A&P II Exam 4
The Vasa recta is
#6?
The percentage of glomerular filtrate that becomes urine is about ____%.
1
Of the water taken in (inputs), what percent is metabolic water?
10
When a person is very dehydrated, hormones that cause reabsorption are released. This can result in urine with an osmolality of _____ mOsm.
1200
Of the water we lose from our bodies (outputs), what percent is lost as insensible loss (evaporation other than sweat)?
28
Of the water taken in (inputs), what percent is ingested in the solid food we eat?
30
The kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at about _____ mOsm.
300
Of the water we lose from our bodies (outputs), what percent is lost in feces?
4
When a person is very overhydrated, hormones that cause reabsorption are not released. This can result in urine with an osmolality of _____ mOsm.
50
Of the water taken in (inputs), what percent is ingested fluid (fluid we drink)?
60
Of the water we lose from our bodies (outputs), what percent is lost in urine??
60
The kidneys filter the entire plasma volume about ____ times per day.
60
Which of the following values for pH is outside the normal range for human blood?
7.34, and these are within the range 7.40, 7.39, 7.35, 7.44
Of the water we lose from our bodies (outputs), what percent is lost as sweat?
8
Which of the following is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex? cortisol aldosterone androgens ACTH all of these are produced by the adrenal cortex
ACTH
The kidneys will excrete ammonium (NH4+) when the body is in:
Acidosis
Which of the following is not a diuretic?
Aldosterone
The kidneys will secrete more HCO3-? than normal when the body is in:
Alkalosis
Which of the following factors could cause edema? Select all that are correct. liver damage or failure increased blood pressure incompetent venous valves anything blocking the lymphatic system increased permeability of capillaries congestive heart failure protein malnutrition
All of it cause edema
In the protein pH buffer system, some proteins can function as both a weak acid and a weak base. There proteins are termed:
Amphoteric
The term acidosis refers to blood pH that is
Below 7.35
The only important pH buffering system of extracellular fluid (especially the IF) is the:
Bicarbonate buffer system
The barrier that separates ICF from IF is the:
Cell membranes of our cells
In most humans, the percent of our bodies made up of water goes __________ as we age.
Down
What happens if glomerular filtration rate is too low?
Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of
Which urethral sphincter is under voluntary control?
External sphincter
True or false. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two urethras, one urinary bladder, and 2 ureter
False
True or False. Exophthalmic goiter is associated with hypothyroidism.
False (it is associated with hyperthyroidism)
Which of the following is not a major factor in maintaining proper pH of body fluids?
Filtering of blood by the spleen But these are: buffers in the blood rate/depth of breathing functions of the nephron
Fluids that cross from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule are referred to as:
Filtrate
The three functions of a nephron that result in urine formation (3 stages of urine formation) are:
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Which of the following is not part of the glomerular filter? fenestrated capillaries glomerular capsule podocytes filtration slits basement membrane
Glomerular capsule
This endocrine organ secretes a hormone that inhibits the adrenal cortex from releasing aldosterone.
Heart
You are working with a person who is suffering metabolic acidosis. You would expect her respiratory rate to be:
Higher than normal (quicker, deeper breaths)
This fluid compartment is the largest in the body (about 25 liters).
ICF
Accumulation of lactic acid, ketosis in diabetics, starvation, kidney failure, and consumption of too much alcohol can all cause:
Metabolic acidosis
Continual vomiting, excess use of antacids, and constipation can cause:
Metabolic alkalosis
A vegetarian diet high in green leafy vegetables would make the urine:
More basic
What happens if glomerular filtration rate is too high?
Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine
Of the solutes in our body fluids, glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea are considered:
Non-electrolytes
This fluid compartment contains about 3 liters
Plasma
The thirst center is located in the hypothalamus. Which parameter only has to change by 1-2% to trigger thirst?
Plasma osmolality
Which two (2) of the following substances are found in high concentrations in ICF and in low concentrations in ECF (IF and plasma)? phosphate (PO4-) potassium (K+) protein sodium (Na+) chloride (CL-)
Potassium (K+) Phosphate (PO4-)
When comparing the two ECF compartments (IF and plasma), which substance is low in IF and high in plasma?
Protein
The hormone aldosterone causes:
Reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
Between renal pyramids, you will find:
Renal columns
The most common cause of acid-base imbalance in humans is:
Respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilating can cause:
Respiratory alkalosis
The wall of the collecting duct is composed of:
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The wall of the glomerular capsule is composed of:
Simple squamous epithelium
Which two (2) of the following substances are found in low concentrations in ICF and in high concentrations in ECF (IF and plasma)? sodium (Na+) phosphate (PO4-) potassium (K+) chloride (CL-) protein
Sodium (Na+) Chloride (CL-)
DCT
The part Marked I
Descending Loop of Henle.
The part marked B
~15% of the water is reabsorbed from this part of the tubule.
The part marked B Descending Loop of Henle.
Ascending Loop of Henle.
The part marked C
This is where ~20-25% of the "salts" are reabsorbed by active transport, making the surrounding area very salty.
The part marked C
cortical radiate vein / interlobular vein
The part marked D
This is where ~100% of the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed.
The part marked H
This is where ~65% of the salts and 65% of the water is reabsorbed.
The part marked H PCT
The peritubular capillaries wrap around two of the tubular components and reabsorption and secretion occur here. Which two tubular components (choose two) are surrounded by the peritubular capillaries?
The part marked H AND the part marked I
vasa recta
The part marked J
True or False. Simple goiter is associated with hypothyroidism.
True
True or false. The prime function of the urinary system is to help maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition and volume of blood.
True
Which structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureter
Only the kidneys (renal buffer system) and not the lungs (respiratory buffer system) can rid the body of: (select all that apply) Carbonic acid (occurs in the lungs) Lactic acid=yes Uric acid=yes Phosphoric acid=yes Ketones=yes
Uric acid Phosphoric acid Ketones
The term alkalosis refers to blood pH that is:
above 7.45
This gland is the target for the hormone ACTH
adrenal cortex
This endocrine gland is an important part of the sympathetic nervous system.
adrenal medulla
This hormone activates the gland that secretes aldosterone and cortisol:
adrenocorticotropic hormone
This hormone causes reabsorption of sodium and water and secretion of potassium by cells of the DCT.
aldosterone
Which of the following is true regarding the location of the kidneys? all of these answers are true The right kidney is slightly inferior with respect to the left kidney They are tucked into a capsule of fat. none of these answers are true They are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall
all of these answers are true
Which of the following is true regarding the location of the kidneys? all of these answers are true (They are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall, the right kidney is slightly inferior with respect to the left kidney, they are tucked into a capsule of fat)
all of these answers are true
Under what situation would glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure fall to the point that filtration would not occur?
an extreme sympathetic event
The hormones that cause spermatogenesis (follicle-stimulating hormone) and production of testosterone (luteinizing hormone) are secreted by this gland:
anterior pituitary
The hormones that cause spermatogenesis and production of testosterone are secreted by this gland
anterior pituitary
Hyposecretion of this hormone causes diabetes insipidus.
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following substances act as antagonists (act in opposition to each other) with respect to blood pressure?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
When you are thirsty and you drink, when is thirst first beginning to be quenched?
as soon as mucous membranes of the mouth become moistened
The trigger to release this hormone is higher than normal blood pressure:
atrial natriuretic peptide=reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration
A cell releases a chemical that binds to a receptor on its own plasma membrane, causing a response. The term that matches this statement is:
autocrine
Both the respiratory system and the kidneys are important in the homeostatic regulation of:
blood pH
This hormone causes osteoblasts to build bone and the kidneys to excrete calcium:
calcitonin
The antagonist hormone (does the opposite) to parathyroid hormone is:
calcitonin=lowers blood calcium levels parathyroid hormone= increases blood calcium levels
The barrier that separates IF from plasma is the:
capillary wall
The lungs (respiratory buffer system) can rid the body of: (Select all that are correct)
carbonic acid
Of the barriers that separate the fluid compartments in our bodies, which is the more selective barrier (more control over what passes through)?
cell membranes
The main anion of ECF is:
chloride (CL-)
This structure carries filtrate from the DCT to the renal pelvis, modifying the filtrate as it moves through:
collecting duct
In the pH buffering systems of the body, the main mechanism is to:
convert strong acids and bases to weak ones
The outer layer of the kidney, which appears reddish-brown with no visible structures to the naked eye, is called the:
cortex
During prolonged stress, an excess of which hormone can suppress the body's normal inflammatory and immune responses?
cortisol
Of the solutes in our body fluids, inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins are considered:
electrolytes
A cell releases a chemical that is picked up by the blood and carried throughout the body, eventually reaching target cells. The term that matches this statement is:
endocrine
Excess release of this hormone would cause the following: extreme anxiousness or nervousness, sweating, and increased heart rate.
epinephrine
This hormone is released by the kidney in response to low blood oxygen:
erythropoietin
The three functions of a nephron that result in urine formation (three stages of urine formation) are:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
This hormone stimulates cells in the ovary to begin to mature:
follicle stimulating hormone
The hormone stimulates cells in the ovary to begin to mature:
follicle-stimulating hormone
The site of filtration in the nephron is the:
glomerulus
This pancreatic hormone causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis:
glucagon
Hypersecretion of this hormone can cause acromegaly:
growth hormone
Blood pressure at the arterial end in most systemic capillaries is about 35 mmHG. While you are at rest, the blood pressure at the arterial end of the glomerulus is ___________35 mmHg.
higher than
Net filtration pressure is the pressure responsible for filtrate formation. Which of the following is a force that drives filtration (forces filtrate through the glomerular filter into the glomerular capsule)?
hydrostatic pressure of the blood
Releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the __________ influence the anterior pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
Steroidal and thyroid hormones, which are lipid soluble, have their receptors:
inside the nucleus of the target cell
The antagonist hormone (does the opposite) to glucagon is:
insulin
This hormone activates glucose transport molecules, allowing glucose into cells:
insulin
This fluid compartment contains about 12 liters.
interstitial fluid
Your new client states he is diabetic. When queried, he says that he developed this condition in his late 40s. From this information, you know that he most likely:
is a type II diabetic and can control his diabetes with medications, diet, and exercise
The macula densa cells are part of this important regulatory part of the nephron:
juxtaglomerular apparatus
This type of nephron is good at removing wastes from blood and concentrating urine:
juxtamedullary nephron
This endocrine gland secretes a hormone that increases the production of RBCs by the bone marrow.
kidney
Which of the following organs is a target for antidiuretic hormone (ADH also called vasopressin)?
kidney
This hormone causes ovulation and the site of ovulation to become an endocrine gland:
luteinizing hormone
This hormone is important in the maintenance of day/night cycles (circadian rhythm):
melatonin
A diet high in meat, dairy, and eggs would make the urine:
more acidic
What is the trigone? the triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra=yes more than one of these is correct a part of the lining of the urinary bladder=yes a part of the renal pelvis a place where infections tend to persist=
more than one of these is correct
Urine normally contains which of the following? more than one of these protein RBCs none of these glucose amino acids WBCs
none of these
Urine normally contains which of the following? none of these (contains: water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate)
none of these
Release of this hormone (by the mother) is triggered when a baby feeds from it's mother's breast:
oxytocin
This hormone causes the uterus to contract during childbirth:
oxytocin
Insulin and glucagon are secreted by this gland
pancreas
A cell releases a chemical that diffuses through the interstitial fluid, reaching target cells nearby. The term that matches this statement is:
paracrine
The main anion of ICF is:
phosphate (PO4-)
The pH buffer system that works in urine and ICF is the:
phosphate buffer system
The respiratory and urinary systems can adjust pH. The processes by which they do this are considered to be:
physiological buffer systems th
This endocrine gland is actually part of a different organism than that of the target cells.
placenta
Antiduiretic hormone is secreted by this gland.
posterior pituitary
The hormones secreted by this gland are actually made by the hypothalamus.
posterior pituitary
This hormone stimulates the glandular tissue of the breast to produce milk.
prolactin
The body's most powerful and plentiful pH buffers are found in plasma and ICF. These buffers are the:
protein buffer system
The interlobar arteries pass through the:
renal columns
The concave (indented) part of the kidney where blood vessels and the ureter enter or leave is termed:
renal hilus (hilum)
Major (greater) and minor (lesser) calyces (plural of calyx) are parts of the:
renal pelvis
This structure in the renal medulla captures urine as it drips from renal papillae:
renal pelvis
This is composed of thousands of collecting ducts:
renal pyramid
This hormone is released by the kidney in response to low blood pressure:
renin
This hormone, through interaction with other chemicals in the blood, will ultimately cause vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex:
renin
In addition to cleaning the blood, the kidneys are also endocrine glands that secrete hormones. Which of the following hormones are secreted by the kidneys? (Choose all correct answers.)
renin erythropoietin
Holding your breath or suffering from diseases that make it difficult to perform external respiration gas exchange will result in:
respiratory acidosis
You are working with a person whose PCO2 and bicarbonate levels are substantially higher than normal. This is most likely a result of:
respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
The urinary bladder, ureters, and kidneys are behind the abdominal/pelvic peritoneum. This position can also be referred to as:
retroperitoneal
A hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of the target cell. This causes a change within the cell and a chemical gets activated - this chemical then causes a cascade of reactions within the cell. The chemical that got activated is referred to as a(n):
second messenger
When the body is in acidosis, the kidneys will do what with respect to H+ and HCO3-?
secrete H+ and reabsorb and make HCO3-
The wall of the DCT is composed of:
simple cuboidal epithelium
The wall of the PCT is composed of:
simple cuboidal epithelium
The wall of the descending loop is composed of:
simple cuboidal epithelium
The wall of the ascending loop is composed of:
simple squamous epithelium that changes right away to simple cuboidal epithelium
If you don't have the SRY gene, you won't produce this hormone during development or after puberty:
testosterone
Which of the following mechanisms cannot remove acid or base from the body?
the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems
This is where the hormone aldosterone has its greatest effect.
the part marked 1
This is where the hormone ADH has its greatest effect.
the part marked A
This is where filtration takes place.
the part marked F
cortical radiate artery / interlobular artery
the part marked G
PCT
the part marked H
This hormone is important in the early development of the immune system:
thymosin
This is not a pituitary hormone. luteinizing hormone thymosin growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone prolactin FSH
thymosin
This is not a pituitary hormone. thymosin prolactin luteinizing hormone growth hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid stimulating hormone FSH
thymosin
This gland makes T3 and T4
thyroid
A metabolic hormone containing iodine.
thyroxine
The epithelium of the urinary bladder that permits distention is called:
transitional epithelium
Cortical nephrons would not have which of the following structures?
vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
what is marked #5?
Bowman's capsule.
what is part marked E?
