A&P II: Lecture Exam 3: Notes 6: Pulmonary Ventilation

What does the chemoreceptors of the Respiratory Centers monitor?

Arterial CO2, Hydrogen Ions, and CSF Hydrogen Ions

Temperature affects respiratory patterns by ___ when body temperature is cold and ___ when body temperature is hot.

decreasing; increasing

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

One of the respiratory groups in the medulla oblongata. It receives input from several sources and issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions.

Output from the inspiratory neurons of the VRG travel via the ___ to the diaphragm to signal inhalation.

Phrenic Nerve of the Cervical Plexus

What respiratory centers are involved in normal resting rate and rhythm of breathing?

Ventral Respiratory Group and Dorsal Respiratory Group of the Medulla Oblongata

What 2 portions of the Medulla Oblongata make up the Rhythmicity Center?

Ventral Respiratory Group and Dorsal Respiratory group

If the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in blood oxygen concentration, they will trigger an __________.

Increase in rate and depth of breathing.

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Modifies the rhythm of the VRG by inhibiting inspiratory neurons of the VRG to shorten the time of breathing.

Voluntary control of breathing originates from what area of the brain?

Primary Motor Area on the Precentral Gyrus of the Cerebrum

To control inspiration voluntarily, output neurons of the ____ send impulses down the ___ tracts to the integrating centers of the spinal cord, bypassing the _______

Primary motor area; corticospinal; rhythmicity center

Central Chemoreceptors

Receptors in the medulla oblongata that detect pH changes in the CSF. Messages will change respiratory patters to maintain normal pH

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Receptors located in the carotid and aortic arteries that respond to changes in CO2, H+ (pH), and O2 in arterial blood.

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

Stretch receptors found in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles that respond to inflation of the lungs and signal the DRG by way of the vagus nerves signal this reflex, which inhibits the Inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration.

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

The primary generator of the respiratory rhythm located in the medulla oblongata that contains both inspiratory neurons and expiratory neurons.

If chemoreceptors detect increases in both CO2 and H+, then it will result in an (increase/decrease?) in respiratory rate, depth of respiration, and exhaling. Opposite if they detect decreases.

increases

Irritant receptors

respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus by transmitting signals via the vagus nerves to the DRG. Results in protective reflexes such as bronchoconstriction, shallower breathing, breath-holding, or coughing.