A&P II Ch. 22

The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the

nasal fossae

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breath

nitrogen

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?

oxygen toxicity

Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system

regulation of pH

After you measure TV and vital capacity, you must also calculate ___ before you can determine total lung capacity.

residual volume

Which of the following does not have cilia

respiratory bronchioles

Which of the following would lead to an anemic hypoxia

sickle-cell disease

To measure forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEVT), the subject should

take a deep inspiration, then rapidly and forcefully exhale as much air as possible

Tidal volume is

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each resting breath

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ___.

the epiglottis

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___ mm Hg, and a pH of ___.

-95 -40 7.4

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

-Nares -Vestibule -Nasal cavity -Nasopharynx -Oropharynx -Laryngopharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Primary bronchus -Secondary bronchus -Tertiary bronchus -Bronchiole -Terminal bronchiole -Respiratory bronchiole -Alveolar duct -Alveolar sac -Alveolus

Hyperventilation causes a ___ in the blood concentration of CO2, and thus ___ the rate of respiration

-decrease -increase

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

-decrease PO2 -increase PCO2 -increase -temperature -increase BPG

Compute the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), one would need to know ___

-tidal volume -vital capacity -expiratory reserve volume

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL.

4700

An average value for vital capacity in healthy young adult males is

4800

___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick septum

chronic bronchitis

___ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its individual gases

Dalton's law

Vital capacity consists of

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?

a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except

carbonate

Which of the following enzymes in an RBS breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide

carbonic anhydrase

The heart indents into the ___ of the left lung

cardiac impression

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers

central chemoreceptors

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called

cerebral embolism -decompression sickness

The most numerous cells in the lungs are called

dust cells

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is

emphysema

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissocation

erythrocyte count

The amount of air that be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation is called the

expiratory reserve

Select the correct sequence of events that occur during inspiration

external intercostals and diaphragm contract, size of thoracic cavity increases, gas pressure in the lungs decreases, air flows in

In testing a patient who has tuberculosis, you would expect that the ___

forced vital capacity will be decreased

The upper respiratory tract extends

from the nose through the larynx

Once you have measured TV, IRV, and ERV, you can calculate all the following capacities except ___

functional residual capacity

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemo-sensitive area in

the medulla oblongata

Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

the pulmonary artery

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called

inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system

it assists in the synthesis of vasodilation

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?

left main bronchus

The respiratory system consists of five ___

lobes

Which of the following cartilages is the largest

the thyroid cartilage

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium

their shape

Among its other purposes, the Valsava maneuver is used

to aid in defecation and urination

In ___, the lungs are infected with mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis

tuberculosis

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

vestibular and vocal ligaments

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

20-25%

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ___ oxygen molecules.

4

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ___ mL/min

4200

Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm

DRG

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following

Ischemic hypoxia

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what

Kussmaul respiration

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?

Ondine's curse

Which of these is most likely to result from contract between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa

acute rhinitis

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

adenocarcinoma

The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations

after swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air

an increase in membrane thickness

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange?

anatomical dead space

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Vesicular breath sounds may be heard ___

at the triangle of auscultation

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form

bicarbonate ions

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

bronchiole diameter

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract

goblet cells

The function of blood carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the blood is to ___

help stabilize arterial blood pH

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

hydrogen

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions

hypoventilation due to alkalosis

Which of the following is a term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue

hypoxia