small, simple molecules. B) a combination of inorganic and organic compounds. C) all composed of building blocks called nucleotides. D) inorganic compounds

all composed of building blocks called nucleotides

All of the following are true about spinal nerves EXCEPT A) they are all mixed. B) there are 31 pairs C) spinal nerves may contain nerve fibers of both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. D) all motor nerve fibers in spinal nerves extend uninterrupted from the spinal cord to an effector.

all motor nerve fibers in spinal nerves extend uninterrupted from the spinal cord to an effector

An example of macromolecules in our body includes A) nucleic acids. B) proteins. C) carbohydrates and lipids. D) all of the above

all of the above

Examples of serous membranes include A) pleura, B) pericardium. C) peritoneum. D) all of the above.

all of the above

Fibers of the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system A) carry the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration. B) cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. C) are divided into the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus in the spinal cord. D) include secondary neurons that exit the medulla and synapse in the thalamus. E) all of the above.

all of the above

Hormone secretion is regulated by A) blood-borne molecules. B) nervous stimulation. C) other hormones. D) all of the above.

all of the above

Hormones bind to A) intracellular receptors. B) membrane-bound receptors that activate G proteins. C) membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate intracellular proteins. D) all of the above.

all of the above

Hypersecretion of growth hormone A) results in giantism if it occurs in children. B) causes acromegaly in adults. C) increases the probability that one will develop diabetes. D) can lead to severe atherosclerosis. E) all of the above.

all of the above

If a blood test is performed immediately after eating lunch, one should expect to see an increased level of _________________ in the blood. A) glucose B) fatty acids C) amino acids D) all of the above

all of the above

If a person who has diabetes mellitus forgot to take an insulin injection, symptoms that may soon appear include A) acidosis. B) hyperglycemia. C) increased urine production. D) lethargy and fatigue. E) all of the above

all of the above

In spinal cord injury A) there may be loss of sensation and motor functions. B) classification is done according to the vertebral level at which the injury occurred, the extent of the cord damage, and the mechanism of the injury. C) there is primary and secondary damage. D) treatment may include the use of steroids to decrease total damage. E) all of the above

all of the above

Information about human cells can be obtained by studying A) bacteria. B) rat cells. C) monkey cells. D) all of the above

all of the above

Long-term memory involves A) a change in the cytoskeleton of neurons. B) movement of calcium into the neuron. C) increase in glutamate release by presynaptic neurons. D) specific protein synthesis. E) all of the above.

all of the above

Loose connective tissue contains A) collagen and elastin fibers. B) myosin and actin fibers. C) plasma. D) all of the above

all of the above

Major nerves that exit the lumbosacral plexus and enter the lower limb include A) obturator. B) femoral. C) tibial. D) common fibular. E) all of the above

all of the above

Protein denaturation occurs when A) temperatures are too high. B) weak hydrogen bonds are broken. C) pH is extremely low. D) all of the above

all of the above

Stretch reflexes A) cause muscles to contract in response to a stretching force being applied to them. B) involve a sensory receptor (muscle spindle). C) involve sensory neurons that directly synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord. D) help maintain posture. E) all of the above

all of the above

T3 and T4 A) require iodine for their production. B) are made from the amino acid tyrosine. C) are transported in the blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin. D) all of the above

all of the above

Taste information is relayed to the tractus solitarius of the medulla oblongata by A) cranial nerve VII (Facial). B) cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal). C) cranial nerve X (Vagus). D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of these ions have ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of nerve and muscle cells? A) Cl- ions B) K+ ions C) Na+ ions D) Ca2+ ions E) all of these

all of these

The brain stem A) contains nuclei from cranial nerves II-XII. B) is important in reflexes such as the cough reflex and the gag reflex. C) contains nuclei that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleeping, and swallowing. D) all of the above

all of the above

The effects of aging on the special senses may include A) a decreased sense of taste. B) decreased flexibility of the lens of the eye. C) decreased number of cone cells. D) decreased numbers of hair cells in the cochlea. E) all of the above

all of the above

The indirect (extrapyramidal) system is concerned with A) posture B) trunk movements C) proximal limb movements D) all of the above

all of the above

The rubrospinal tract A) is an indirect pathway (nerve tract). B) has upper motor neurons beginning at the red nucleus. C) decussates at the level of the midbrain. D) if damaged, may result in impaired forearm and hand movements (fine motor control). E) all of the above

all of the above

Which is true of the corticospinal tract? A) is a descending, direct motor nerve tract B) consists of anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts C) 80% of upper motor neurons decussate at the level of the medulla D) is involved in direct cortical control of movements below the head E) all of the above

all of the above

Which is true of the spinothalamic tracts? A) contain primary neurons that enter the spinal cord and synapse with secondary neurons B) contain secondary neurons that cross the spinal cord, ascend to the thalamus, and synapse with tertiary neurons. C) contain tertiary neurons that project to the somatic sensory cortex D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of these types of sensory receptors are involved with proprioception? A) free nerve endings B) Golgi tendon organs C) muscle spindles D) Pacinian corpuscles E) all of the above

all of the above

Magnetic resonance imaging might be used to A) distinguish between normal and cancerous tissue. B) assess damage sustained by the heart. C) obtain a sectional view of the brain. D) all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging

all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging

From the periodic table what information about an element could be found? A) number of electrons B) number of protons C) number of neutrons D) all of the above information is available

all of the above information is available

Channel proteins A) are made of integral membrane proteins. B) can be gated. C) have specificity. D) all of the above.

all of the above.

A major function of the skin is protection from A) abrasion. B) ultraviolet light. C) entry of microorganisms. D) dehydration. E) all of these

all of these

Aqueous humor A) is found in the anterior compartment of the eye. B) is produced by the ciliary processes. C) helps maintain intraocular pressure. D) provides nutrition for the cornea and lens. E) all of these

all of these

Down-regulation occurs because A) both hormone and receptor are taken into the cell. B) receptor molecules are degraded. C) there is a decrease in the rate of receptor synthesis. D) all of these

all of these

For the resting membrane potential to be reestablished after a series of action potentials, A) activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are closed. B) inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are open. C) voltage-gated K+ ion channels are closed. D) the sodium-potassium exchange pump is functioning. E) all of these

all of these

Free nerve endings respond to which of these stimuli? A) itch B) movement C) pain D) temperature E) all of these

all of these

Hormones A) are not secreted at a constant rate. B) function to regulate the rates of many activities in the body. C) are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. D) help maintain homeostasis. E) all of these

all of these

Hormones that bind to plasma proteins A) bind reversibly. B) establish an equilibrium between free hormones and bound hormones. C) must be unbound to diffuse through the capillary walls. D) usually bind only to specific types of plasma proteins. E) all of these

all of these

Intracellular mediator molecules A) often produce rapid responses. B) influence already existing enzymes. C) cause a cascade effect. D) can cause a few molecules to affect the activities of many enzymes. E) all of these

all of these

Lipid-soluble hormones A) can bind to plasma proteins. B) attach to nuclear receptors in target cells. C) tend to have slower onset and longer duration. D) include steroids. E) all of these

all of these

Sensory neurons entering the spinal cord A) enter through the dorsal horn. B) have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. C) travel through a spinal nerve. D) synapse with other neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord. E) all of these

all of these

The pyramidal system A) controls rapid, skilled skeletal muscle movements. B) crosses over from one side of the nervous system to the other. C) includes the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. D) is a descending nerve pathway. E) all of these

all of these

The spinal nerves A) contain sensory axons. B) contain motor axons. C) are formed from the convergence of dorsal and ventral roots. D) exit the vertebral column via intervertebral foramina. E) all of the above

all of these

Which of these is (are) found in the medulla oblongata? A) cardioregulatory center B) swallowing reflex center C) reflex centers for sneezing and coughing D) reflex center for vomiting E) all of these

all of these

Which of these processes can cause a local potential? A) changes in membrane permeability B) ligands binding to their receptors C) mechanical stimulation D) changes in the charge across the plasma membrane E) all of these

all of these

Which of these spaces contains cerebrospinal fluid? A) lateral ventricles of the brain B) interventricular foramen C) central canal of spinal cord D) subarachnoid space E) all of these

all of these

Activated G proteins can A) cause ion channels to open or close B) activate adenylate cyclase C) inhibit the synthesis of cAMP D) alter the activity of IP3 E) all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Hormones are released into the blood A) at relatively constant levels B) in large amounts in response to a stimulus C) in an episodic fashion D) all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Which of these can limit a cell's response to a hormone? A) phosphodiesterase B) converting GTP to GDP C) decreasing the number of receptors D) blocking binding sites E) all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Which of these can regulate the secretion of a hormone from an endocrine tissue? A) other hormones B) negative-feedback mechanisms C) humoral substances in the blood D) the nervous system E) all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Which of the following organelles have their structure and function accurately described? A) Vesicles - membranous sacs; contain various substances that recently entered or formed in the cell B) Microfilaments - tiny rods of protein (actin); aid in cellular movements C) Microtubules - hollow tubes of globular protein (tubulin); form internal skeleton of cell D) all of these choices are properly matched

all of these choices are properly matched

Intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the tibio-fibular joints are examples of which of the following types of joints? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

amphiarthrosis

Which of the following is a joint that is slightly moveable? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

amphiarthrosis

What is happening when one hormone molecule causes the activation of thousands of enzyme molecules in a target cell? A) amplification B) up-regulation C) saturation D) antagonistic effects

amplification

Connective tissue exists in different forms in the human body, from a liquid state to a very hard solid, and consists of cells surrounded by ___________________. A) cartilage B) macrophages C) an extracellular matrix D) membranes

an extracellular matrix

The binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors results in A) an increase in heart rate. B) an increase in intestinal motility. C) contraction of skeletal muscles. D) dilation of bronchioles in the lungs.

an increase in intestinal motility.

If a neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules that open K+ ion channels, the result is A) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). B) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). C) no change.

an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Subcutaneous tissue is A) composed of loose connective tissue and epithelial tissue. B) another term for skin. C) an insulation layer which helps to conserve body heat. D) the site for sweat production.

an insulation layer which helps to conserve body heat

These are all anatomical components of a synovial joint, except A. an articular cartilage. B. a joint cavity. C. an interosseous membrane. D. a fibrous capsule. E. a synovial membrane.

an interosseous membrane.

A reduction reaction is always accompanied by A) an oxidation reaction. B) decomposition. C) some energy release. D) huge nuclear decay.

an oxidation reaction

A fontanel is A) an unossified fibrous membrane. B) a membranous deossification. C) a endochondral ossification. D) a hypertrophy of osteocytes

an unossified fibrous membrane.

Where is the talocrural joint? A) knee B) shoulder C) ankle D) elbow

ankle

Which of these joints has neither fibrocartilage articular disks nor a labrum to support the joint? A) ankle B) hip C) knee D) shoulder E) temporomandibular

ankle

Reflexes A) are never homeostatic. B) are automatic responses to a stimulus. C) cannot be suppressed by higher brain functions. D) are always simple pathways containing three neurons. E) all of these

are automatic responses to a stimulus

Hormones A) are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream. B) are secreted into ducts. C) affect all the cells in the body. D) usually are not transported. E) all of these

are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream

Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins, glycoproteins, epinephrine and norepinephrine A) have relatively long half-lives. B) are degraded rapidly by enzymes. C) have half-lives that increase and decrease slowly. D) regulate activities that have a long duration. E) a, c, and d

are degraded rapidly by enzymes

The stimuli received by sensory receptors A) originate exclusively inside the body. B) all result in sensation. C) are propagated via nerves to the spinal cord and brain. D) are recognized by all receptors.

are propagated via nerves to the spinal cord and brain

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they A) are replaced by dividing cells from below. B) improve the supply of nutrients. C) tend to thrive. D) become dermal cells.

are replaced by dividing cells from below.

Olfactory neurons A) are always unipolar neurons. B) are replaced every two months. C) have axons that contain olfactory vesicles. D) synapse directly with association neurons. E) all of these

are replaced every two months.

Muscle tissue cells are contractile, which means they A) are responsible for the production and secretion of enzymes. B) are specialized in contraction and relaxation. C) help in the movement of involuntary organs only. D) All of the above statements are true.

are specialized in contraction and relaxation

Osteochondral progenitor cells A) assist in fracture healing by taking bone fragments away from the injury site. B) make up the scaffolding of membranous bone. C) are stem cells that become osteoblasts. D) are osteocytes that do not live in bone

are stem cells that become osteoblasts

Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary A) are produced in the anterior pituitary. B) are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons. C) include GH and TSH. D) are steroids. E) all of the above.

are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons.

Goose-bumps on the skin are due to the contraction of the muscle called A) triceps. B) arrector pili muscle. C) intramuscular. D) biceps.

arrector pili muscle.

The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called A. kinesiology. B. arthrology. C. osteology. D. biomechanics. E. synostology.

arthrology

Severely damaged joints can be replaced with artificial joints. The correct term for this procedure is which of the following? A) prosthesis B) ankylosis C) arthroplasty D) crepitus

arthroplasty

To understand the structure and function of an organism we also need to understand the structure and properties of A) atoms and molecules. B) the atmosphere. C) tectonic plates. D) Computed Tomography (CT).

atoms and molecules

Which of the following is a parasympathetic blocking agent used to dilate the pupils during an eye examination? A) albuterol B) atropine C) phenylephrine D) propranolol

atropine

Name the intercellular chemical signal that is released by cells and has a local effect on the same cell type as that from which the chemical signal is released. A) autocrine chemical signal B) pheromone C) paracrine chemical signal D) hormone E) neurotransmitter

autocrine chemical signal

The _________ division of the nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle. A) afferent B) autonomic C) sensory D) somatic

autonomic

The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle. A) afferent B) autonomic C) sensory D) somatic

autonomic

The part of the efferent division of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is the A) somatic motor nervous system. B) somatic sensory division. C) visceral sensory division. D) autonomic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are subdivisions of the A) afferent nervous system. B) autonomic nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) somatic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system

The lateral horns of the gray matter in the thoracic region of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of A) the medulla oblongata. B) all motor neurons for that body segment. C) autonomic neurons. D) sensory neurons.

autonomic neurons

Cells dispose of worn-out organelles by a process called A) autophagy B) exocytosis C) cytolysis D) apoptosis

autophagy

In which of the following regions of the body are apocrine sweat glands most numerous? A) forehead B) axilla and groin C) neck D) palms of the hands

axilla and groin

Which of these nerves innervates the deltoid muscle and provides sensory input from the shoulder? A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

axillary nerve

Three essential components of most neurons are A) simple epithelium, extracellular matrix and nerves. B) axon, dendrites and cell body. C) nerve cells, synapse and neuroglia. D) myelin sheath, node of Ranvier and Schwann cells.

axon, dendrites and cell body.

Which of the following is associated with nervous tissue? A) axons B) desmosomes C) intercalated discs D) lacuna

axons

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the stratum ________ . A) basale B) granulosum C) lucidum D) corneum

basale

Movement of the _______ membrane causes hair cell microvilli (stereocilia) to bend back and forth. A) basilar B) tectorial C) tympanic D) vestibular

basilar

When pressure waves distort the __________ membrane, hair cells that rest on it are moved relative to the __________ membrane, which is stationary. As a result, hair cells become bent, resulting in depolarization. A) basilar, tectorial B) basilar, vestibular C) tectorial, basilar D) tectorial, vestibular E) vestibular, tectorial

basilar, tectorial

Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands A) in terms of what is secreted. B) in their location in the body. C) because sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles, whereas sweat glands are not D) All of the above.

because sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles, whereas sweat glands are not

Vitamin D synthesis A) begins in skin that is exposed to sunlight. B) occurs exclusively in the skin. C) does not require sunlight. D) begins with the precursor, melanin.

begins in skin that is exposed to sunlight.

What is the chemical messenger released by the anterior pituitary that is known to have the same effect as opiate drugs and may be involved in regulating functions such as body temperature, food intake and water balance? A) beta endorphin B) melatonin C) lipotropin D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

beta endorphin

A student is thinking intensely about the answer to a test question while her brain waves are being recorded with an EEG. The types of brain waves on the EEG are most likely A) alpha waves. B) beta waves. C) delta waves.

beta waves

The epiphyseal plate is located A) in the diaphysis. B) in the spongy bone zone. C) mid-bone as in the middle of the clavicle D) between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Synovial joints may be classified according to the plane of movement. Which of the following represents a movement that is in two planes? A) monaxial B) biaxial C) triaxial D) multiaxial

biaxial

Rod cells are __________ neurons, and cone cells are __________ neurons. A) bipolar, bipolar B) bipolar, unipolar C) unipolar, bipolar D) unipolar, unipolar

bipolar, bipolar

Which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body? A) water B) public city transport C) blood D) lymph

blood

The center of an osteon is known as a central canal (Haversian canal). What passes through the center of the canal? A) water B) blood vessels and nerves C) osteocytes D) chondrocytes

blood vessels and nerves

If aldosterone secretions increase A) blood potassium levels increase. B) blood hydrogen levels increase. C) acidosis results. D) blood sodium levels decrease. E) blood volume increases

blood volume increases

The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical trauma is A) pallor. B) erythema. C) blue. D) jaundice.

blue

Due to the constriction of dermal blood vessels A) the blood vessels become dilated. B) body heat is conserved. C) more blood enters into the heart. D) body temperature tends to drop in that area.

body heat is conserved.

By reducing body temperature during hot weather skin helps to maintain A) body homeostasis. B) body structure. C) blood volume. D) brain activity.

body homeostasis.

The function of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is to conserve water by decreasing urine output. According to the negative feedback mechanism, ADH will be secreted when the A) body is running low in water. B) body has an excess amount of water. C) pituitary gland is extremely dry. D) kidneys are not functioning properly

body is running low in water

Spongy bone has spaces within it that are filled with _______. A) new osteocytes B) future osteocytes C) bone marrow and blood vessels D) undifferentiated cells for development of bone

bone marrow and blood vessels

Which of the following glands produce sweat? A) Apocrine B) Merocrine C) Holocrine D) both A and B

both A and B

During surgery, an anesthesiologist often checks for the presence of cyanosis at the patient's fingertips. If cyanosis is present, what would be a possible cause? A) too much blood flowing into the fingertips B) poor oxygenation in the patient C) reduced blood flow to the patient's fingertips D) both B and C

both B and C

The fibrous tunic of the eye includes A) the choroid. B) the cornea. C) the iris. D) the sclera. E) both B and D

both B and D

In synovial joints, blood vessels and nerves do not enter the A) articular cartilage. B) joint cavity. C) bone. D) synovial membrane. E) both a and b

both a and b

The pituitary gland A) develops from the floor of the brain. B) develops from the roof of the mouth. C) is stimulated by neurohormones produced in the midbrain. D) secretes only three major hormones. E) both a and b.

both a and b

Within the pancreas, the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) digestive enzymes. D) both a and b. E) all of the above

both a and b.

Which of the following is an inflammation of the bursa within a synovial capsule? A) tendonitis B) bursitis C) rheumatism D) synovitis

bursitis

The half life of a hormone can be increased by which of the following means? A) by actively transporting the hormone back into the cell and recycling it to be used again as a hormone B) by enzymatically breaking down the hormone C) by binding the hormone with specific plasma proteins (binding proteins) D) by excreting the hormone into the urine

by binding the hormone with specific plasma proteins (binding proteins)

The second most abundant type of lipid in the plasma membrane is A) glycolipid B) saturated fat C) cholesterol D) phospholipid

cholesterol

Homeostasis is defined as the A) ability of human beings to maintain a low body weight throughout life. B) maintenance of constant room temperature. C) capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. D) digestion of food compounds as soon as they are eaten.

capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups? A) prostaglandins B) carbohydrates C) nucleic acids D) steroids

carbohydrates

There are four vital organic compounds in the human body: A) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. B) proteins, cholesterol, hydrocarbons, and sodium chloride. C) carbohydrate, protein, sodium, and nucleic acid. D) sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate, and phospholipid

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Inorganic compounds do not contain which of the following bonds? A) carbon and hydrogen B) nitrogen and hydrogen C) oxygen and hydrogen D) carbon and sulfur

carbon and hydrogen

The four most abundant elements in the human body are A) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron. B) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. C) calcium, hydrogen, sodium, and potassium. D) carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and zinc

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

All of the following substances can contribute to the color of skin. Of these, only ______ is of dietary origin. A) hemoglobin B) collagen C) melanin D) carotene

carotene

The hypothalamohypophysial portal system A) contains one capillary bed. B) carries hormones from the anterior pituitary to the body. C) carries hormones from the posterior pituitary to the body. D) carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. E) carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves A) carry sympathetic preganglionic axons to the adrenal medullae. B) carry sympathetic preganglionic axons into a spinal nerve. C) carry preganglionic sympathetic axons to collateral ganglia after they pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing. D) carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain ganglia to effector organs

carry preganglionic sympathetic axons to collateral ganglia after they pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing

High pitched sound A) causes the displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. B) causes the displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window. C) does not cause the displacement of the basilar membrane.

causes the displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window

Oxytocin is responsible for A) preventing milk release from the mammary glands. B) preventing goiter. C) causing contraction of the uterus. D) maintaining normal calcium levels. E) increasing metabolic rate.

causing contraction of the uterus

The series of changes that cells undergo during their life-spans, from formation to division, is known as A) cell division. B) DNA information. C) cell cycle. D) growth phase

cell cycle

A cell uses centrioles in the process of A) cell division. B) energy generation. C) protein synthesis. D) RNA replication.

cell division

The endocrine system communicates with target cells by way of A) electrical signals. B) chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream. C) chemical messengers secreted through ducts into other organ. D) chemical messengers that do not leave the cell where they are produced.

chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream

Sensory receptors for smell are A) chemoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) nociceptors. D) photoreceptors. E) thermoreceptors.

chemoreceptors

When a cell is observed with a compound light microscope, which of the following structures will be seen? A) carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins B) cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus C) DNA and RNA D) all cytoplasmic organelles

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

A tissue is formed by a group of ______________ performing or associated with similar function. A) tissues B) cells C) organ systems D) macromolecules

cells

The smallest structures that are considered to be alive are A) organelles. B) cells. C) tissues. D) body systems

cells

Tissues are formed by a group of ________ that perform similar functions. A) cells B) tissues C) organs D) atoms

cells

In compact bone, osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called A) osteons. B) central canals. C) lacunae. D) canaliculi

central canals

The posterior boundary of the frontal lobe is the A) anterior median fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) posterior median sulcus.

central sulcus

The microtubule organizing center of a cell is the A) nucleus. B) rER. C) centrosome. D) nucleolus.

centrosome

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the third ventricle to the fourth through the A) cerebral aqueduct. B) foramen of Magendie. C) foramina of Monro. D) interventricular foramina.

cerebral aqueduct

In the midbrain, descending tracts going from the cerebrum to the spinal cord are called the A) cerebral peduncles. B) red nuclei. C) superior colliculus. D) substantia nigra. E) tegmentum.

cerebral peduncles

Nerve fibers in the phrenic nerves that innervate the diaphragm arise primarily from what plexuses? A) brachial B) cervical C) lumbar D) sacral

cervical

The numbers of spinal nerves correspond to the number of vertebrae in each region of the spine except for A) cervical. B) lumbar. C) sacral. D) thoracic.

cervical

The nerves that supply the upper limbs enter or exit from this area of the spinal cord. A) cervical plexuses B) cervical enlargement C) lumbar enlargement D) sacral plexuses

cervical enlargement

The plexus that originates from C1-C4 is the A) brachial plexus. B) cervical plexus. C) lumbar plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) coccygeal plexus.

cervical plexus

When blood glucose levels decrease, hormone "A" is secreted. Based on this information, hormone A is controlled by A) changes in the level of a chemical in the blood. B) direct stimulation by the nervous system. C) stimulation by a hormone released from another endocrine gland. D) a hypothalamic releasing factor.

changes in the level of a chemical in the blood

Energy stored in ATP is a form of _________ energy. A) mechanical B) chemical C) potential D) heat

chemical

For the formation of molecules, ___________ is involved. A) mutual bonding B) chemical deduction C) chemical bonding D) sharing of protons

chemical bonding

Following a bone fracture a callus builds around the fracture site. A callus is a A) mass of new bone. B) mass of marrow. C) mass of old broken bone pieces. D) collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.

collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.

Ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord occur in the A) columns. B) gray commissure. C) horns. D) roots.

columns

Which of the following fractures refers to a fracture of a bone in multiple pieces? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

comminuted

The sciatic nerve is really two nerves, the tibial nerve and the A) common fibular nerve. B) femoral nerve. C) obturator nerve. D) coccygeal plexus.

common fibular nerve

The major function of the cerebellum is to act as a A) relay center between the medulla and pons. B) comparator between intended movements and actual movements. C) center for emotions. D) receptive speech area.

comparator between intended movements and actual movements

Which of the following fractures goes all the way through a bone, but does not break it into multiple pieces? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

complete

Subcutaneous tissue is A) composed of loose connective tissue. B) another term for the skin. C) less prominent in newborn infants. D) the site for sweat production.

composed of loose connective tissue

Epidermis is characterized by being _______, whereas dermis is distinguished by being _______. A) the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis B) composed largely of connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue C) the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue D) composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue

composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue

An injury that occurs to vertebrae when they are flattened is known as a A) spiral fracture. B) pathologic fracture. C) compression fracture. D) linear fracture.

compression fracture.

The pH scale measures the A) concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. B) amounts of salts dissolved in water. C) number of hydroxyl ions in water. D) strength of an electrical current carried by a solution.

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ________________ joints. A. ball-and-socket B. condylar C. pivot D. hinge E. plane (gliding)

condylar

Which of the following types of synovial joints is found between the metacarpal bones and the carpal bones? A) condyloid B) hinge C) saddle D) gliding

condyloid

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it A) consists of cells with much intercellular material between them. B) has no blood supply to the tissue. C) is a specialized diffusion barrier. D) commonly is found lining body cavities

consists of cells with much intercellular material between them

ADH is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes A) increased urine output B) constriction of blood vessels C) increased potassium secretion by the kidneys D) decreased sodium retention by the kidneys

constriction of blood vessels

Which of the following is the main factor affecting the depth of focus? A) accommodation of the lens B) constriction of the pupil C) convergence of the eyes D) refraction of light rays

constriction of the pupil

The relative refractory period A) occurs before the absolute refractory period. B) continues until voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close. C) continues until voltage-gated K+ ion channels close. D) continues until voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels close.

continues until voltage-gated K+ ion channels close

During stress the sympathetic division of the ANS would cause each of the following EXCEPT A) bronchodilation B) constriction of arteries to the gastrointestinal tract. C) contraction of the urinary bladder. D) dilation of arteries in skeletal muscles and the heart.

contraction of the urinary bladder

The transparent anterior portion of the outer eye coat, which allows light rays to enter the interior of the eye is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) iris. D) sclera.

cornea

The sloughing off of older cells occurs in the stratum A) corneum. B) basale. C) spinosum. D) granulosum.

corneum

A view of the heart showing the interior of all four chambers would be a ______ section. A) transverse B) coronal C) cross D) parasagittal

coronal

The main connection between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum is the A) intermediate mass. B) thalamus. C) corpus callosum. D) vermis. E) midbrain.

corpus callosum

The main connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum is the A) intermediate mass. B) corpus callosum. C) vermis. D) unmyelinated nuclei. E) thalamus.

corpus callosum

The outer layer of gray matter of the brain is called the A) cortex. B) ganglia. C) fascicle. D) nuclei. E) perineurium.

cortex

The ___________ tracts innervate the head muscles. A) corticospinal B) rubrospinal C) vestibulospinal D) corticobulbar E) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal

corticobulbar

Which of these pathways is not an indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway? A) reticulospinal tract B) corticobulbar tract C) rubrospinal tract D) vestibulospinal tract

corticobulbar tract

Which of these pathways is not an ascending (sensory) pathway? A) spinothalamic tract B) corticospinal tract C) dorsal column/medial lemniscal system D) trigeminothalamic tract E) spinocerebellar tract

corticospinal tract

Which hormone is closely associated with the body's response to stress? A) testosterone B) cortisol C) insulin D) melatonin

cortisol

Which of the following hormones helps to maintain blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis? A) thyroid hormone B) cortisol C) insulin D) aldosterone

cortisol

Which of the following occurs 1 - 2 hours after a meal? A) absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract increases B) blood glucose levels increase C) glucagon secretion decreases D) cortisol secretion increases

cortisol secretion increases

When two atoms are held together because their valence electrons orbit around both of them, they are united by a(n) ________ bond. A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) electron

covalent

According to their function, two major types of epithelial tissue are A) epithelial tissue and cartilage. B) holocrine and apocrine glands. C) transitional and pseudostratified epithelium. D) covering and secretory epithelium

covering and secretory epithelium

Which is the most stable joint? A. coxal joint B. glenohumeral joint C. tibiofemoral joint D. humeroulnar joint E. humeroradial joint

coxal joint

Which of these symptoms is associated with hyposecretion of the thyroid gland? A) hypertension B) nervousness C) diarrhea D) weight loss with a normal or increased food intake E) decreased metabolic rate

decreased metabolic rate

Which of the following events could be a result of damage to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system? A) decreased secretion of ADH (vasopressin) B) decreased secretion of oxytocin C) decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone D) decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone

decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

When hydrogen ion concentration increases, pH A) increases. B) decreases. C) does not change. D) changes to neutral

decreases

A term that means nerve tracts cross to the opposite side of the body is ___________. A) olivary B) pons C) decussate D) tectum E) colliculi

decussate

Most fibers of the direct (pyramidal) system A) decussate in the medulla oblongata. B) synapse in the pons. C) descend in the rubrospinal tract. D) begin in the cerebellum.

decussate in the medulla oblongata

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves innervate A) anterior neck muscles. B) deep back muscles. C) intercostal muscles. D) muscles of the upper limb. E) plexuses.

deep back muscles

If there is an increase in extracellular K+ ion concentration, the result is A) depolarization of the plasma membrane. B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. C) little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane.

depolarization of the plasma membrane

The layer of skin that is composed of dense connective tissue and has projections called papillae is the A) dermis. B) hypodermis. C) stratum corneum. D) stratum basale. E) stratum lucidum

dermis

The pyramids are __________ nerve tracts that are involved in the conscious control of __________. A) ascending, smooth muscle B) ascending, skeletal muscle C) descending, smooth muscle D) descending, cardiac muscle E) descending, skeletal muscle

descending, skeletal muscle

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many A) desmosomes. B) gap junctions. C) tight junctions. D) basement junctions.

desmosomes

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is the A) protection from all forms of cancer. B) production of Vitamin E. C) detection of hot and cold stimuli. D) regulation of acid-base balance in the blood.

detection of hot and cold stimuli.

Lipid-soluble substances move through the blood-brain barrier by A) active transport. B) mediated transport. C) diffusion. D) None of the above.

diffusion

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a neuron, the NEXT event is A) uptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. B) active transport of calcium ions out of the cell. C) diffusion of calcium ions into the cell. D) immediate release of neurotransmitter.

diffusion of calcium ions into the cell

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect? A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes B) contraction of the urinary bladder C) decreased heart rate D) dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

Which of these muscles is innervated by sympathetic fibers? A) ciliary muscles B) dilator pupillae muscles C) extrinsic eye muscles D) sphincter pupillae muscles

dilator pupillae muscles

Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the ______________ joint. A. shoulder B. elbow C. wrist D. hip E. knee

elbow

Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposite? A) distal and proximal B) medial and inferior C) superior and ventral D) anterior and deep

distal and proximal

The ________________ is not found in the elbow. A. humeroulnar joint B. humeroradial joint C. proximal radioulnar joint D. distal radioulnar joint E. anular ligament

distal radioulnar joint

A single stimulus that elicits several responses involves which type of neuronal circuit? A) convergent pathway B) divergent pathway C) reverberating circuit D) parallel after-discharge circuit

divergent pathway

Axon collaterals of a first motor neuron (preganglionic neuron) of the autonomic nervous system synapsing with several second motor neurons in autonomic ganglia illustrate which type of neuronal circuit? A) convergent pathway B) divergent pathway C) reverberating circuit D) parallel after-discharge circuit

divergent pathway

Labile cells A) divide throughout the life of the organism. B) are susceptible to degradation. C) have a limited ability to replicate. D) are a type of neuron.

divide throughout the life of the organism

Thick skin A) usually lacks the stratum lucidum. B) is typically found on the back. C) does not produce hair. D) (unlike thin skin) develops calluses and corns. E) all of these

does not produce hair.

Parkinson's disease is associated with a decreased secretion of what neurotransmitter? A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) epinephrine D) serotonin

dopamine

Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration? A) lateral spinothalamic B) posterior spinocerebellar C) anterior spinothalamic D) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system E) spinotectal

dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

Which of the following ascending sensory pathways (tracts) contains secondary neurons that cross at the level of the medulla? A) lateral spinothalamic B) anterior spinothalamic C) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system D) posterior spinocerebellar

dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

The shape of a person's external ear is due mainly to A) dense regular connective tissue. B) dense irregular connective tissue. C) elastic cartilage. D) fibrocartilage.

elastic cartilage

Shrugging your shoulders to indicate you don't know the answer to a question involves A) depression of the scapulae. B) lateral excursion of the scapulae. C) elevation of the scapulae. D) protraction of the scapulae. E) retraction of the scapulae.

elevation of the scapulae

The joint between the occipital condyles and the atlas (atlantooccipital joint) is a(n) A) ball-and-socket joint. B) ellipsoid joint. C) hinge joint. D) pivot joint. E) plane, or gliding joint.

ellipsoid joint

The temporomandibular joint is predominately a(n) A) ball-and-socket joint. B) ellipsoid joint. C) hinge joint. D) pivot joint.

ellipsoid joint

The limbic system is involved in the control of A) sleep and wakefulness. B) maintaining posture. C) higher intellectual processes. D) emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure. E) hearing

emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure

The limbic system is most involved in the control of A) sleep and wakefulness. B) maintaining posture. C) higher intellectual processes. D) motor coordination. E) emotions and basic "drives".

emotions and basic "drives"

The structure of the nucleus can be described as A) enclosed in a mitochondrial membrane. B) enclosed in a nuclear envelope. C) composed of cytoplasm. D) composed of cytoplasmic organelles.

enclosed in a nuclear envelope

Which substance is thought to reduce the perception of pain by inhibiting substance P? A) endorphin B) dopamine C) glutamine D) histamine

endorphin

Which of the following is connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a bone? A) periosteum B) osteocytes C) endosteum D) trabeculae with osteoclasts

endosteum

Which of the following molecules bind to morphine receptors to moderate pain? A) prostoglandin B) leukotriene C) enkephalin D) prostacyclin

enkephalin

Acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol-O-methyltransferase are A) neurotransmitters. B) enzymes that break down neurotransmitters. C) enzymes that act as neuromodulators. D) enzymes that could produce an EPSP. E) substances that could produce an IPSP.

enzymes that break down neurotransmitters

Which of these cell types produce and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid? A) astrocytes B) microglia C) ependymal cells D) Schwann cells E) oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

The outer, epithelial layer of the skin is called the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) mesodermis

epidermis

The space superficial to the meninges in the spinal cord area and in which an anesthetic is injected to block pain impulses from the pelvic area is the A) dural sinus. B) epidural space. C) subarachnoid space. D) subdural space.

epidural space

The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the ______ region. A) hypochondriac B) iliac C) hypogastric D) epigastric

epigastric

An example of a hormone that cannot pass through the plasma membrane is A) epinephrine B) testosterone C) aldosterone D) T3 hormone

epinephrine

Which of these is not a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex? A) aldosterone B) androgens C) cortisol D) epinephrine

epinephrine

Once a long bone has completed its ossification, the bone now has a(an) ___________ where the old epiphyseal plate existed. A) medullary cavity B) line of cartilage C) foramina D) epiphyseal line

epiphyseal line

The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the A) osteon. B) epiphyseal plate. C) articular surface. D) diaphysis.

epiphyseal plate

The end of a long bone is referred to as the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) periosteum.

epiphysis

The monthly change in secretion of reproductive hormones that occurs in women during their reproductive years is an example of A) acute hormone regulation. B) chronic hormone regulation. C) episodic hormone regulation.

episodic hormone regulation

The pineal body is found in the A) subthalamus. B) thalamus. C) epithalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) pons.

epithalamus

There are four primary types of tissues; they are A) epithelial, cartilage, muscular and brain. B) connective, epithelial, skin and blood. C) epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. D) glands, bone, lungs and kidneys.

epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

A carcinoma is a cancer originating from A) epithelium B) connective tissue C) muscle tissue D) nerve tissue

epithelium

About 90% of all cancers originate from A) epithelium B) connective tissue C) muscle tissue D) nervous tissue

epithelium

Many gland cells release their secretions by means of _______, a process somewhat like reverse endocytosis. A) exocytosis B) phagocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) fluid-phase pinocytosis

exocytosis

When you walk up the stairs your hip and knee joints _____________ to lift your body weight. A. rotate B. abduct C. adduct D. flex E. extend

extend

You are sitting on a chair. To stand up, you must __________ your thighs and __________ your legs. A) abduct, flex B) extend, extend C) extend, flex D) flex, flex E) flex, extend

extend, extend

Neurons from which of these areas of the body occupy the greatest area of the somatic sensory cortex? A) foot B) leg C) torso D) arm E) face

face

The largest area of the somatic sensory cortex contains sensory neurons associated with the A) arm. B) face. C) hand. D) leg. E) thigh.

face

The parasympathetic fibers that control the secretion of saliva, tears and nasal secretions are conveyed in the A) facial nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerves. C) oculomotor nerves. D) vagus nerves.

facial nerves

Which of the following cranial nerves transmit sensory impulses pertaining to taste to the brainstem? A) abducens and facial B) facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus C) trigeminal and facial D) trigeminal and trochlear

facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus

The passive movement of an ion or molecule across a plasma membrane with the aid of a carrier protein is A) osmosis. B) filtration. C) facilitated diffusion. D) active transport.

facilitated diffusion

Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is usually caused by A) failure of target cells to respond to insulin. B) hyposecretion of insulin. C) autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting cells. D) hypersecretion of insulin.

failure of target cells to respond to insulin

A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia.

false

Bony joints are the most common type of joints.

false

Bursae are structures associated with fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

false

Circumduction is limited to ball-and-socket joints.

false

Fibrous joints are joints at which two bones are united by hyaline cartilage.

false

What is the name for the portion of the dura mater that separates the two cerebellular hemispheres? A) falx cerebri B) falx cerebelli C) tectoral membrane D) tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebelli

After severely injuring her hip in an accident, a woman was unable to extend her right leg. What nerve was damaged? A) femoral B) obturator C) tibial D) pudendal

femoral

After suffering nerve damage, an accident victim is unable to flex his right thigh, or extend his right leg. The nerve most likely damaged is the A) common fibular nerve. B) femoral nerve. C) obturator nerve. D) tibial nerve. E) coccygeal plexus.

femoral nerve

Which of the following are NOT peripheral nerves associated with the brachial plexuses? A) axillary nerves B) femoral nerves C) radial nerves D) ulnar nerves

femoral nerves

Which of the following is classified as a long bone? A) femur B) sternum C) vertebra D) ankle

femur

Which of the following joints is held together with collagenous fibers? A) fibrous B) cartilaginous C) hinged D) synovial

fibrous

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of A) adipose tissue. B) fibrous connective tissue. C) muscle tissue. D) loose connective tissue.

fibrous connective tissue

Identify the three layers of the eye in from the outer most layer to the inner most layer. A) fibrous tunic, nervous tunic, vascular tunic B) fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic C) nervous tunic, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic D) vascular tunic, fibrous tunic, nervous tunic

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic

Taste buds are associated with all of these types of papillae on the tongue EXCEPT A) circumvallate. B) filiform. C) foliate. D) fungiform

filiform

Which type of papillae have no taste buds associated with them? A) circumvallate B) filiform C) foliate D) fungiform

filiform

The inferior end of the spinal cord is anchored to the coccyx by the A) cauda equina. B) conus medullaris. C) filum terminale. D) tectum.

filum terminale

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones? A) skull and ribs B) ribs, clavicles, and spine C) flat bones of the clavicle and skull D) spine, skull, ribs, and scapulas

flat bones of the clavicle and skull

All of the following are important in bringing an image to focus on the retina when viewing an object close to the eye EXCEPT A) accommodation of the lenses B) constriction of the pupils C) flattening of the lenses D) convergence of the eyes

flattening of the lenses

A baby in the fetal position has most of its joints A) abducted. B) adducted. C) circumducted. D) extended. E) flexed.

flexed

A person who is standing and bends to tie their shoe is __________ their trunk. A) abducting B) adducting C) circumducting D) extending E) flexing

flexing

Kicking a football straight ahead with your toes involves what movement of your thigh? A) abduction B) adduction C) circumduction D) extension E) flexion

flexion

To raise your hand and place it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you involves _______________ of the shoulder. A. abduction B. adduction C. extension D. flexion E. elevation

flexion

When you hold out your hands with the palms up, ______________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you. A. hyperextension B. circumduction C. rotation D. flexion E. abduction

flexion

A uniaxial joint like the elbow is capable of which one of the following movements? A. circumduction B. supination and pronation C. flexion and extension D. rotation E. abduction

flexion and extension

Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is a simple moving of the lower arm up and down? A) flexion and extension B) hyperextension C) abduction D) adduction

flexion and extension

Raising your arm to point at something straight ahead of you involves A) abduction of the arm. B) adduction of the arm. C) circumduction of the arm. D) extension of the arm. E) flexion of the arm.

flexion of the arm

The simplest part of the cerebellum is (are) the A) vermis. B) arbor vitae. C) flocculonodular lobe. D) lateral hemispheres.

flocculonodular lobe

Cerebellar cortex ridges are called A) tonsils. B) folia. C) vermis. D) lobes.

folia

Which type of papillae have the most sensitive taste buds associated with them? A) circumvallate B) filiform C) foliate D) fungiform

foliate

A wide area between sutures in a newborn is called a A) synchondrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) gomphosis. E) fontanel.

fontanel

In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as a(n) A) intramembranous canal B) fontanel C) central canal D) lacuna

fontanel

The phospholipids of the plasma membrane A) form a rigid structure. B) form a bilayer structure. C) have water insoluble tails that face the extracellular fluid. D) have water insoluble heads that face the interior of the membrane.

form a bilayer structure

The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is A) fractures. B) bone thickening. C) luxations and subluxations. D) fusion of bones.

fractures

Which of these types of sensory receptors respond to pain, itch, tickle, and temperature? A) Merkel's disks B) Meissner's corpuscles C) Ruffini's end organs D) free nerve endings E) Pacinian corpuscles

free nerve endings

Which lobe is important for voluntary motor functions, and which lobe receives and interprets sensory input for hearing? A) frontal and temporal B) frontal and occipital C) parietal and occipital D) temporal and occipital

frontal and temporal

The olfactory cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe.

frontal lobe

Cone cells A) contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin. B) are abundant throughout the retina, but are absent at the fovea centralis. C) function in color vision and visual acuity. D) contain a photoreceptive part that is cylindrical in shape. E) function primarily in low light conditions.

function in color vision and visual acuity

Organelles are distinguished from cytoplasmic inclusions in that organelles are _______, whereas inclusions are _______. A) functional structures; aggregates of chemicals B) small organs; vital sites where important functions occur C) nonfunctional structures; functional structures D) masses of chemicals non essential to life; masses of chemicals vital to life

functional structures; aggregates of chemicals

Physiology deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of the human body. C) human body and its relation with the environment. D) biochemistry of the bacterial population infecting the human body

functions of the human body

Which of the following terms is synonymous with columns as in columns of white matter in the spinal cord? A) fasciculi B) funiculi C) horns D) tracts

funiculi

Collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS are called A) ganglia. B) nerves. C) nerve tracts. D) nuclei. E) glands.

ganglia

Axons of which of the following type of cells exit the eye in the optic nerve? A) rods B) bipolar C) ganglion D) cones

ganglion

The only retinal cells that produce action potentials are the A) bipolar cells. B) ganglion cells. C) photoreceptor cells. D) pigmented epithelium.

ganglion cells

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on which of the following? A) contraction of the urinary bladder B) gastrointestinal motility C) sweating D) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles

gastrointestinal motility

When intraocular pressure increases because aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is produced, __________ occurs, which can lead to blindness. A) astigmatism B) cataract C) emmetropia D) glaucoma

glaucoma

The jugular foramen provides a route of passage through the cranium for which of the following cranial nerves? A) accessory and hypoglossal B) facial and vestibulocochlear C) olfactory and optic D) glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory

glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory

Low blood glucose levels cause an increased secretion of A) insulin. B) thyrocalcitonin. C) erythropoietin. D) glucagon.

glucagon

Skeletal muscle fibers in your arm relax because of spinal cord motor neuron inhibition by what neurotransmitter? A) acetylcholine B) aspartate C) nicotine D) glycine

glycine

Hormones can be any of these types of molecules EXCEPT A) proteins. B) glycoproteins. C) polypeptides. D) glycolipids. E) steroids.

glycolipids

The articulations between the teeth and the alveolar processes are A) symphyses. B) syndesmoses. C) synchondroses. D) gomphoses. E) synovial joints.

gomphoses

Which of the following fibrous joints attaches the teeth into their sockets? A) gomphoses B) syndesmoses C) synosthoses D) sutures

gomphoses

Unlike other joints, a ________________ does not join two bones to each other. A. suture B. syndesmosis C. gomphosis D. cartilaginous joint E. bony joint

gomphosis

In nervous tissue, a nucleus is defined as a collection of A) myelinated axons in the CNS. B) gray matter in the PNS. C) gray matter in the CNS. D) white matter in the PNS. E) axons in the PNS.

gray matter in the CNS

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result is some loss of A) hearing and balance B) hearing and taste C) smell D) taste

hearing and balance

Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the A) stomach. B) intestine. C) urinary bladder. D) heart.

heart

Fluid in the scala vestibuli communicates with fluid in the scala tympani by way of the A) canal of Schlemm B) eustachian tube C) helicotrema D) round window

helicotrema

The withdrawal reflex A) includes the Golgi tendon organs. B) includes the synapse of sensory neurons directly with alpha motor neurons. C) helps to protect the body from painful stimuli. D) is a response to increased tension at a tendon. E) all of the above

helps to protect the body from painful stimuli

Skin color is the result of A) the quantity of melanocytes. B) the number of keratinocytes in the skin. C) the amount of blood in the body. D) heredity or genetic factors.

heredity or genetic factors.

Physical characteristics of the cornea include each of the following EXCEPT A) outer surface consisting of stratified squamous epithelium. B) fewer large collagen fibers and more proteoglycans than the sclera. C) inner surface consisting of simple squamous epithelium. D) highly vascular structure, functioning as part of the focusing system of the eye.

highly vascular structure, functioning as part of the focusing system of the eye

The proximal and middle phalanges form ________________ joints. A. pivot B. plane (gliding) C. hinge D. saddle E. condylar (ellipsoid)

hinge

The iliofemoral ligament is found in which joint? A) shoulder B) knee C) elbow D) hip

hip

The ligamentum teres is found in this joint in 80% of the population. A) ankle B) hip C) knee D) shoulder E) temporomandibular

hip

If the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ ions increases, the result is A) depolarization of the plasma membrane. B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. C) little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane.

hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

Which endocrine imbalance would cause hypoglycemia? A) hypersecretion of insulin B) hypersecretion of glucagon C) hypersecretion of cortisol D) hypersecretion of growth hormone

hypersecretion of insulin

0.9% NaCl solution (saline) is isotonic to a cell, while seawater is A) hypertonic to the cell B) isotonic to the cell C) hypotonic to the cell D) All of the above.

hypertonic to the cell

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of A) resting cartilage. B) proliferation. C) hypertrophy. D) calcification.

hypertrophy

Hypoparathyroidism causes A) hypocalcemia. B) hypercalcemia. C) increased intestinal calcium absorption. D) increased vitamin D activation.

hypocalcemia

This layer contains loose connective tissue and has about half of the body's stored fat. A) dermis B) hypodermis C) stratum corneum D) stratum basale E) stratum lucidum

hypodermis

Which of the following connects the skin with muscles or bones? A) epidermis B) hypodermis C) dermis D) None of the above.

hypodermis

The urinary bladder is in the ________ region. A) inguinal B) epigastric C) umbilical D) hypogastric

hypogastric

What cranial nerve causes movements of the tongue involved in speaking, manipulating food and swallowing? A) facial B) hypoglossal C) trigeminal D) vagus

hypoglossal

Parasympathetic axons exit the brainstem in all of the following cranial nerves EXCEPT which of the following? A) facial(VII) B) hypoglossal(XII) C) oculomotor(III) D) vagus(X)

hypoglossal (XII)

Which of the following inhibits insulin secretion? A) hyperglycemia and somatostatin B) hypoglycemia and somatostatin C) hypercalcemia and hyperglycemia D) somatotropin

hypoglycemia and somatostatin

The thickened stratum corneum just below the nail body is the A) nail matrix. B) nail bed. C) lunula. D) hyponychium.

hyponychium

If the hypothalamus fails to secrete GnRH, the effect would be A) hyposecretion of pituitary gonadotropins B) hypersecretion of pituitary gonadotropins C) hyposecretion of prolactin D) hypersecretion of oxytocin

hyposecretion of pituitary gonadotropins

Secretion of many anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by other hormones from the A) pancreatic islets B) thyroid gland C) hypothalamus D) adrenal gland

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that has hunger, satiety, and sleep centers; affects activities of the ANS; and plays a role in emotional responses such as rage, pain, and pleasure is the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) epithalamus. E) hypothalamus.

hypothalamus

Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced by the A) hypothalamus to control the anterior pituitary B) hypothalamus to control the posterior pituitary C) anterior pituitary D) posterior pituitary

hypothalamus to control the anterior pituitary

Receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are located A) in the Golgi apparatus. B) in the plasma membrane. C) in the mitochondria. D) in the endoplasmic reticulum. E) in the nucleus.

in the nucleus

Which of the following fractures is often referred to as being a "greenstick" fracture? A) complete B) incomplete C) impacted D) comminuted

incomplete

The primary effect of T3 and T4 is to A) release calcitonin. B) stimulate bone growth. C) increase metabolism. D) decrease blood glucose levels.

increase metabolism

The primary effect of mineralocorticoids is A) decreased blood sodium levels. B) production of dilute urine. C) increased blood volume. D) increasing blood potassium levels.

increased blood volume

All of the following changes occur in aging skin except: A) loss of elasticity B) increased collagen C) increased likelihood of skin infections D) loss of fat from the hypodermis

increased collagen

Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes B) constriction of the bronchioles in the lungs C) contraction of the urinary bladder D) increased heart rate

increased heart rate

The stimulus for release of insulin is A) decreased levels of blood glucose. B) increased levels of blood glucose. C) hormonal secretion from pituitary. D) neural stimulation from pituitary.

increased levels of blood glucose

A drug called a "monoamine-oxide inhibitor" might be expected to cause A) increased levels of norepinephrine at a synapse. B) decreased levels of acetylcholine at a synapse. C) presynaptic inhibition. D) increased permeability to calcium.

increased levels of norepinephrine at a synapse

Which of the following cause "age spots"? A) increased melanocytes in certain areas of hands and face B) increased production of melanin on the hands and face C) decreased sweat production D) decreased sebaceous gland activity

increased melanocytes in certain areas of hands and face

ADH is secreted in response to A) overhydration B) increased volume of the body fluids C) increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids D) high blood pressure

increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids

Some people are born with extra parathyroid glands. This will most likely cause A) high levels of calcium in the urine. B) decreased intestinal uptake of calcium. C) hypocalcemia. D) increased rates of bone reabsorption and decreased bone density.

increased rates of bone reabsorption and decreased bone density

When a hormone enters the cell and binds to nuclear receptors, which of the following events takes place? A) increased synthesis of cAMP. B) conversion of GDP to GTP. C) opening of calcium channels. D) increased synthesis of mRNA and proteins

increased synthesis of mRNA and proteins

Growth hormone A) increases the usage of glucose. B) increases the breakdown of lipids. C) decreases the synthesis of proteins. D) decreases the synthesis of glycogen. E) all of the above.

increases the breakdown of lipids

One major effect of the basal nuclei is to A) inhibit unwanted muscular activity. B) increase muscle tone. C) influence emotions. D) mediate pleasurable sensations. E) process olfactory sensations.

inhibit unwanted muscular activity

Melatonin's functions include A) controlling the level of skin pigmentation. B) stimulating secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. C) inhibiting secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus. D) regulating blood calcium levels.

inhibiting secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus

Melatonin A) is produced by the posterior pituitary. B) production increases as day length increases. C) inhibits the development of the reproductive system. D) increases GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus. E) decreases the tendency to sleep

inhibits the development of the reproductive system.

What part of the cerebrum is located deep within the lateral fissure and functions to evaluate information about taste? A) frontal lobe B) insula C) parietal lobe D) temporal lobe

insula

Tracts of nerves in the cerebrum include all of the following EXCEPT A) insula fibers. B) association fibers. C) commissural fibers. D) projection fibers.

insula fibers

Three hours after food intake, one can expect the blood to have high levels of all of the following hormones except A) insulin B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) growth hormone

insulin

When blood glucose levels increase, the secretion of which of these hormones increases? A) glucagon B) insulin C) GH D) cortisol E) epinephrine

insulin

Cartilage grows by two mechanisms: interstitial growth and appositional growth. Which pair of terms best describes the two methods? A) medial and lateral B) proximal and distal C) internal and on the surface D) left and right

internal and on the surface

The ______ ascend(s) to the head along the anterior - lateral part of the neck. A) internal carotid arteries B) vertebral arteries C) basilar artery D) cerebral arterial circle

internal carotid arteries

Nodes of Ranvier are: A) interruptions in the myelin sheath along the course of a myelinated axon. B) collections of immune cells in the CNS. C) satellite cells that support neuron cell bodies in ganglia. D) gaps between choroids plexuses where cerebral spinal fluid emerges.

interruptions in the myelin sheath along the course of a myelinated axon

The small stalk connecting the two lateral portions of the thalamus is known as the A) interthalamic adhesion B) intermediate mass C) Both A and B. D) Neither A nor B.

interthalamic adhesion and intermediate mass

The process of pinocytosis, A) is a form of exocytosis. B) involves endocytosis of liquids rather than particles. C) does not require ATP. D) forms vesicles only when large amounts of material are being transported.

involves endocytosis of liquids rather than particles

When an atom is electrically charged (either positive or negative), it is known as a(n) A) molecule. B) radiation. C) ion. D) element

ion

Electrolytes are substances that A) form covalent bonds with water. B) ionize when dissolved in water. C) cannot conduct electricity in solution. D) are not found in the human body in any appreciable amounts.

ionize when dissolved in water

The colored (blue, brown, green) portion of the eye, as seen in an anterior view, is which of the following? A) choroid B) ciliary body C) cornea D) iris

iris

Which of the following pairs of structures are involved in regulating the amount of light that enters the eyes? A) ciliary bodies and suspensory ligaments B) ciliary bodies and eyelids C) suspensory ligaments and irises D) iris and eyelids

iris and eyelids

The left cerebral hemisphere in most people A) controls the left side of the body. B) is involved in three-dimensional spatial perception. C) is involved with musical ability. D) is involved with recognition of faces. E) is involved with mathematics and speech.

is involved with mathematics and speech

Lamellar bone is bone that A) arises out of cartilage. B) arises out of collagen and elastic fibers. C) replaces worn out and fractured bone. D) is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers.

is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers.

Melanin A) production occurs in melanocytes and keratinocytes. B) is packaged into vesicles called melanosomes. C) is present in large quantities on the soles of the feet. D) is responsible for skin color, but not hair color. E) all of these

is packaged into vesicles called melanosomes.

The dermis A) contains no blood vessels. B) functions as padding and insulation. C) is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength. D) is divided into three distinct layers

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength

The outer layers of the epithelium harden due to deposition of a waterproof protein called A) actin B) keratin C) melanin D) adipose

keratin

Most of the cells of the epidermis are A) fibroblasts. B) keratinocytes. C) Langerhans cells. D) macrophages. E) melanocytes.

keratinocytes

Which of the following is NOT one of the three branches of the cerebral arterial circle? A) anterior branch B) middle branch C) lateral branch D) posterior branch

lateral branch

Where would be the most common site for conjugation of hormones in the body? A) kidneys B) blood C) liver D) spleen

liver

Which of these characteristics can be produced by an EPSP? A) local hyperpolarization B) decreased excitability of neuron C) increased permeability of postsynaptic membrane to K+ and Cl- ions D) local depolarization E) all of these

local depolarization

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) central sulcus. B) fissure of Rolando. C) fissure of Sylvius. D) longitudinal fissure.

longitudinal fissure

The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres by the A) lateral fissure. B) central sulcus. C) longitudinal fissure. D) precentral gyrus. E) transverse fissure.

longitudinal fissure.

Damage to the dorsal root of a spinal nerve results in A) loss of motor control. B) loss of parasympathetic function. C) loss of sensory input. D) both A and B E) all of these

loss of sensory input

Which symptoms would be present in a case of aldosterone hyposecretion? A) high blood glucose levels B) low blood calcium levels C) low metabolic rate D) low blood sodium and high blood potassium levels

low blood sodium and high blood potassium levels

The stimulus for release of PTH is A) high calcium levels in the blood. B) low calcium levels in the blood. C) PRH. D) nerve stimulation from hypothalamus.

low calcium levels in the blood

Diabetes mellitus is due to A) low levels of insulin. B) low levels of glucagon. C) lack of ADH secretion. D) increased production of insulin.

low levels of insulin

The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs ____. A) high, quickly B) high, slowly C) low, quickly D) low, slowly

low, quickly

Which of the following is located within the vestibule of the ear? A) crista ampullaris B) helicotrema C) macula D) organ of Corti

macula

What is the function of nervous tissue? A) maintain and coordinate normal body functions B) are responsible for the digestion of nutrients C) are responsible for cellular division D) give structure to the body

maintain and coordinate normal body functions

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane? A) anvil B) incus C) malleus D) stapes

malleus

Identify the correct order in which vibrations travel through the auditory ossicles. A) incus, malleus, stapes B) stapes, malleus, incus C) malleus, incus, stapes D) stapes, incus, malleus

malleus, incus, stapes

The jaw joint is the articulation of A. mandible and temporal bone. B. mandible and sphenoid bone. C. mandible and zygomatic bone. D. mandible and maxilla. E. maxilla and zygomatic.

mandible and temporal bone.

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of this is to A) manufacture blood cells. B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin. C) store adipose tissue. D) store bone forming cells.

manufacture blood cells.

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function? A) channel proteins - place for new protein synthesis B) marker molecules - steroids C) receptor proteins - bind to chemical signals D) peripheral proteins - penetrate the lipid bilayer

marker molecules - steroids

Which of these activities is mostly associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people? A) sensory input from the left side of the body B) mathematics and speech C) spatial perception D) recognition of faces E) musical ability

mathematics and speech

The thymus gland secretes a hormone that is involved in the A) regulation of red blood cell production. B) regulation of the reproductive cycle in females. C) control of metabolism. D) maturation of the immune system.

maturation of the immune system

If a 12 year old were to fracture their epiphyseal plate, the result of the damage could be that the bone A) grows abnormally brittle. B) may stop growing at the plate. C) may grow much thicker at the site of the injury. D) has greatly increased potential for a sarcoma

may stop growing at the plate.

Which nerve innervates most of the flexor muscles of the forearm and the muscles of the thenar area of the hand? A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

median nerve

Water-soluble substances move through the blood-brain barrier by A) active transport. B) mediated transport. C) diffusion. D) None of the above.

mediated transport

All of the following are part of the limbic system EXCEPT the A) amygdala B) fornix C) medulla D) hippocampus

medulla

The pyramids are found in the A) medulla oblongata. B) midbrain. C) diencephalon. D) pons. E) cerebrum

medulla oblongata

The spinal cord is contiguous superiorally with the A) cerebellum. B) medulla oblongata. C) midbrain. D) pons.

medulla oblongata

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord? A) medulla oblongata B) midbrain C) pons D) thalamus

medulla oblongata

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the production of A) melanin. B) carotene. C) hemoglobin. D) cyanin.

melanin

All of the following are found in the thoracic cavity EXCEPT the A) lungs. B) pleurae. C) meninges. D) heart.

meninges

The glands most responsible for cooling the skin are _____________ glands. A) ceruminous B) sebaceous C) merocrine D) exothermic

merocrine

Another term for "midbrain" is A) pons. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebrum. D) cerebellum.

mesencephalon

All permanent connective tissues originate with the _______ of the embryo. A) ground substance B) adipose tissue C) mucous tissue D) mesenchyme

mesenchyme

Physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as A) metabolism. B) a synthesis reaction. C) a decomposition reaction. D) digestion.

metabolism

Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a "brush border" composed of _______, which are cellular extensions that increase surface area. A) cilia B) hairs C) rugae D) microvilli

microvilli

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the A) medulla oblongata. B) midbrain. C) diencephalon. D) pons. E) cerebrum.

midbrain

Extracellular matrix in bone is made of A) mineral salts. B) membranes. C) chondrocytes. D) lipids.

mineral salts

Which of these is not considered one of the five primary tastes? A) sweet B) salty C) minty D) sour E) bitter

minty

Muscle cells contain numerous _______ because of their high demand for ATP. A) ribosomes B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) microtubules

mitochondria

The process that divides the nucleus during cell division is known as A) cytokinesis. B) phagocytosis. C) synthesization. D) mitosis.

mitosis

Bonding is necessary for the formation of A) molecules. B) ionic radiation. C) elements. D) atoms

molecules

Carbohydrates contain units known as A) phosphate groups. B) monosaccharides. C) amino acids. D) steroids.

monosaccharides

The perichondrium is a layer of fibroconnective tissue surrounding A) a bone. B) most cartilage. C) a blood vessel. D) the pericardial cavity

most cartilage

The anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of A) motor neurons to skeletal muscle. B) sensory neurons. C) association neurons. D) motor neurons to the ANS. E) the posterior funiculus.

motor neurons to skeletal muscle

The concept of anatomical position stipulates all of the following EXCEPT the A) forearms are supine. B) feet are slightly apart. C) arms are held down to the sides. D) mouth is closed.

mouth is closed.

Damage to sensory structures in the semicircular canals primarily affects the ability to detect A) linear acceleration. B) movement of the head in all directions. C) the position of the head relative to the ground. D) the position of the limbs. E) all of these

movement of the head in all directions

Electrons in the atom are A) moving particles in the orbits surrounding the nucleus. B) unwanted particles. C) heavy particles residing in the nucleus. D) subatomic particles that have positive charges.

moving particles in the orbits surrounding the nucleus.

Concerning long-term memory, A) declarative (explicit) memory involves the development of skills, such as riding a bicycle. B) procedural (implicit) memory involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, or places. C) much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time. D) declarative (explicit) memory is stored primarily in the cerebellum and premotor area of the cerebrum. E) all of the above.

much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time

Glands that produce a thick, sticky secretion are called _______ glands. A) serous B) acinar C) mucous D) compound

mucous

Which of the following receptors occur in the membranes of target cells of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons? A) alpha and beta adrenergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) nicotinic cholinergic D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

muscarinic cholinergic

The anterior branch or ramus of a spinal nerve supplies A) muscles and skin of the back B) muscles and skin on the front and sides of the trunk and limbs C) the meninges and blood vessels of the spinal cord D) intervertebral ligaments and vertebrae

muscles and skin on the front and sides of the trunk and limbs

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following? A) the diaphragm B) intercostal muscles C) muscles of the arm and forearm D) muscles of the lower limb

muscles of the lower limb

A man suffers a shoulder injury, and as a result has very little strength when he tries to flex his forearm. The nerve most likely damaged is the A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

Which of these nerves provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral side of the forearm? A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

Which of these is NOT a neurotransmitter? A) glutamate B) norepinephrine C) acetylcholine D) myelin E) dopamine

myelin

White matter consists of: A) myelinated axons. B) unmyelinated axons. C) neuron cell bodies. D) unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies.

myelinated axons

In a cross section of the spinal cord, the peripheral white portion consists of __________ forming nerve tracts, and the central gray portion consists of __________, dendrites, and axons. A) unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies B) myelinated axons, sensory receptors C) myelinated axons, neuron cell bodies

myelinated axons, neuron cell bodies

An eye that is too long, or "oval," results in poor distance vision, a disorder called nearsightedness or A) astigmatism. B) hyperopia. C) myopia. D) presbyopia.

myopia

The condition that occurs if the eyeball is too long, or if the cornea or lens is optically too strong is called A) astigmatism. B) hyperopia. C) myopia. D) presbyopia. E) strabismus

myopia

After washing across the eyes, "tears" enter the nasal cavity through which of the following? A) canals of Schlemm B) collecting ducts C) eustachian tubes D) nasolacrimal ducts

nasolacrimal ducts

Hormone "A" stimulates the release of hormone "B." As levels of hormone "B" increase, the secretion of hormone "A" is inhibited. This is an example of A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) neural control. D) amplification.

negative feedback

Which of the following is found in the central nervous system? A) satellite cell B) nerve C) nerve tract D) Schwann cell

nerve tract

The axons that make up the white matter of the CNS form A) endoneurium. B) epineurium. C) ganglia. D) nerve fascicles. E) nerve tracts.

nerve tracts

Passing through the periosteum of bones are arteries, veins, and A) nerves. B) adipose tissue. C) Volkmann's canals. D) the spinal cord.

nerves

The central nervous system develops from the embryonic A) neural plate. B) notochord. C) mesoderm. D) endoderm.

neural plate

Gray matter consists of: A) neuron cell bodies. B) unmyelinated dendrites. C) nerve tracts. D) Both A and B.

neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated dendrites

In a neuron, the nucleus and Nissl bodies are located in the A) axon. B) dendrites. C) neuron cell body. D) terminal boutons. E) collateral axons.

neuron cell body

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types: A) neurons and fibroblasts. B) chondrocytes. C) neurons and neuroglia. D) smooth muscle and glandular epithelium.

neurons and neuroglia

As we age, the number of _____ and ______ cells decline. A) fat; hair B) epithelial; fat C) neurons; muscle D) neurons; hair

neurons; muscle

Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are examples of which of these types of intercellular chemical signals? A) autocrine chemical signals B) pheromones C) paracrine chemical signals D) steroids E) neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

A(n) _____________ solution contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. A) acidic B) basic C) alkaline D) neutral

neutral

Which one among the following is found in atoms of all elements EXCEPT for hydrogen? A) electron B) proton C) nucleus D) neutron

neutron

The epiphyseal plate is the zone of A) new growth for endochondral ossification. B) growth in intramembranous bone. C) growth in the skull bones only. D) growth in the leg bones only.

new growth for endochondral ossification.

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system normally controls target cells with ____ receptors. A) nicotinic and muscarinic B) all alpha and beta C) alpha 1 and beta 1 D) alpha 2 and beta 2

nicotinic and muscarinic

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to A) alpha receptors. B) beta receptors. C) alpha and beta receptors. D) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

What type of receptors occur in the membranes of the adrenal medulla cells that respond to sympathetic stimulation by secreting the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine? A) alpha adrenergic B) beta adrenergic C) muscarinic cholinergic D) nicotinic cholinergic

nicotinic cholinergic

If an action potential that results in an IPSP and an action potential that results in an EPSP both reach a postsynaptic membrane at the same time, the most likely result is A) an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. B) two action potentials in the postsynaptic cell. C) no action potential in the postsynaptic cell. D) reverse action potentials in both presynaptic cells. E) an EPSP.

no action potential in the postsynaptic cell

Which of these best describe the types of receptors that respond to pain stimuli? A) chemoreceptors B) mechanoreceptors C) nociceptors D) photoreceptors E) thermoreceptors

nociceptors

When molecules are formed by sharing electrons equally, those molecules are called A) salt molecules. B) polar covalent. C) non-polar covalent. D) macromolecules

non-polar covalent

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is A) always excitatory in the human body. B) not broken down in the synaptic cleft. C) actively transported back into synaptic terminals. D) None of the above.

none of the above

Which class of hormones exhibit amplification at the target cell? A) steroid hormones B) nonsteroid hormones C) hormones derived from cholesterol D) hormones that bind to a receptor in the target cell nucleus

nonsteroid hormones

Amphetamines produce a state of increased alertness and wakefulness by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of what neurotransmitter? A) acetylcholine B) glycine C) norepinephrine D) serotonin

norepinephrine

Which of these hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? A) cortisol B) androgens C) norepinephrine D) aldosterone

norepinephrine

If someone were given a drug that inhibits the action of adenylate cyclase, the result would be that cells using cAMP as a second messenger would A) not be able to respond to the hormone at all. B) exhibit a prolonged response to the hormone. C) respond no differently than cells in someone who had not been given the drug. D) use the drug as a second messenger.

not be able to respond to the hormone at all

Which of the following is NOT one of the three large nerve tracts connecting the cerebellum to the rest of the central nervous system? A) superior cerebellar peduncles B) middle cerebellar peduncles C) inferior cerebellar peduncles D) anterior cerebellar peduncles

nterior cerebellar peduncles

Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function? A) chromosomes - contains RNA and histones B) nuclear envelope - contains the nucleolar organizer C) nuclear pores - allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm D) chromatin - fluid portion of the nucleus

nuclear pores - allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system are called: A) myelin. B) axons. C) dendrites. D) nuclei.

nuclei

The building blocks of DNA and RNA that are found in the nucleus of the cell are known as A) monosaccharides. B) nucleotides. C) amino acids. D) triglycerides.

nucleotides

During mitosis, major changes occur within the A) cytoplasm. B) nucleus. C) cell membrane. D) outside the cell

nucleus

Intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are normally found in the ____________ of the cell. A) ribosome B) plasma membrane C) nucleus D) endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

In simple diffusion, the rate at which a solute passes through a membrane depends on all of the following EXCEPT the A) surface area of the membrane B) number of carriers in the membrane C) temperature of the solution D) concentration difference from one side of the membrane to the other

number of carriers in the membrane

The greater the concentration of a solute in a solution, the greater the A) tendency for water to diffuse from the solution B) osmotic pressure of the solution C) number of carrier molecules present D) rate of the active transport.

osmotic pressure of the solution

Which cranial nerve innervates four of the six muscles that move the eye and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the superior eyelid? A) abducens B) oculomotor C) optic D) trochlear

oculomotor

The parasympathetic fibers that control the muscles involved in constriction of the pupils in response to a bright light shined in eyes are conveyed in the A) facial nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerves. C) oculomotor nerves. D) vagus nerves.

oculomotor nerves.

The afterpotential is a period A) of increased depolarization. B) of hyperpolarization. C) when the cell is completely insensitive to additional stimuli. D) when a second action potential occurs.

of hyperpolarization

Osteoporosis most often occurs in A) older men. B) older women. C) teenage women. D) teenage males and females.

older women.

The nerve fibers carrying sensory information through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are associated which the _______ nerve. A) accessory B) olfactory C) ophthalmic D) optic

olfactory

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT originate from the brainstem? A) abducens B) hypoglossal C) olfactory D) trigeminal

olfactory

What two pairs of cranial nerves do NOT enter or exit the central nervous system through the brainstem? A) abducens and optic B) olfactory and optic C) olfactory and oculomotor D) optic and oculomotor

olfactory and optic

The __________ is involved in the conscious perception of smell and is located in the ______ lobe. A) intermediate olfactory area; frontal lobe B) olfactory cortex; temporal lobe C) medial olfactory area; temporal lobe D) olfactory cortex; frontal lobe

olfactory cortex; temporal lobe

Neuroglia cells with cytoplasmic extensions that form sheaths around axons in the CNS are called A) astrocytes. B) ependymal cells. C) microglia. D) oligodendrocytes. E) Schwann cells.

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is involved in the myelination of axons of the central nervous system? A) microglia B) astrocytes C) oligodendrocytes D) Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs A) before birth. B) in the epiphysis only. C) on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone. D) inside of a lacuna.

on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone.

A pseudo-unipolar neuron is characterized by the presence of A) one axon. B) two dendrites. C) many dendrites and one axon. D) no axon.

one axon

Bipolar neurons have: A) two axons. B) two presynaptic terminals. C) one axon and one presynaptic terminal. D) one axon and one dendrite.

one axon and one dendrite

Which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity? A) organelles - tissues - cells - organ systems - organs B) cells - macromolecules - tissues - body - organs C) organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems D) tissues - cells - organs - organelles - organ systems

organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules has A) two newly synthesized strands of nucleotides. B) one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides. C) two strands of nucleotides from the parent, one DNA and one RNA. D) two strands of nucleotides from the parent RNA.

one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides.

Graded (local) potentials have ALL of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A) one-way propagation. B) variation of amplitude. C) comparatively long duration. D) no refractory period.

one-way propagation

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means that A) only gasses and water can pass through it. B) only ions and water can enter the cell. C) only certain substances can pass into or out of the cell. D) all substances need carrier molecules to pass through it.

only certain substances can pass into or out of the cell

Transport protein specificity means that the protein A) only transports certain ions or molecules. B) requires ATP. C) has more that one molecule it can transport. D) binds hormones.

only transports certain ions or molecules.

Axons from the nasal retina project to the __________ side of the brain; axons from the temporal retina project to the __________ side of the brain. A) same, same B) same, opposite C) opposite, same D) opposite, opposite

opposite, same

Touching the thumb with the little finger is called A) abduction. B) adduction. C) flexion. D) opposition. E) reposition.

opposition

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which ones are movements of the thumb against the fingers and then away from the fingers? A) supination and pronation B) protraction and retraction C) lateral and medial excursion D) opposition and reposition

opposition and reposition

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina? A) ganglion cells B) photoreceptors C) optic chiasm D) optic disc

optic chiasm

At which of the following locations do blood vessels and nerves enter or exit the eye? A) fovea centralis B) optic chiasm C) optic disc D) ora serrata

optic disc

The blind spot of the eye is the A) anterior chamber. B) ciliary body. C) fovea centralis. D) macula lutea. E) optic disc.

optic disc

Which of the following is commonly called the "blind spot" of the eye because it lacks photoreceptor cells? A) canal of Schlemm B) fovea centralis C) optic disc D) pupil

optic disc

Which muscle closes the eyelid when it contracts? A) inferior rectus B) levator palpebrae superioris C) orbicularis oculi D) superior oblique

orbicularis oculi

The heart is an example of a(n) A) cell. B) organ. C) organelle. D) organ segment.

organ

When different varieties of tissues are associated to perform a function they form the structure known as ___________. A) specialized tissue B) organ C) cells D) organ system

organ

The receptor cells for hearing, hair cells, are located within the A) macula B) organ of Corti C) utricle D) vestibule

organ of Corti

Cells contain structures called _________, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion. A) atoms B) molecules C) organelles D) macromolecules

organelles

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of arthritis referred to as "wear-and-tear" arthritis? A) gout B) osteoarthritis C) rheumatism D) rheumatoid arthritis

osteoarthritis

Bone cells that manufacture new bone are known as A) osteoblasts. B) osteoclasts. C) osteomesoclasts. D) chondrocytes.

osteoblasts

The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are A) osteocytes. B) osteoblasts. C) osteoclasts. D) osteons.

osteoblasts

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which very brittle bones are produced that result in many fractures? A) pituitary dwarfism B) achondroplastic dwarfism C) acromegaly D) osteogenesis imperfecta

osteogenesis imperfecta

In regard to bone cell development, which of the following sequences is correct? A) osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteocyte B) osteogenic cells → osteoclasts → osteocytes C) osteogenic → osteocyte → osteoclast D) osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte

osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte

A lack of vitamin D in the diet that may occur in adults with a digestive disorder is known as A) sarcoma. B) osteomalacia. C) osteitis. D) osteoprogenitor disorder.

osteomalacia

Which of the following diseases is a bacterial infection of bone? A) osteoporosis B) osteitis deformans (Paget's) C) osteomyelitis D) osteosarcoma

osteomyelitis

Which of the following diseases of bones is a loss of bone mass and density? A) osteoporosis B) osteitis deformans (Paget's) C) osteomyelitis D) osteosarcoma

osteoporosis

Osteoclast production is inhibited by _________, secreted by osteoblasts. A) osteoprotegerin B) vitamin D C) calcium D) PTH

osteoprotegerin

Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce (start) labor? A) glucagon B) prolactin C) progesterone D) oxytocin

oxytocin

Mammary glands are targets for which of the following hormone/s? A) oxytocin B) prolactin C) progesterone D) oxytocin and prolactin

oxytocin and prolactin

The function of the Golgi apparatus is A) packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids. B) production of microtubules. C) excretion of excess salt. D) DNA replication.

packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids

If the spinothalamic tract on the right side of the spinal cord is severed, A) pain sensations below the damaged area on the right side are eliminated. B) pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated. C) temperature sensations are unaffected. D) neither pain sensations nor temperature sensations are affected.

pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated

Nociceptors respond to A) sound waves. B) muscle stretch. C) painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. D) light striking a receptor cell.

painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli

Islets of Langerhans are found in the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) hypothalamus. D) adrenal gland.

pancreas

The epidermis is nourished by diffusion from capillaries in the A) epidermis. B) reticular layer of the dermis. C) papillary layer of the dermis. D) hypodermis. E) subcutaneous tissue

papillary layer of the dermis

One cell releases a chemical messenger that diffuses through the tissue fluid to a nearby target cell. The chemical messenger is called a(n) A) autocrine B) paracrine C) endocrine D) neurocrine

paracrine

Which hormone is correctly matched with the cell type or location from which it is secreted? A) alpha cell; insulin B) zona fasciculata; epinephrine C) parafollicular cell; calcitonin D) supraoptic nucleus; cortisol

parafollicular cell; calcitonin

Neuron one stimulates neuron two. Neuron two stimulates an interneuron that re-stimulates neuron one and so on. What type of neuronal circuit is involved? A) convergent pathway B) divergent pathway C) reverberating circuit D) parallel after-discharge circuit

parallel after-discharge circuit

A ______ plane passes through the breast, hip, and knee on only one side of the body. A) coronal B) transverse C) midsagittal D) parasagittal

parasagittal

Nerve fibers of the _______________ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord. A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic D) thoracolumbar

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system contains preganglionic axons that originate in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord? A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic D) thoracolumbar

parasympathetic

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors occur in each of the following locations except the membranes of A) parasympathetic effector cells. B) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D) skeletal muscle fibers.

parasympathetic effector cells

Which of the following glands plays a major role in calcium homeostasis? A) adrenal B) parathyroid C) ovaries and testes D) thymus

parathyroid

If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood? A) calcitonin B) calcium hydroxyl hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) human growth hormone

parathyroid hormone

Which of the changes listed does not decrease with aging of the endocrine system? A) GH secretion B) melatonin secretion C) thyroid hormone secretion D) parathyroid hormone secretion E) renin secretion by the kidney

parathyroid hormone secretion

Lipid-solube hormones readily diffuse through capillary walls, whereas water-soluble hormones, such as proteins must A) pass through capillary cells B) pass through pores in the capillary endothelium C) be moved out of the capillary by active transport D) remain in the blood E) be broken down to amino acids before leaving the blood

pass through pores in the capillary endothelium

All of the following are true of indirect pathways EXCEPT A) begin with nuclei in the brainstem. B) have upper motor neurons that synapse with intermediate nuclei, rather than directly with lower motor neurons. C) pass through the pyramids. D) includes rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.

pass through the pyramids

The breast is in the ______ region. A) sternal B) acromial C) pectoral D) cervical

pectoral

Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by _________ bonds. A) hydrogen B) ionic C) Van der Waals D) peptide

peptide

During embryologic development, the neural crest cells separate from the neural crests and give rise to part of the A) brain. B) eyes. C) ears. D) peripheral nervous system. E) somatic motor nervous system.

peripheral nervous system

All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT A) exocytosis B) simple diffusion C) active transport D) phagocytosis

phagocytosis

Macrophages are specialized in A) support. B) protection. C) secretion. D) phagocytosis.

phagocytosis

White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of A) macrocytosis B) pinocytosis C) exocytosis D) phagocytosis

phagocytosis

Chemical signals that are secreted into the environment and modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals are called A) autocrine chemical signals. B) pheromones. C) paracrine chemical signals. D) hormones. E) neurotransmitters.

pheromones

Chemical signals that are secreted into the environment to modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals are termed A) neurohormones. B) autocrine chemical signals. C) paracrine chemical signals. D) pheromones.

pheromones

Some hormones act on their target cells by causing the formation of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP inside the cell. Which of these intracellular enzymes terminates the action of the cyclic AMP? A) adenylyl cyclase B) monoamine oxidase C) acetylcholinesterase D) phosphodiesterase

phosphodiesterase

From superficial to deep (from next to pigmented layer toward vitreous chamber), the three main cell layers of the sensory retina are A) photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells B) ganglion cells - bipolar cells - photoreceptors. C) bipolar cells - ganglion cells - photoreceptors D) photoreceptors - ganglion cells - bipolar cells

photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells

The __________ nerves originate from spinal nerves C3-C5 and innervate the diaphragm. A) brachial B) median C) phrenic D) radial E) vagus

phrenic

Which of the following types of synovial joints is monaxial, in which one bone has a projection that fits into a ring like ligament on the other so that one bone revolves on the other? A) pivot B) hinge C) saddle D) gliding

pivot

The joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas is a(n) A) ball-and-socket joint. B) ellipsoid joint. C) hinge joint. D) pivot joint. E) plane, or gliding joint.

pivot joint

The radioulnar joint is a A. ball-and-socket joint. B. saddle joint. C. hinge joint. D. pivot joint. E. condylar joint.

pivot joint.

The primary motor cortex is located in the A) temporal lobe. B) occipital lobe. C) postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. D) precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. E) insular lobe.

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

New mitochondria are formed from A) transcription. B) translation. C) preexisting mitochondria. D) the Golgi apparatus.

preexisting mitochondria.

If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing ______________ at the ankle. A. plantar flexion B. abduction C. opposition D. dorsiflexion E. eversion

plantar flexion

Which of the following movements occurs in ballet, when dancers point their toes? A) opposition B) pronation C) plantar flexion D) excursion

plantar flexion

To walk on her toes, a ballerina must be able to __________ her feet for long periods of time. A) abduct B) dorsiflex C) evert D) invert (supinate) E) plantarflex

plantarflex

The ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves intermingle with each other to form a A) ganglion. B) fascicle. C) plexus. D) tract.

plexus

Where are fibers of adjacent spinal nerves sorted and recombined so that fibers specific to a body part reach that body part in the same nerve? A) ganglion B) nucleus C) plexus D) reticular formation

plexus

The acromial region is the A) neck. B) armpit. C) point of the shoulder. D) hip.

point of the shoulder.

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by a (an) __________ bond. A) polar covalent B) ionic C) peptide D) hydrogen

polar covalent

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalons? A) hypothalamus B) pineal gland C) pons D) thalamus

pons

The antecubital (cubital fossa) region of the body most resembles what other body region? A) sacral B) lumbar C) popliteal D) tarsal

popliteal

A blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of A) negative feedback. B) negative and positive feedback. C) positive feedback. D) spoon feeding

positive feedback

General somatic sensory inputs (pain, pressure, temperature) to the cerebrum end in the A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) central sulcus. D) corpus callosum. E) arachnoid mater.

postcentral gyrus

Identify the location of the taste area of the cortex. A) precentral gyrus B) postcentral gyrus C) thalamus D) temporal lobe.

postcentral gyrus

Nicotinic receptors occur in the membranes of which of the following? A) postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons B) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and parasympathetic effectors C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons and sympathetic effectors D) parasympathetic and sympathetic effectors

postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons

After being released, neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the A) postsynaptic membrane. B) neuromodulators. C) synaptic cleft. D) synaptic vesicle.

postsynaptic membrane

All of the following are true about the autonomic sympathetic nervous system EXCEPT A) preganglionic fibers synapse within paravertebral or collateral ganglia. B) preganglionic fibers begin in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. C) postganglionic nerve fibers return to spinal nerves by way of gray rami before extending to effectors. D) preganglionic nerve fibers enter paravertebral ganglia after passing thorough white rami.

preganglionic fibers begin in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Receptors in the skin can detect A) pain, cold, and light. B) sound, pressure, and heat. C) pressure, cold, and heat. D) odors, pain, and heat

pressure, cold, and heat

At the synapse, synaptic vesicles are found in the A) postsynaptic cell. B) presynaptic cell. C) synaptic cleft.

presynaptic cell

Axons end by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends. The enlarged ends are called A) dendrites. B) neuron cell bodies. C) presynaptic terminals. D) postsynaptic membranes. E) axon hillocks.

presynaptic terminals

Debridement, a treatment for burns, helps to A) stimulate hair growth. B) relieve pain. C) prevent indigestion. D) prevent infections.

prevent infections.

Nucleoli A) are located in the cytoplasm. B) produce ribosomal subunits. C) have a distinct membrane. D) are important for the formation of the Golgi apparatus.

produce ribosomal subunits

Neurohormones are intercellular chemical signals that are A) produced by groups of cells and affect neurons. B) released by cells and affect other cell types locally. C) produced by neurons and act like hormones. D) released by neurons and stimulate or inhibit other neurons.

produced by neurons and act like hormones

Which of the following hormones is produced to strengthen the lining of the uterus during pregnancy? A) inhibin B) progesterone C) relaxin D) testosterone

progesterone

Tertiary neurons in both the anterolateral system and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems A) project to the somatic sensory cortex. B) cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. C) are found in the spinal cord. D) connect to quaternary neurons in the thalamus. E) are part of a descending pathway.

project to the somatic sensory cortex

Nerve tracts that connect between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord are called A) association fibers. B) commissural fibers. C) projection fibers.

projection fibers

Anterior pituitary cells called mammotropes (lactotropes) secrete ________ which stimulates milk production in lactating women. A) adrenocorticotropic hormone B) follicle stimulating hormone C) growth hormone D) prolactin

prolactin

Which of these is not a hormone produced by the ovaries? A) estrogen B) progesterone C) prolactin D) inhibin E) relaxin

prolactin

LH and FSH A) are produced in the hypothalamus. B) production is increased by TSH. C) promote the production of gametes and reproductive hormones. D) inhibit the production of prolactin. E) all of the above

promote the production of gametes and reproductive hormones

Which of these substances, produced by many tissues of the body, can promote inflammation, pain, and vasodilation of blood vessels? A) endorphin B) enkephalin C) thymosin D) epidermal growth factor E) prostaglandin

prostaglandin

Which of the following substances cause vasodilation and are associated with producing headaches? A) prostaglandins B) endorphins C) enkephalins D) arachidonic acid

prostaglandins

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? A) production of fat. B) production of vitamin C. C) regulation of body pH. D) protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun.

protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A) exocytosis B) active transport C) ciliary beating D) protein synthesis

protein synthesis

Which function is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) ATP synthesis B) protein synthesis C) DNA synthesis D) active transport

protein synthesis

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues are special types of A) phospholipids. B) carbohydrates. C) adipose tissue. D) proteins.

proteins

Peptide bonds are found in all the molecules of A) carbohydrates. B) organic compounds. C) lipids. D) proteins.

proteins

Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body? A) carbohydrates B) water C) proteins D) glucose

proteins

The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane means that A) cholesterols are always bad. B) proteins and lipids move laterally in the membrane. C) phospholipids form a single lipid layer in the center of the membrane. D) the membrane is rigid

proteins and lipids move laterally in the membrane.

Cadherins are A) extensions of the phospholipids. B) modified structures that function as sensory receptors. C) proteins that anchor cells together. D) external projections of microtubules

proteins that anchor cells together

The ground substance of connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed mostly of A) proteoglycans. B) collagen. C) keratin. D) reticular fibers.

proteoglycans

Your shoulders _______________ when you reach to push a revolving door. A. protract B. retract C. supinate D. hyperextend E. elevate

protract

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of a bone anteriorly in a gliding motion? A) elevation B) protraction C) retraction D) circumduction

protraction

Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of a bone anteriorly on a horizontal plane and then pulling it back (as in sticking out one's jaw)? A) supination and pronation B) protraction and retraction C) lateral and medial excursion D) opposition and reposition

protraction and retraction

The shoulder is ________ to the elbow. A) proximal B) dorsal C) distal D) ventral

proximal

Which of the following types of neurons has a single process extending from the cell body which later divides a short distance away into central and peripheral processes? A) pseudo-unipolar B) bipolar C) multipolar D) None of the above.

pseudo-unipolar

The epithelium that lines the larynx and trachea is called A) simple squamous epithelium B) stratified epithelium C) simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium D) pseudostratified columnar epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Loss of ability to extend the arm, forearm, and hand indicates damage to what nerve? A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

radial nerve

Which of the following nerves arises from the brachial plexus and innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb? A) axillary nerve B) musculocutaneous nerve C) radial nerve D) ulnar nerve

radial nerve

Which of these nerves provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior surface of the arm and forearm, and the lateral two-thirds of the dorsum of the hand? A) axillary nerve B) median nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) radial nerve E) ulnar nerve

radial nerve

Magnetic resonance imaging makes use of A) X-rays. B) radio waves. C) radioisotopes. D) high-frequency sound waves

radio waves

Hormones with a short half-life regulate activities that have a __________ onset with a __________ duration. A) rapid, long B) rapid, short C) slow, long D) slow, short

rapid, short

Action potentials occur when the graded (local) potential A) becomes more negative. B) reaches zero. C) reaches the threshold. D) remains constant for a considerable period of time. E) causes a hyperpolarization.

reaches the threshold

Which component of a cell acts like a "switch" to turn cellular activities on or off when a hormone binds to it? A) DNA B) receptor molecule C) endoplasmic reticulum D) ribosomes

receptor molecule

Communication between cells occurs when chemical messengers from one cell bind to _______ on another cell. A) channel proteins B) marker molecules C) receptor proteins D) second messengers

receptor proteins

The bone formed by endochondral ossification is called _____________ bone. A) replacement B) cartilage C) membrane D) compact

replacement

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector A) enhances the activity of the original stimulus. B) has no effect on the activity of the original stimulus. C) is usually harmful for the body. D) reverses the activity of the original stimulus.

reverses the activity of the original stimulus

Which of the following will lengthen the half-life of hormones? A) reversible binding with plasma proteins B) proteolytic enzymes in the circulation C) increased metabolism D) excretion

reversible binding with plasma proteins

Which of the following conditions is a severe form of arthritis that is an autoimmune attack against the joint tissue? A) gout B) osteoarthritis C) rheumatism D) rheumatoid arthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

Insufficient vitamin D in a diet may result in a condition known as A) rickets. B) tuberulosis. C) scurvy. D) Paget's disease

rickets

Which of the following disorders is the result of low amounts of growth hormone production that results in a very small person? A) rickets B) dwarfism C) acromegaly D) osteogenesis imperfecta

rickets

A person with a spinal cord injury is suffering from paresis (partial paralysis) in the right lower limb. Which of these pathways is probably involved? A) left lateral corticospinal tract B) right lateral corticospinal tract C) left dorsal column/medial lemniscal system D) right dorsal column/medial lemniscal system

right lateral corticospinal tract

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it is called A) smooth ER. B) dendritic ER. C) nodular ER. D) rough ER.

rough ER

Which of the following plexuses is NOT paired with a peripheral nerve originating from it? A) brachial - radial nerve B) cervical - phrenic nerve C) lumbar - femoral nerve D) sacral - musculocutaneous nerve

sacral - musculocutaneous nerve

The three major anatomical planes are A) parasagittal, midsagittal, and frontal. B) sagittal, frontal, and transverse. C) transverse, cross, and sagittal. D) cross, frontal, and coronal.

sagittal, frontal, and transverse.

Which one among the following is not a skin gland? A) sebaceous glands B) salivary glands C) ceruminous glands D) mammary glands

salivary glands

Which type of action potential propagation occurs along a myelinated axon? A) continuous B) treppe C) saltatory D) migratory

saltatory

Which of the following primary tastes do not cause depolarization of the gustatory through a G protein mechanism? A) bitter B) sweet C) salty D) umami

salty

Which of the following primary tastes do not require a substance to bind to a receptor on the gustatory hairs of taste cells? A) salty B) bitter C) sweet D) umami

salty

Which of these structures contains perilymph? A) cochlear duct B) utricle C) semicircular canals D) scala vestibuli E) all of these

scala vestibuli

Which of the following nerves arising from the lumbosacral plexuses are the largest and longest peripheral nerves in the body? A) femoral nerves B) obturator nerves C) pudendal nerves D) sciatic nerves

sciatic nerves

What eye layer is referred to in the quote "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"? A) conjunctiva B) choroid C) retina D) sclera

sclera

Insufficient vitamin C in a diet may result in a condition known as A) rickets B) osteoporosis C) scurvy D) Paget's disease

scurvy

The facial nerves include parasympathetic fibers that regulate A) contraction of arrector pili muscles. B) constriction of the pupils. C) secretion of saliva, tears and nasal secretions. D) secretion of sweat by sweat glands.

secretion of saliva, tears and nasal secretions

The lining of blood capillaries supplying body cells with oxygen and nutrients, are expected to consist of A) connective tissue. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) simple columnar epithelium.

simple squamous epithelium

The molecular formula C6H12O6 means it has the following constituents: A) one hydrogen and two oxygen atoms. B) one carbon, one hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. C) six carbon, twelve hydrogen and six oxygen atoms. D) one carbon, two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

six carbon, twelve hydrogen and six oxygen atoms

The muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is A) smooth. B) skeletal. C) intercalated. D) cardiac.

skeletal

What organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells? A) circulatory B) skeletal C) digestive D) nervous Feedback: Blood cell

skeletal

The only type of muscle with multinucleated fibers is A) skeletal muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) smooth muscle. D) visceral muscle.

skeletal muscle

Which of the following effectors in NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system? A) cardiac muscle B) glands C) skeletal muscle D) smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging? A) skin becomes thicker B) skin becomes wrinkled due to decrease in the number of elastin fibers C) there are additional sweat and sebaceous glands D) localized increase in blood vessels and blood supply

skin becomes wrinkled due to decrease in the number of elastin fibers

In general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is ____ than their response to nervous stimulation. A) faster and more brief B) slower and more prolonged C) more accurate D) more restricted to a small area of the body

slower and more prolonged

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is A) cardiac. B) smooth. C) striated. D) voluntary

smooth

The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of some medications and toxins is the A) ribosome. B) microtubule. C) secretory vesicle. D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of A) cardiac muscle. B) smooth muscle. C) skeletal muscle. D) undifferentiated muscle.

smooth muscle

Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called the A) solutes. B) solvents. C) catalysts. D) moles.

solutes

The _________ portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers. A) afferent B) autonomic C) somatic D) sympathetic

somatic

Which of the following is true concerning hormonal levels in aging? A) all hormone levels decrease in aging B) all hormonal levels increase in aging C) some hormonal levels rise and some fall in aging D) growth hormone increases in aging

some hormonal levels rise and some fall in aging

The dorsal cavity includes which of the following smaller cavities? A) spinal and cranial B) abdominal and pelvic C) abdominopelvic and thoracic D) pelvic and mediastinum

spinal and cranial

Which of the following is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system? A) cranial nerve B) ganglion C) spinal cord D) spinal nerve

spinal cord

Which of the following would NOT be part of the nerve pathway involved in conducting sensory impulses to the auditory cortex? A) medulla oblongata B) midbrain C) spinal cord D) thalamus

spinal cord

Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system (CNS)? A) spinal cord B) brain C) nerve D) Both A and B

spinal cord and brain

Which of these spinal pathways carries information from the right side of the body to the right side of the brain? A) anterior spinothalamic system B) lateral spinothalamic system C) spinocerebellar system D) anterior corticospinal system E) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

spinocerebellar system

Which of the parts of the cerebellum is correctly matched with its function? A) vestibulocerebellum - planning and learning rapid, complex movements B) spinocerebellum - comparator function C) cerebrocerebellum - balance D) none of the above

spinocerebellum - comparator function

Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensation to the cerebral cortex? A) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal B) posterior spinocerebellar C) spinothalamic D) spinoolivary E) spinotectal

spinothalamic

Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries pain and temperature information to the cerebral cortex? A) spinothalamic B) posterior spinocerebellar C) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal D) spinoolivary E) spinotectal

spinothalamic

Which major ascending pathway (tract) is involved in the conscious perception of external stimuli? A) spinocerebellar B) spinoolivary C) spinotectal D) spinothalamic E) spinoreticular

spinothalamic

Bone that has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone is _____________ bone. A) loose B) woven C) spongy D) modeled

spongy

What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity? A) compact bone B) medullary bone C) spongy bone D) replacement bone

spongy bone

Which of the following is a torn ligament or tendon? A) strain B) sprain C) synovitis D) bursiti

sprain

Which auditory ossicle causes the oval window to move in and out, setting fluid in the inner ear in motion? A) incus B) malleus C) stapes D) stapedius

stapes

The anterior medial thoracic region is called the _____ region. A) coxial B) cubital C) pectoral D) sternal

sternal

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and glucocorticoids are all examples of A) proteins. B) glycoproteins. C) polypeptides. D) amino acid derivatives. E) steroids.

steroids

Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol? A) amines B) peptides C) proteins D) steroids

steroids

The radioulnar joint is a A. suture. B. gomphosis. C. syndesmosis. D. synchondrosis. E. symphysis.

syndesmosis

Which of the following stimuli produces a depolarization that propagates from one end of the membrane to the other? A) supramaximal B) threshold C) maximal D) All of the Above

supramaximal, theshold, and maximal

Of the following fibrous joints, which one forms the joints between the skull bones? A) gomphoses B) syndesmoses C) synosthoses D) sutures

sutures

An increase in body temperature causes A) sweating. B) arterioles in the dermis to constrict. C) arrector pili muscles to contract. D) an increase in keratinization of the skin.

sweating

All of the following are categories of cranial nerve function EXCEPT A) parasympathetic B) sensory C) somatic motor D) sympathetic

sympathetic

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla have the same effects as the A) sympathetic division of the ANS. B) parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) somatic efferent division of the nervous system. D) hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.

sympathetic division of the ANS

Which of the following are NOT exclusively cholinergic neurons? A) parasympathetic preganglionic B) parasympathetic postganglionic C) sympathetic preganglionic D) sympathetic postganglionic

sympathetic postganglionic

Which of the following are usually adrenergic neurons? A) parasympathetic preganglionic B) parasympathetic postganglionic C) sympathetic preganglionic D) sympathetic postganglionic

sympathetic postganglionic

Which of the following types of neurons is least likely to be cholinergic? A) parasympathetic postganglionic B) parasympathetic preganglionic C) sympathetic postganglionic D) sympathetic preganglionic

sympathetic postganglionic

Acetylcholine is always the neurotransmitter released by each of the following EXCEPT A) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. B) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. C) sympathetic preganglionic neurons. D) sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Norepinephrine is usually the neurotransmitter secreted by A) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. B) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. C) sympathetic preganglionic neurons. D) sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Of the following types of cartilaginous joints, which one is found between the pubic bones? A) synthoses B) symphysis C) squamosal D) synchondrosis

symphysis

The joint between L2 and L3 is a A. synostosis. B. gomphosis. C. synchondrosis. D. symphysis. E. syndesmosis.

symphysis

If a carrier protein were to move both hydrogen and chloride ions from the inside of a cell to the extracellular fluid, and consume ATP in the process, it would be considered a(n) A) symporter. B) voltage-gated ion channel. C) facilitated diffusion. D) antiporter

symporter

The sutures of the skull and the teeth in their sockets are examples of which of the following? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

synarthrosis

Which of the following is a joint that has little or no movement? A) diarthrosis B) amphiarthrosis C) synarthrosis D) arthrosis

synarthrosis

Of the following types of cartilaginous joints, which one is a joint of hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal joints? A) syntoses B) symphysis C) squamosal D) synchondrosis

synchondrosis

The articulation between the first rib and the sternum is a A) symphysis. B) syndesmosis. C) synchondrosis. D) gomphosis. E) synovial joint.

synchondrosis

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a A. synchondrosis. B. symphysis. C. serrate suture. D. lap suture. E. plane suture.

synchondrosis

The joint between costal cartilage 1 and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints. A. syndesmosis; synovial B. synchondrosis; synovial C. synostosis; cartilaginous D. synarthrosis; cartilaginous E. symphysis; cartilaginous

synchondrosis; synovial

Which of the following types of fibrous joints is the joint between the radius and ulna and also between the tibia and fibula? A) gomphoses B) syndesmoses C) synosthoses D) sutures

syndesmoses

Which of the following types of joints holds two bones tightly together with a ligament? A) gomphoses B) syndesmoses C) synostoses D) sutures

syndesmoses

Sometimes a joint has become fused and now is one bone. Which of the following is the correct term for this type of bone? A) synostosis B) synchondrosis C) syndesmosis D) serrate suture

synostosis

When the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, the synchondrosis joint becomes a A) symphysis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) gomphosis. E) suture.

synostosis

In a structural classification of joints, which of the following is a joint that has a cavity filled with fluid enclosed in a capsule? A) fibrous B) cartilaginous C) hinged D) synovial

synovial

The temporomandibular joint is a(n) _______________ joint. A. osseous B. cartilaginous C. bony D. fibrous E. synovial

synovial

Most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are A) symphysis joints. B) syndesmosis joints. C) synchondrosis joints. D) gomphosis joints. E) synovial joints.

synovial joints

Which of these types of joints exhibits the greatest amount of movement? A) cartilaginous joints B) gomphosis joints C) suture joints D) syndesmosis joints E) synovial joints

synovial joints

A(n) _______ reaction is one in which two or smaller molecules with low free energy are combined into a larger molecule with greater free energy

synthesis

The reaction Na+ + Cl- → NaCl is an example of a(n) _________ reaction. A) exchange B) synthesis C) decomposition D) catalyzed

synthesis

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together? A) regional B) developmental C) histology D) systemic

systemic

Which of the following molecules contains the anticodon? A) mRNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) DNA

tRNA

Which of the following hormones will have a longer half life? A) growth hormone B) testosterone C) oxytocin D) ADH

testosterone

Each of the following areas of the central nervous system serves as an integrating center for autonomic nervous system functions EXCEPT the A) hypothalamus. B) brainstem. C) spinal cord. D) thalamus.

thalamus

Most sensory pathways include neurons that form synapses in the __________, before the information is relayed to the primary somatic sensory cortex. A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) midbrain D) thalamus E) hypothalamus

thalamus

Secondary neurons in the spinothalamic tracts synapse with tertiary neurons in the A) medulla oblongata. B) gray matter of the spinal cord. C) cerebellum. D) thalamus. E) midbrain.

thalamus

Which of the following adult brain regions does NOT develop from the embryonic hindbrain? A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) pons D) thalamus

thalamus

Which of the following brain regions does NOT belong with the others? A) medulla oblongata B) midbrain C) pons D) thalamus

thalamus

Which of the following is the largest feature of the diencephalon? A) thalamus B) subthalamus C) epithalamus D) hypothalamus

thalamus

Which of these structures contains the intermediate mass? A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) epithalamus D) hypothalamus E) pons

thalamus

A spiral fracture of a bone most often is the result of a bone A) weakened by disease. B) that has been crushed. C) that has been twisted. D) that has been compressed.

that has been twisted.

The term "suppurative arthritis" refers to arthritis A) accompanied by a dislocation B) that fuses joints C) that has large lesions D) that results from infectious agents

that results from infectious agents

DNA synthesis occurs during A) the G phase of interphase. B) telophase of mitosis. C) the S phase of interphase. D) anaphase

the S phase of interphase.

The one-way propagation of action potentials down an axon is primarily due to: A) sodium ion depletion. B) potassium ion depletion. C) the absolute refractory period. D) ATP loss.

the absolute refractory period

What structure in the knee prevents hyperextension? A. the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) B. the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) C. the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament D. the medial meniscus E. the lateral meniscus

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Which of these is a first-class lever? A. the humeroulnar joint B. the talocrural joint C. the knee joint D. any metacarpophalangeal joint E. the atlanto-occipital joint

the atlanto-occipital joint

When ciliary muscles contract, A) tension is increased on the suspensory ligaments. B) the choroid is pulled toward the lens. C) the lens gets flatter. D) the focal point moves closer to the lens. E) all of these

the choroid is pulled toward the lens

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT A) contraction of the urinary bladder. B) heart rate. C) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. D) the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs.

the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT A) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. B) the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs. C) gastrointestinal peristalsis. D) heart rate.

the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.

The axial portion of the body includes A) the dorsal cavity. B) the ventral cavity. C) the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. D) neither the dorsal cavity nor the ventral cavity.

the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

Which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body? A. the hip B. the knee C. the elbow D. the shoulder E. the wrist

the knee

Range of motion of a joint is normally determined by the following factors except A. the shapes of the bone surfaces. B. the length of the bone. C. the stiffness of the ligaments. D. the strength of the ligaments. E. the action of the muscles associated with the joint.

the length of the bone.

What organelle is most active in digesting endocytosed materials? A) the lysosomes B) the rough endoplasmic reticulum C) the centriole D) the nucleus

the lysosomes

A supramaximal stimulus produces which of the following? A) the maximum frequency of action potentials that is possible B) an action potential that is slower than one produced by a maximal stimulus C) a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus D) none of the above

the maximum frequency of action potentials that is possible

What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone? A) the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone B) its location near the gland that secretes the hormone C) the ability of the target cell to perform a specific function D) its ability to inactivate the hormone

the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone

During dark adaptation, A) the amount of rhodopsin decreases. B) the pupils dilate. C) a smaller amount of time is required than for light adaptation. D) mostly cones are involved. E) all of these

the pupils dilate

These are all structures found in the shoulder joint except A. the glenohumeral ligament. B. the transverse humeral ligament. C. the coracohumeral ligament. D. the radioulnar ligament. E. the rotator cuff.

the radioulnar ligament.

After injury, inflammatory reactions start with A) a series of action potentials. B) the release of chemical mediators. C) clotting proteins. D) edema.

the release of chemical mediators.

The talocrural joint is a meeting of A. the femur, calcaneus, and talus. B. the femur, tibia, and patella. C. the tibia, fibula, and talus. D. the tibia, fibula, and calcaneus. E. the tibia, calcaneus, and talus.

the tibia, fibula, and talus

Interphase is A) the same as mitosis. B) a synonym for transcription. C) the time period between cell divisions. D) a breakdown of the nuclear pores.

the time period between cell divisions.

To study small organelles and cellular components of cells, _______________ is/are used. A) x-rays B) flashlights C) the transmission electron microscope (TEM) D) the compound light microscope

the transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Target organs for specific hormones are determined by A) whether the hormone is water-soluble or lipid-soluble. B) how close the target organ is to the endocrine gland that secretes that hormone. C) the type of receptors on that organ. D) how much hormone is secreted. E) the blood supply to the specific organ.

the type of receptors on that organ

Insulin increases A) the uptake of glucose by its target tissues. B) the breakdown of protein. C) the breakdown of fats. D) glycogen breakdown in the liver. E) all of the above

the uptake of glucose by its target tissues

Cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because A) cartilage cells cannot reproduce. B) they lack direct blood supplies. C) the intercellular material is missing. D) cartilage cells are surrounded by fluids.

they lack direct blood supplies

The ventral branches or rami of spinal nerves do NOT join to form nerve plexuses in which of the following spinal cord areas? A) cervical B) lumbar C) sacral D) thoracic

thoracic

Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following segments of the central nervous system? A) brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord B) cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord C) lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord D) thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Most of the esophagus is in the A) dorsal body cavity. B) thoracic cavity. C) epigastric cavity. D) umbilical region.

thoracic cavity

The sympathetic division is also referred to as the _______________ division. A) afferent B) craniosacral C) somatic D) thoracolumbar

thoracolumbar

The white matter in each half of the spinal cord is arranged in A) two horns - anterior and lateral. B) three horns - anterior, lateral and posterior. C) two columns - ventral and dorsal. D) three columns - ventral, lateral and dorsal.

three columns - ventral, lateral and dorsal

A stimulus just strong enough to produce a single action potential is a A) maximal stimulus. B) subthreshold stimulus. C) supramaximal stimulus. D) threshold stimulus.

threshold stimulus

Which of these is not involved in regulating blood calcium? A) thymopoietin B) thyrocalcitonin C) parathyroid hormone D) vitamin D

thymopoietin

The normal histological structure of which endocrine gland consists of small, spherical structures whose walls are made of one layer of cuboidal cells? A) thyroid B) parathyroid C) adrenal cortex D) pancreatic islets

thyroid

Lack of iodine in the diet causes decreased production of which hormone? A) androgens B) prolactin C) growth hormone D) thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

Which hormone helps with temperature homeostasis by causing increased body heat production in cold weather? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) thyrocalcitonin D) ADH

thyroid hormone

Which of these is NOT a steroid hormone? A) progesterone B) testosterone C) cortisol D) thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones causes increased metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, and protruding eyes? A) parathyroid hormones B) estrogens C) cortisol and cortisone D) thyroid hormones

thyroid hormones

The medial and lateral plantar nerves, and the sural nerve are all branches of the A) common fibular nerve. B) femoral nerve. C) obturator nerve. D) tibial nerve. E) coccygeal plexus.

tibial nerve

The nerve that innervates the hamstring muscles and posterior leg muscles is the A) common fibular nerve. B) femoral nerve. C) obturator nerve. D) tibial nerve. E) coccygeal plexus.

tibial nerve

Epithelial tissue is characterized by A) tightly packed cells. B) absence of any basement membrane. C) extensive extracellular matrix. D) a rich blood supply.

tightly packed cells

The major effect of the basal nuclei is A) to act as a comparator for motor coordination. B) to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. C) affect emotions and emotional responses to odors. D) modulate pain sensations.

to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity

Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries the same sensory information as the spinothalamic tracts and the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system, but from the face nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth? A) spinotectal B) trigeminothalamic C) spinoolivary

trigeminothalamic

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of other hormones from other endocrine cells is called a A) autocrine signal. B) paracrine hormone. C) tropic hormone. D) pheromone.

tropic hormone

An articulation is any point at which two bones meet.

true

Hinge joints, such as the tibiofemoral joint, are uniaxial.

true

Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white.

true

The elbow has both pivot and hinge joints.

true

The forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow.

true

Which of the following cranial nerves contain parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that innervate organs of the thorax and upper abdomen? A) facial B) glossopharyngeal C) oculomotor D) vagus

vagus

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons in pathways leading to effectors in the head occur in each of the following cranial nerves EXCEPT the A) facial nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerves. C) oculomotor nerves. D) vagus nerves.

vagus nerves

Parasympathetic fibers that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are conveyed in the _______________ nerve or arise from spinal nerves in the ______________ region. A) glossopharyngeal; sacral B) glossopharyngeal; thoracic C) vagus; sacral D) vagus; thoracic

vagus; sacral

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis A) varies in amount from one region to other body regions B) helps to lower body temperature C) provides protection against infection D) is a double layer in infants

varies in amount from one region to other body regions

Axons carrying information other than visual or auditory information synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. A) medial geniculate nucleus B) lateral geniculate nucleus C) ventral posterior nucleus D) None of the above.

ventral posterior nucleus

Which of the following is a space within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid? A) ependymal space B) subpial space C) subdural space D) ventricle

ventricle

In the developmental process, the lumen (space) of the neural tube becomes the A) forebrain. B) ventricles of the brain. C) midbrain. D) pupils of the eye. E) ear.

ventricles of the brain

Examples of bones that are "irregular" in shape are A) femur, skull and sternum. B) vertebrae and some skull bones. C) radius and ulna. D) radius, tibia, femur and patella

vertebrae and some skull bones.

The ______ ascend(s) to the head along the posterior part of the neck. A) internal carotid arteries B) vertebral arteries C) basilar artery D) cerebral arterial circle

vertebral arteries

Depolarization of the plasma membrane, regardless of the cause of the depolarization, causes A) voltage-gated K+ ion channels to close. B) voltage-gated Na+ ion channels to open. C) ligand-gated Ca2+ ion channels to open. D) ligand-gated Cl- ion channels to open. E) both A and B

voltage-gated Na+ ion channels to open

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called A) open-gated channels. B) chemical-gated channels. C) voltage-gated channels. D) ligand-gated channels.

voltage-gated channels

Excitatory interneurons are involved in which of the following spinal reflexes? A) Golgi tendon reflex B) knee jerk reflex C) stretch reflex D) withdrawal reflex

withdrawal reflex

Pattern baldness is relatively rare in women because A) it is inhibited by estrogen. B) it only occurs in people with two Y chromosomes. C) it only occurs in people with an X and a Y chromosome. D) women have lower testosterone levels than men.

women have lower testosterone levels than men