A&P II - Final Exam
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?
*about 1 million eggs can potentially be fertilized between puberty and menopause
Define nutrition.
*absorption of nutrients
Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism.
*anaerobic
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the
*bladder
Trace the ductal pathway from the epididymis to the urethra.
*epididymus, ductus deferns....
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that
*lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
ACTH
During ventricular systole, the
AV valves are closed
The first heart sound is heard when the
AV valves close
A person with Type B blood has
Anti-A antibodies in plasma
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B
The larynx contains all of the following except
C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.
Which molecule is a key reactant in ATP production from all nutrients?
Acetyl CoA
The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.
acrosmal cap
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
aldosterone
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
aldosterone
Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.
cortex
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole
stroke volume depends on all of the following except:
end-systolic volume
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
enzymes activate Factor X and prothrombin is converted to thrombin
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The ovaries produce
estrogen
Which of the following is not a notrmal function of the urinary system?
excretes erythrocytes
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats / lipids
The external iliac artery becomes the ________ artery as it enters the lower limbs.
femoral
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
fibrinogen
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
Which of the following is not a component of plasma?
formed elements
In cardiac muscle, the depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________ membrane permeability to ________ ions.
increased; sodium
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood
Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?
infundibulum
An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.
internal cartoid
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
intracellular
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
is considered a large vein
Identify the five types of white blood cells.
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
When water is lost from the plasma volume, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
ovulation
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Which of the following does not directly affect blood flow through the body?
percent oxygenation of plasma
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
Which of the following statements about blood is false?
ph is 6
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
plasminogen
The principal cation in cytoplasm of the cell is
potassium
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
precapillary sphincters
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops
What is the function of gonads?
produce gametes and produce hormones
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
tonsils
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel lined with endothelium?
tunica intima
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
The ________ vein is a deep vein that ascends along the medial side of the forearm.
ulnar
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory system
The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the
uterine tube
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
uterus
The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the juxtaglomerular nephron loop.
vasa recta
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate
All of the following occur during exercise except
blood flow to skin decreases
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases
After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.
brachial
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
Regarding kidney function, with _______, solutes are transported from the blood across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.
secretion
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
100
The partial pressure of oxygen (P O2) in pulmonary veins is normally
100 mm Hg
Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules.
2 pyruvate
Secondary spermatocytes each contain
23 chromosomes
The average length of the uterine cycle is
28 days
There are normally a total of ________ teeth in the adult.
32
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaries venules medium veins large veins
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately
5-6 liters
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
60
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is
7.35-7.45
At a P O2 of 40 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
75
Compute Joe's stroke volume if his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL and his end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL. (Module 18.16B)
85 ml
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules and returned to the circulation?
99
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries
Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?
Electron Transport System
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
GH
Thyroid hormone contains the element
Iodine
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of
KCal / Calories
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is
LH
What two coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain?
NAD and FAD
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except
OXT
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS Wave
The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
T
The hematocrit refers to
The percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood
A glomerulus is
a capillary bed within the renal corpuscle
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the veins
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of a/an ________.
amino acid
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
appendix
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
Identify the four regions of the colon.
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
When there is no air movement, and the glottis is open, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
at equillibrium
The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called
atriole systole
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.
autoregulation
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called
basal metabolic rate
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the
corpora cavernosa
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
calcitonin
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
carbohydrates
Most of the myocardial layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is the
celiac trunk
Platelets are
cell fragments or megakaryocytes
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendineae
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli
The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the
common bile duct and pancreatic duct
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
How is heat loss different between conduction and convection?
conduction -
The function of ADH is to
decrease diuresis
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?
defend against parasites
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?
defend against specific pathogens
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except
digestion of lipids
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the
glomerular filatration rate
The process of filtration is driven by
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the
glomerulus
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
glucagon; insulin
Each of the following is a normal component of urine except
glucose
Regions of the stomach include all of the following except
haustra
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO 2 in the RBCs.
hemoglobin molecules
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
hormone production
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
hypothalamus
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are
important in coagulation.
Which of the following would decrease heart rate?
increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers
Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the
nephron loop
The villi are most developed in the
jejunum
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called
juxtamedullary nephrons
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack of nucleus
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline of the medistinum.
left of
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
lipids
Define hepatocyte.
liver cell
The teniae coli are
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called
meiosis
The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesentery
Prolonged vomiting can result in
metabolic alkalosis
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
mitochondria
________ are large, phagocytic agranulocytes that have a u-shaped nucleus.
monocytes
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial circular folds.
muscularis mucosa
The functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule.
The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Contraction of the cremaster muscles
pulls the testes closer to the body cavity
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve
Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except
pulmonary valve stenosis
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse pressure
What is the primary function of the duodenum?
receive chyme from the stomach and neutralize its acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is
red bone marrow
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
releasing and inhibiting hormones
The process of filtration occurs at the
renal corpuscle
Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine:
renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
renal pyramids
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
respiratory
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.
superior mesenteric vein
The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the
superior vena cava
The citric acid cycle
takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
The male gonad is called a(n)
testis
The testes secrete ________ when stimulated by LH
testosterone
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
the overall net filtration is usually zero
________ play(s) a major role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide on a minute-by-minute basis..
the respiratory system
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters
Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed
thermoregulation
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
thyroid follicle
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
tidal volume
