A&P II - Ch.18: Circulatory System - Blood (Smartbook Questions)

A lack of intrinsic factor and/or vitamin B12 may cause the form of anemia called ______ anemia.

pernicious

Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and secrete growth factors?

platelets

An excess of red blood cells is called ______.

polycythemia

Which term refers to an excess of red blood cells?

polycythemia

What is leukopoiesis?

production of white blood cells

The process of platelet formation is called ______.

thrombopoiesis

Which protein transports iron in the blood?

transferrin

What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?

water

A person's specific blood type is based on...

which Antigens are expressed on the RBC plasma membrane

A person tells you that she has A+ blood. Which antigens are expressed on the surface of her RBCs?

-Antigen D -Antigen A

Decreased blood osmolarity is cause by...

-Edema -Low blood pressure

Describe normal erythrocytes.

-Have a biconcave shape -Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen

Functions of plasma proteins

-Immune defense -Clotting -Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones

Which can cause anemia?

-Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis -Increased hemolysis -Hemorrhage

How does the body use iron?

-Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria. -The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin. -The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis.

Which of the following may cause hemolytic anemia?

-Penicillin allergy -Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria -Blood type incompatibilities -Snake and spider venom

How does the body use iron?

-The muscles use Fe2+ to make myoglobin. -Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria. -The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis.

Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with iron intake, and finish absorption from the digestive tract. Instructions

1. A mixture of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) is ingested 2. The stomach acid converts Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) 3. Fe(2+) find to gastroferrintin 4. Gastroferrintin carries Fe(2+) to intestines for absorption

Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with absorption from the intestine, and end with its distribution to the body.

1. Absorbed Fe(2+) binds to transferrin in plasma 2. Some transferrin releases Fe(2+) for storage in the liver 3. Fe(2+) binds apoferritin to be stored in ferritin 4. The remaining transferrin goes into other organs where Fe(2+) is used

List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes. Instructions

1. Hemopoietic stem cells 2. Colony-forming units 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocytes 5. Erythrocytes

Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order, starting with what happens first

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation

Adult hemoglobin consists of

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?

3-5 days

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

4

Average volume of blood in an adult

4 to 6 liters

Term that refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements

Hematopoiesis

Sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary defects in which of the following?

Hemoglobin

Malaria can cause which type of anemia?

Hemolytic

Which lists the stages of erythropoiesis starting with the least differentiated cell type?

Hemopoietic stem cell --> colony-forming unit--> erythroblast

Which term refers to limiting blood loss from an injured vessel?

Hemostasis

Monocyte count increases the most during which of the following?

Inflammation and viral infections

Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.

Iron

The alternate term for a white blood cell (WBC) is .

Leukocytes

Which term refers to white blood cells?

Leukocytes

Which term refers to the development of white blood cells?

Leukopoiesis

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes

Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages?

Monocytes

Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of...

Negative feedback control

Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young?

Neutrophil

Urea is an example of

Nitrogenous waste

The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe...

The amount of oxygen the blood can carry

Following the first pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus, the immune system of an an Rh- woman produces anti-D antibodies. During her next pregnancy the baby is at risk of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), but only if which of the following is true?

The baby's blood is Rh+.

The term Hematopoiesis describes

The formation of blood

True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.

True

True or false: Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by poor nutrition or blood loss.

True

An individual with both A and B red blood cell antigens has which ABO blood type?

Type AB

Which blood type is the least common in the United States?

Type AB

An individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but no A antigens, has which ABO blood type?

Type B

Which blood type is the most common in the United States?

Type O, Blood type AB is the least common

Nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma

Urea

What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?

Vascular Spasm

The percentage of erythrocytes in the total blood volume

erythrocytes typically constitute about 37% to 52% of the total blood volume — a value called the hematocrit.

The circulatory system consists of...

heart blood vessels blood

High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called ______.

jaundice

Includes the heart and blood vessels, but does NOT include the blood

Cardiovascular System

Iron is a crucial component of...

Cytochromes Myoglobin Hemoglobin

Sarah is an abuser of antacids. What is a possible side effect of excessive antacid use?

Decreased absorption of iron by the intestine

Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?

Eosinophil

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?

Erythrocytes

Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?

Erythrocytes

Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate...

Erythropoiesis

Which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?

Erythropoietin

Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?

Excessive blood loss

True or false: A total WBC count is more useful than a differential WBC count when trying to pin down the specific cause of a disease.

False

True or false: A, B, AB and O are the only blood groups.

False

What causes sickle-cell disease?

A hereditary hemoglobin defect

characteristic of lymphocyte

A small cell with a large round nucleus

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin due to which of the following?

Accumulation of bilirubin

Match each type of plasma protein to its role. Instructions Albumins Globulins Fibrinogens

Albumins - Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity Globulins - Immunity Fibrinogens - Clotting

Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of the erythrocyte disorder called

Anemia

Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?

Anemia

A person is considered Rh-positive (Rh+) if he has which antigen?

Antigen D

Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine which of the following?

Blood type

What is transported in the plasma?

Nutrients Dissolved Gases Nitrogenous waste

Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?

Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient.

Property of blood that is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Osmolarity

BLANK is the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases

Plasma

What is thrombopoiesis?

Production of platelets

Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

Production of red blood cells takes about one month. Reason: They take 3-5 to form

Which clinical measurements express the blood's ability to carry oxygen?

RBC count Hemoglobin concentration Hematocrit

Components of blood

Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

What is erythropoiesis?

Red blood cell production; takes place in the bone marrow

Platelets perform...

Release vasoconstrictors Release factors that attract WBCs Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots

At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?

Reticulocyte

Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in which of the following?

Reticulocytes

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?

Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not. RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.

Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?

Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm

What condition is caused by emphysema, high altitude, hypoxemia, or dehydration?

Secondary polycythemia

Most common ion found in the blood?

Sodium

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

Spleen

What is the role of erythropoietin?

Stimulates RBC production

Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. What converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?

Stomach acid

What is hemolysis?

The rupture of red blood cells

Which statement about blood groups is true?

There are many blood grouping schemes that describe over 500 antigens.

What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?

They are recycled by macrophages.

Which statements are true about neutrophils?

They are the most abundant leukocyte. They have multi lobed nuclei when mature.

What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?

They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.

What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?

To determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample

What does a Transferrin do?

Transports iron in the blood

What are the three primary types plasma proteins?

albumins globulins fibrinogen