A&P I: Unit 3: Chapter 15 Extensive Review Questions (C)
78) The effects of Ach last longer than those of NE. a) True b) False
?
86) Severing branches of the vagus nerve (X) affects gastric secretion. Explain how this procedure would help control stomach ulcers?
Answer Stress-induced stomach ulcers are due to excessive sympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic division causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels that supply the digestive organs, reducing blood flow to the stomach. The reduction in blood flow slows mucus production and reduces mucosal defenses against stomach acids.
85) How does the result of alpha-receptor stimulation differ from that of beta-receptor stimulation? Answer The stimulation of alpha receptors activates enzymes on the inside of the cell membrane; the stimulation of beta receptors in organs and tissues triggers changes in the metabolic activity of the target cell. Beta-receptor stimulation results in the formation of a second messenger that activates or deactivates key enzymes.
Answer The stimulation of alpha receptors activates enzymes on the inside of the cell membrane; the stimulation of beta receptors in organs and tissues triggers changes in the metabolic activity of the target cell. Beta-receptor stimulation results in the formation of a second messenger that activates or deactivates key enzymes.
84) In some severe cases, a person suffering from stomach ulcers may have surgery to cut the branches of the vagus nerve that innervates the stomach. Explain the neurophysiological effects pertaining to gastric secretion and digestive function that would result from severing the vagus nerve.
Answer The vagus nerve carries motor neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. These motor neurons control gastric secretions, notably the secretion of acid and enzymes. Severing these branches would eliminate neural stimulation from the central nervous system, thus eliminating the release of gastric fluids in response to anxiety and other higher-order stimuli when there is no food in the stomach. Normal digestive function would still occur, governed by various hormones and intramural neural reflexes.
87) Mr. Martin is suffering from a condition known as ventricular tachycardia, in which his heart beats too quickly. Would an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker help alleviate his problem? Why?
Answer You would want to use a beta-blocker, because the stimulation of beta-1 receptors increases heart rate. By blocking these receptors, parasympathetic influence will predominate and the heart rate will slow down.
4) Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form a) Autonomic nerves. b) ventral rami. c) dorsal rami. d) Gray rami. e) White rami.
a) Autonomic nerves.
72) A patient suffers from high blood pressure. Which of the following might help deal with this problem? A drug that a) Blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. b) Blocks muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. c) Stimulates cAMP formation in cardiac muscle tissue. d) Blocks alpha-2 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. e) Stimulates alpha-1 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
a) Blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
58) Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the a) Digestive tract. b) Arrector pili muscles. c) Pupils. d) Heart. e) Sweat glands.
a) Digestive tract. (superior mes)
69) Parasympathetic blocking agents would be useful in treating a) Heart failure? b) Diarrhea. c) High blood pressure. d) all of the above e) A and C only
a) Heart failure?
76) Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves synapse on neurons located in______. a) Intramural ganglia b) Chain ganglia c) Collateral ganglia
a) Intramural ganglia
5) Second-order neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in a) The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. b) The brain. c) Autonomic ganglia. d) The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. e) The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
a) The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
77) Every spinal nerve receives a gray ramus from a ganglion of the sympathetic chain. a) True b) False
a) True
18) Most of the parasympathetic outflow travels along the a) Vagus nerve. b) Collateral nerve. c) Splanchnic nerves. d) Facial nerve. e) Glossopharyngeal nerve.
a) Vagus nerve.
23) Sweat glands contain ________ receptors. a) alpha-1? b) alpha-2 c) beta d) cholinergic e) both B and C
a) alpha-1?
82) In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system: a) has two motor neurons b) has two afferent neurons (no) c) stimulates its effector cells d) has both afferent and efferent fibers e) has centers in the brain and spinal cord
a) has two motor neurons
24) Neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system mostly release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effectors. a) norepinephrine b) acetylcholine c) epinephrine d) adrenalin e) dopamine
a) norepinephrine
7) The division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during resting conditions is the ________ division. a) parasympathetic b) sympathetic c) somatomotor d) thoracolumbar (sympathetic) e) intramural
a) parasympathetic
32) A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in blood vessels would result in a) A decrease in vessel diameter. b) A decrease in blood flow through the vessel. c) No change in vessel diameter. d) Increased frequency of muscle contractions. e) An increase in vessel diameter.
b) A decrease in blood flow through the vessel.
31) Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it a) Allows ANS neurons to be absolutely silent under normal conditions. b) Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. c) Allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. d) Allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. e) Provides for a narrow range of control options that keep target tissues constantly active.
b) Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
50) The stimulation of beta-1 receptors leads to a) An inhibition of smooth muscle. (beta two) b) An increase in metabolic activity. c) The breakdown of triglycerides with adipocytes. d) both A and C e) both B and C
b) An increase in metabolic activity.
46) Sympathetic nerves a) Initiate digestion and peristalsis. b) Are bundles of postganglionic nerves in the thoracic cavity c) Is the structural force of all movement d) Allow us to rest and recover. e) Tell our body that it is time to eat.
b) Are bundles of postganglionic nerves in the thoracic cavity
52) Parasympathetic activities include all of the following, except the a) Decrease in the force of contraction. b) Dilatation of the respiratory passageway. c) Constriction of the pupils. d) Reduction in heart rate. e) Stimulation of defecation.
b) Dilatation of the respiratory passageway?
66) Drugs known as beta-blockers would be useful for treating a) Coughs. b) High blood pressure. c) Constipation. d) Shock. e) Diarrhea.
b) High blood pressure.
27) Increased parasympathetic stimulation a) Causes sweat glands to release sweat. b) Increases gastric motility. c) Causes the pupils to dilate. (sympathetic) d) Increases heart rate. e) Causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.
b) Increases gastric motility.
15) Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and sex organs is by way of the a) Superior mesenteric ganglion. b) Inferior mesenteric ganglion. c) Pudendal ganglion. d) Pelvic ganglion. e) Celiac ganglion.
b) Inferior mesenteric ganglion.
54) The effect of the neurotransmitter on the target cell depends on the nature of the a) Receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. b) Neurotransmitter? c) Receptor on the presynaptic membrane. d) A, B, and C e) none of the above
b) Neurotransmitter?
25) Nicotinic receptors a) Are found at neuroeffector junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. b) Open sodium channels when stimulated. c) Respond to epinephrine. d) Open calcium channels when stimulated. e) Respond to norepinephrine.
b) Open sodium channels when stimulated.
43) Craniosacral division is another name for the a) "Fight or flight" division. b) Parasympathetic division. c) Sympathetic division. d) both A and C e) both B and C
b) Parasympathetic division
19) Each of the following ganglia contains parasympathetic synapses, except the a) Submandibular ganglion. b) Sphenopalatine ganglion. c) Ciliary ganglion. d) Celiac ganglion. e) Otic ganglion.
b) Sphenopalatine ganglion.
56) Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic chain is false? a) Each ganglion innervates a particular body segment or group of segments. b) Sympathetic ganglia provide postganglionic fibers to regions of the body serviced by cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X. (parasympathetic) c) Sympathetic ganglia provide postganglionic fibers to every spinal nerve. d) Only the thoracic and upper lumbar ganglia receive preganglionic fibers via white rami. e) There are six cervical chain ganglia.
b) Sympathetic ganglia provide postganglionic fibers to regions of the body serviced by cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X. (parasympathetic)
6) Postganglionic axons of autonomic neurons are usually a) Located in the brain. b) Unmyelinated. c) Located in the spinal cord. d) Myelinated. e) Larger than preganglionic fibers.
b) Unmyelinated.
45) Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? a) cephalic b) abdominopelvic c) thoracic d) both A and B e) both B and C
b) abdominopelvic
75) What symptoms would you expect to observe in a person who is taking a drug that blocks secretion of norepinephrine in the CNS? a) agitation b) depression c) schizophrénie d) hallucinations e) paralysais
b) depression
79) Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation: a) salivation b) dilation of the pupils c) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera d) relaxation of the urethral sphincter e) increased secretions by the digestive tube
b) dilation of the pupils
44) In the parasympathetic division, preganglionic fibers are ________, and postganglionic fibers are ________. a) short; long b) long; short c) specific; general d) thick; skinny e) none of the above
b) long; short
40) The parasympathetic nervous system dominates which condition(s)? a) exertion b) rest c) stress d) trauma e) all of the above
b) rest
16) There are ________ sympathetic collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 6
c) 3
63) Close examination of an effector organ shows that it receives innervation by way of two neurons. The first is located in the cord and synapses with a second in a chain ganglion. Chemical analysis indicates that the postsynaptic neuron releases acetylcholine and that the effector has many cholinergic receptors. The effector is probably a) The liver. b) A sweat gland. c) A peripheral blood vessel? d) The heart. e) The pancreas.
c) A peripheral blood vessel?
29) Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers for the heart and the lungs pass through the a) Otic ganglia. b) Hypogastric plexus. c) Cardiac plexus. d) sphenopalatine ganglia. e) Celiac plexus.
c) Cardiac plexus.
12) Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except a) Increased sweat secretion. b) Dilation of the pupils. c) Decreased heart rate. d) Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. e) Reduced circulation to the skin.
c) Decreased heart rate.
68) Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to a) Decrease sweats production. b) Decrease heart rate. c) Dilate bronchioles. d) Decrease blood pressure. e) Increase gastric motility.
c) Dilate bronchioles.
55) Autonomic tone in autonomic motor neurons exists because ANS neurons a) Rarely innervate the same organs as somatic motor neurons do. b) Interact with PNS neurons. c) From both divisions commonly innervate the same organ. d) Are always active to some degree. e) Are inactive unless stimulated by higher centers.
c) From both divisions commonly innervate the same organ.
74) Hypersecretion of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) by the neurons of the cerebral nuclei would result in a) Spastic paralysis. b) Decerebrate rigidity. c) Increased action potentials along the corticospinal tracts? d) Parkinson's disease. e) Flaccidity of skeletal muscles.
c) Increased action potentials along the corticospinal tracts?
67) Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors causing constriction of peripheral vessels are a) Parasympathetic blocking agents. b) Autonomic blocking agents. c) Sympathomimetic. d) Parasympathomimetic. e) Sympathetic blocking agents.
c) Sympathomimetic.
61) Epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances when released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? a) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from other neurons. b) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs. c) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and few enzymes in peripheral tissues. d) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. e) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released by the adrenal glands.
c) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and few enzymes in peripheral tissues.
64) A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization at the membrane of the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. a) muscarinic b) nicotinic c) beta d) alpha-1 adrenergic e) alpha-2 adrenergic
c) beta
51) When you use an allergy inhaler, the medicine acts on which type of receptor? a) beta-3 b) beta-4 c) beta-2 d) beta-1 e) none of the above
c) beta-2
3) The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the local spinal nerve are called the a) ventral ramus. b) White ramus communicantes. c) gray ramus communicantes. d) dorsal ramus. e) Dermatomes.
c) gray ramus communicantes.
70) As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of the body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury? a) pupils b) tongue c) heart d) all of the above e) A and C only
c) heart
81) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes: a) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure b) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure c) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure d) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure e) decreased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
c) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
83) Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system: a) smooth muscle b) cardiac muscle c) skeletal muscle d) most glands e) abdominal organs
c) skeletal muscle
37) Which of the following controls visceral effectors? a) general sensory receptors b) SNS c) motor neurons d) ANS e) none of the above
d) ANS
26) Muscarinic receptors a) Are located on the surface of ganglion cells in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. b) Control sodium channels in the affected membrane. c) When stimulated always produce an excitatory response. d) Are activated by acetylcholine. e) Are activated by norepinephrine.
d) Are activated by acetylcholine.
30) Normal control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon a) Sympathetic stimulation only. b) Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation. c) Somatomotor stimulation only. d) Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation? e) Parasympathetic stimulation only.
d) Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation?
28) Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving a) Two nerves from the spinal cord. b) Nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. c) Both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. d) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. e) Both A and B
d) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
13) Splanchnic nerves a) Connect one chain ganglion with another. (sympathetic nerve route) b) Control sympathetic function of structures in the head and chest. c) Are formed by parasympathetic fibers. d) Carry fibers that synapse in collateral ganglia. e) Originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
d) Carry fibers that synapse in collateral ganglia.
22) The event called sympathetic activation a) Is limited to peripheral tissues of the body. b) Operates during periods of relative quiescence. c) Is a local phenomenon. d) Is controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. e) Does not alter CNS activity.
d) Is controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus.
8) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the a) Lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord. b) Lateral gray horns of the cervical region of the spinal cord. c) Anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic region of the spinal cord. d) Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. e) Anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
d) Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
53) ________ Innervation is most evident in the digestive tract, heart, and lungs. a) Sympathetic b) Adrenergic c) Singular d) Parasympathetic e) none of the above
d) Parasympathetic
38) Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and synapse into a) Visceral reflex responses. b) Motor neurons. c) Ganglionic neurons. d) Postganglionic fibers. e) Afferent neurons.
d) Postganglionic fibers.
60) Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to a) Dilation of abdominal blood vessels. b) Increased urination. c) Increased heart rate. d) Release of glucose from the liver's glycogen reserves? e) Release of sweat from sweat glands on the upper back.
d) Release of glucose from the liver's glycogen reserves?
71) A patient is about to undergo major surgery for a tumor in the chest. Two hours before the surgery the patient experiences "jitters," an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, increased rate of breathing, cold sweats, and an urge to urinate. These symptoms are the result of a) Decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood. b) Increased parasympathetic activity. c) Decreased activity of sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. d) Sympathetic activation. e) both C and D
d) Sympathetic activation.
9) Groups of second-order sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called ________ ganglia. a) prevertebral b) adrenal c) collateral d) chain e) intramural
d) chain
62) Drugs that have effects similar to those of norepinephrine and epinephrine are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following symptoms would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken an excess of sympathomimetic drugs? a) increased heart rate b) increased skeletal muscle tone c) rapid respirations d) decreased blood pressure e) sweating
d) decreased blood pressure
49) During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs. a) dreams b) micturition c) digestion d) elevated blood pressure e) none of the above
d) elevated blood pressure
36) Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? a) increased salivation when you smell food at lunch b) dilation of the pupils of the eye when you enter a dark room c) gagging on food that does not appeal to you d) increased heart rate when you see a person you dislike e) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant
d) increased heart rate when you see a person you dislike
41) The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? a) resting division b) Craniosacral division c) somatic division d) thoracolumbar division e) both B and D
d) thoracolumbar division
80) Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the: a) craniosacra.l regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrmne b) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine c) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetyicholine d) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine e) craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrmne
d) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine
34) Which of the following is not a visceral reflex? a) defecation reflex b) pupillary reflex c) ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli d) vomiting reflex? e) Cremaster reflex
d) vomiting reflex?
11) Specialized second-order neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream are located in the a) Intramural ganglia. b) Brain stem. c) Collateral ganglia. d) Chain ganglia. e) Adrenal glands.
e) Adrenal glands.
65) A neuron with nicotinic receptors is stimulated by an acetylcholine agonist (molecule that acts the same as acetylcholine). This will cause a) A decrease in intracellular sodium ion. b) A decrease in intracellular potassium ion. c) An increase in intracellular potassium ion. d) A decrease in both potassium and sodium ions. e) An increase in intracellular sodium ion. (Ach opens NA channels)
e) An increase in intracellular sodium ion. (Ach opens NA channels)
59) Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to a) Smile and frown. b) Dilate the left pupil. c) Dilate the right pupil. d) Contract the left biceps. e) Contract the right biceps.
e) Contract the right biceps.
57) Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is false? a) The effects of the parasympathetic branch are more specific and localized than those of the sympathetic branch. b) The postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine. c) Second-order neurons are located in ganglia within or adjacent to effectors. d) First-order neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord. e) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
e) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
21) Postganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland a) Are located in the adrenal cortex. b) Do not release neurotransmitters when stimulated. c) Release acetylcholine into blood capillaries. d) Have no endocrine function. e) Release epinephrine into blood capillaries.
e) Release epinephrine into blood capillaries.
10) Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that carry motor impulses to targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity synapse in a(n) a) Collateral ganglion. b) Adrenal ganglion. c) Chain ganglion. d) Intramural ganglion. e) Spinal nerve
e) Spinal nerve?
47) Preganglionic nerves that innervate the collateral ganglia form a) Sympathetic activation. b) Inferior mesenteric ganglion. c) The adrenal medulla. d) Celiac ganglion. e) Splanchnic nerves.
e) Splanchnic nerves.
73) Hallucinogenic drugs, like LSD, function by a) Blocking acetylcholine receptors. b) Increasing the production of GABA. c) Stimulating receptors for norepinephrine. d) Mimicking the action of dopamine. e) Stimulating serotonin receptors.
e) Stimulating serotonin receptors?
35) Each of the following visceral reflexes is coordinated by the medulla, except the a) Pupillary reflex. b) Vomiting reflex. c) Coughing reflex. d) Cardioinhibitory reflex. e) Swallowing reflex.
e) Swallowing reflex.
33) Autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels would be greatest when a) Parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. b) Parasympathetic stimulation is increased. c) Somatomotor stimulation is increased. d) Sympathetic stimulation is decreased. e) Sympathetic stimulation is increased?
e) Sympathetic stimulation is increased?
2) The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord are the a) dermatomes. b) ventral ramus. c) gray ramus communicantes. d) dorsal ramus. e) White ramus communicantes.
e) White ramus communicantes.
17) Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons can be found in all of the following cranial nerves, except a) III. b) VII. c) IX. d) X. e) XII.
e) XII.
1) If the cell body of an autonomic motor neuron lies in the CNS. This is called ______ neuron. a) a somatomotor b) a lower motor c) an upper motor d) a postganglionic e) a preganglionic
e) a preganglionic
14) The celiac ganglion innervates the a) Liver. b) Pancreas. c) Stomach. d) Gallbladder e) all of the above
e) all of the above
39) Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as a) Cardiac muscle. b) Glands. c) Adipose tissue. d) Smooth muscle. e) all of the above
e) all of the above
48) The adrenal medulla secretes a) TSH. b) Norepinephrine. c) Epinephrine. d) FSH. e) both B and C
e) both B and C b) Norepinephrine. c) Epinephrine.
20) Intramural ganglia in the kidney, urinary bladder, and sex organs receive innervation by way of the ________ nerves. a) spinal b) chain c) collateral d) splanchnic e) pelvic
e) pelvic
42) In the sympathetic division, preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. a) square; round b) long; short c) white; gray d) thick; skinny e) short; long
e) short; long