A&P lecture final

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is:

-70 mV.

The net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of anaerobic respiration is:

2 ATP.

These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Sensory nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei Somatic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei

Autonomic motor nuclei

What ion needs to enter the synaptic knob in order to stimulate the release of the synaptic

Ca++

These junctions hold adjacent cells together (like snaps) and provide resistance to mechanical stress

Desmosomes

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an:

EPSP

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves? Spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal. Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons. Most spinal nerves are motor nerves. All spinal nerves are sensory nerves. Odd-numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even-numbered spinal nerves are motor.

Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons.

Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement? Flexion - extension Abduction - adduction Pronation - supination Elevation - retraction Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion

Elevation - retraction

Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer?

Epineurium → perineurium→ endoneurium

Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this? Osteon Periosteum Spongy bone Epiphyseal plate Compact bone

Epiphyseal plate

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities? Muscle Connective Epithelial Nervous None of the choices is correct

Epithelial

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer? Exposure to UV light rays Advanced age Being a female Low skin hydration levels Using excessive sun block

Exposure to UV light rays

Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.

False

Which is not a function of bone? Protection Mineral storage Body movement Hormone synthesis Hemopoiesis

Hormone synthesis

Which is an active transport process? Simple diffusion Bulk filtration Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Ion pump

Ion pump

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?

Isometric

Which is not true about bone remodeling? It occurs throughout life. It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone. It occurs only at articular surfaces. It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

It occurs only at articular surfaces.

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis? Keratinized stratified squamous Nonkeratinized stratified squamous Keratinized stratified cuboidal Nonkeratinized stratitified cuboidal Transitional

Keratinized stratified squamous

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? Secretion Physical protection Selective permeability Sensation No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

Which is not a function of synovial fluid? Nourishes osteocytes Lubricates articulating surfaces Removes wastes Serves as shock absorber Distributes stress forces across articular surfaces

Nourishes osteocytes

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled? Distal femur Os coxa Phalanges Distal humerus

Os coxa

Which is a passive transport process? Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Osmosis Ion pump

Osmosis

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix? Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Osteoprogenitor cells Bone-lining cells

Osteoblasts

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? Somatic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Parasympathetic

What is the bond that is found between amino acids that link together to produce proteins? Covalent Phosphodiester Peptide Ionic

Peptide

These receptors detect changes in the color, intensity, and movement of light. Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure? Interoceptors Exteroceptors Proprioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Proprioceptors

Which of the following choices places the components of a homeostatic control system in proper order? Effector, control center, stimulus, receptor Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector Receptor, effector, control center, stimulus Stimulus, control center, effector, receptor Receptor, control center, stimulus, effector

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control? Red nuclei Arcuate nuclei Cerebral nuclei Substantia nigra

Substantia nigra

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily. The walls of blood capillaries are composed of a thin epithelium. The muscles of the thigh are composed of skeletal muscle tissue. There are fenestrations (openings) in the epithelial cells of capillary walls. The esophageal wall includes a middle layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses.

Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.

Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system?

Transmits impulses from the viscera

Which type of protein is used by cells to allow for materials to move across the cell membrane? Anchoring proteins Ligands Cell adhesion proteins Identity markers Transport proteins

Transport proteins

Which is not one of the bases found in DNA nucleotides? Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine Uracil

Uracil

Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals? Language and task sequencing Mathematics and the partitioning of information into small fragments Categorization and symbolization Visuospatial skills and music

Visuospatial skills and music

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen? Vitamin D Vitamin B Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin K

Vitamin C

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.)

Z disc

A motor unit consists of:

a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete:

a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target.

If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to a spinal nerve. the somatosensory cortex. the anterior horn of grey matter in the spinal cord. the thalamus. one of the spinal funiculi.

a spinal nerve.

Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? a: Maintenance of posture b: Body movement c: Heat production d: Support of certain body organs e: Regulating elimination of materials

a, b, c, d, e

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons? a: Optic nerve b: Optic chiasm c: Occipital lobe d: Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus a, d, c, b a, b, c, d c, a, b, d a, b, d, c b, a, d, c

a, b, d, c

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the innermost first? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium

a, c, b

What are the three forms that matter can take? solid liquid gas all of the above

all of the above

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called fat pads. articular discs. bursae. menisci. diarthroses.

bursae

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts. d. - c. - b. - a. c. - d. - b. - a. a. - c. - b. - d. a. - c. - d. - b. c. - d. - a. - b.

c. - d. - a. - b.

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for calcium, phosphate, and lipids. steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates. glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium. phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids. calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes. osteonic canals blood vessels lamellae canaliculi perforating canals

canaliculi

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central

The organelles responsible for organizing microtubules that are part of the mitotic spindle are called: centrioles. nucleoli. microvilli. cilia. vesicles.

centrioles

Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining equilibrium and posture? cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon brainstem

cerebellum

Lobes of the brain are named for the bones that protect them, and these lobes are part of the metencephalon. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalon

cerebrum

By definition, transducers are electrical devices that do not work with biological systems. transmit signals toward the central nervous system. transmit signals away from the central nervous system. change one form of energy into another form.

change one form of energy into another form.

When exposed to ultraviolet light, keratinocytes convert a steroid precursor into ________, a molecule that is crucial for regulation of calcium levels. calcitriol cholecalciferol calcitonin creatine phosphorus

cholecalciferol

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is: the polar head. the nonpolar tails. cholesterol. glycolipid. glycocalyx.

cholesterol.

The opsin in rods is called photopsin. false true

false

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument. true false

false

Movement of the palm of the hand towards the shoulder, decreasing the angle at the elbow is called ______. abduction. flexion. inversion. retraction. adduction

flexion

Physiology is the study of:

function

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration. greater lesser

greater

Numerous outfolds found on the surface of each cerebral hemisphere are called this: sulci gyri folia fissure

gyri

Which of the following is NOT a common ion found in the body? carbon oxygen hydrogen calcium helium

helium

Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long-term memories primarily involves the ________. cerebellum; corpus callosum amygdala; reticular formation lateral ventricles; hippocampus hippocampus; association areas of the cerebrum habenular nuclei; amygdaloid body

hippocampus; association areas of the cerebrum

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the __________ gland. apocrine merocrine goblet cell holocrine None of the choices is correct

holocrine

The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the epithalamus. pons. hypothalamus. thalamus.

hypothalamus

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______________ the resting membrane potential.

less negative than

The general name given to the phenomenon that occurs when a mature epithelium changes to a different form is: mesothelia. hyperplasia. hypertrophy. metaplasia. neoplasia.

metaplasia

The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP. lysosomes microfilaments nucleoli ribosomes mitochondria

mitochondria

Axons in the optic nerve from the right eye travel here: all to the right occipital lobe all to the left occipital lobe all to the thalamus most to the thalamus, some to the superior colliculi some to the right occipital lobe and left occiptal lobe

most to the thalamus, some to the superior colliculi

The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons.

motor

When hyperplasia proceeds out of control, a tumor may develop. This condition is termed: hypertrophy. neoplasia. atrophy. metaplasia. fibrosis.

neoplasia

The two types of cells that make up the nervous tissue are: macrophages and mast cells. neurons and chondrocytes. mast cells and fibrocytes. neurons and mast cells. neurons and glial cells.

neurons and glial cells

The largest internal cellular structure is known as the ______ and is the cell's control center. Golgi apparatus nucleus lysosome cytosol smooth ER

nucleus

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision? occipital lobe insula frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe

occipital lobe

Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. only by the sympathetic nervous system. only by the parasympathetic nervous system. by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

only by the sympathetic nervous system.

The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged:

open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in:

opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.

Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind:

oxygen

This part of the brain is responsible for evaluating shape and texture of objects: frontal temporal parietal occipital insula

parietal

The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the parietal lobe. occipital lobe. insula. temporal lobe. frontal lobe.

parietal lobe.

The anatomic changes that result from disease are studied under:

pathologic anatomy

The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone fractures under the skin (not through), the fracture is ________. stress; greenstick epiphyseal; stress greenstick; simple pathologic; compound pathologic, simple.

pathologic, simple

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called: exocytosis. phagocytosis. pinocytosis. secondary active transport. receptor-mediated endopinocytosis.

phagocytosis

The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is:

physiology

Epithelial tissues have an attached (basal) border and a free (apical) border. This arrangement is known as: bilateral symmetry. distal orientation. polarity. proximal orientation. lateral flexibility.

polarity

Endocrine glands possess short ducts and secrete their products directly onto the skin surface. lack ducts and secrete their products onto the skin surface. possess ducts to secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid. lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid. secrete mucus directly into a body cavity.

possess ducts to secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

In neurophysiology, the term summation refers to the addition of:

postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.

When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron:

potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a:

presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob and a postsynaptic neuron's cell body.

Reflexes are described as spontaneous and self-initiating. rapid and involuntary. pre-programmed and voluntary. slow and spontaneous.

rapid and involuntary.

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.

receptive

The entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cells are distributed is the transducer field. receptive field. adaptative radius. sensory field. stimulus area.

receptive field.

Which functional area of the neuron receives neurotransmitters?

receptive segment

The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.

slow

The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane. serous mucous cutaneous synovial metastatic

synovial

The medulla oblongata contains the

tectal plate. cerebral peduncles. superior olivary nuclei. pyramids.

This part of the brain is responsible for hearing and smell: frontal temporal parietal occipital insula

temporal

A patellar reflex is considered to be a polysynaptic reflex. true false

true

An individual tract within the spinal cord contains either sensory nerve signals or motor nerve signals only. true false

true

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along:

unmyelinated axons.

When you travel on a moving walkway or an elevator, the linear acceleration of your body is sensed by the cochlea. ossicles. utricle and saccule. semicircular canals.

utricle and saccule.

A graded potential is one that:

varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).

Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?

All choices are correct

Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex? Secretion by glands Smooth muscle contraction Cardiac muscle contraction All of the choices are correct. None of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion? Flagella Microvilli Cilia Cilia and flagella Cilia and microvilli

Cilia and microvilli

What give bone flexibility? Yellow bone marrow Collagen Calcium Red bone marrow Phosphate

Collagen

Which primary tissue type would be located in blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and in the cartilage of some joints? Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle tissue None of the choices is correct

Connective tissue

Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of cells?

Cytology

Which of the following structures function in holding organelles in place, maintaining cell shape and rigidity, and directing organelle movement? Centrioles Flagella Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton Cilia

Cytoskeleton

In what tissue would you expect to find very little if any extracellular matrix? Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Immune tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Which is always avascular (lacks blood vessels)? Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue All of the choices are correct

Epithelial tissue

You would most likely find goblet cells in what type of tissue? Cartilage Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Bone Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty? Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation. Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels. Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress. Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth. Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Terminal ganglia close to the target organ No rami communicantes Long preganglionic axons Craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies Long postganglionic axons

Long postganglionic axons

Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis. Peroxisomes Mitochondria Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes

Lysosomes

Which of the following choices describes three general functions ALL cells must perform? Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes Respond to all hormones, maintain a waterproof barrier, give rise to gametes Grow until dividing, store complex carbohydrates, generate antibodies Take up oxygen, prevent water entry, undergo mitosis frequently

Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes

EPSPs are caused by the movement of

Na+ into the cell

The ________________ is activated when the threshold value is reached.

Na+ voltage-gated channel

The ___________________________helps maintain resting membrane potential and uses ATP as a power source.

Na+/ K+ exchange pump

Where does hemopoiesis occur? Epiphyseal line Endosteum Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Nutrient foramina

Red bone marrow

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates? Site of bone elongation and growth Provides passageway for blood vessels Forms articular surface Supports soft tissues Provides flexibility for bending

Site of bone elongation and growth

Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium in the small intestine. True False

True

Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs. False True

True

The process of bone repair includes these steps: a: Fracture hematoma formsb: Bone is remodeledc: Fibrocartilaginous callus formsd: Bony callus forms a - c - d - b a - b - d - c c - d - b - a d - a - b - c b - a - c - d

a - c - d - b

A power stroke involves:

a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron. b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. c: An action potential begins in the postsynaptic cell. d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. e: Threshold value is reached in the postsynaptic cell.

a, b, d, e, c

Normally, skin color results from a combination of: a: melanin b: hemoglobin c: bilirubin d: carotene

a,b,d

When the arm is moved away from the midline of the boday, the movement at the shoulder is extension. flexion. abduction. adduction. rotation.

abduction.

Which of the myofilaments of a muscle fiber has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?

actin

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs:

along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.

Umami (savory) tastes result in depolarization of cells by this mechanism; Na+ diffuses through Na+ channels of gustatory hairs diffusion of H+ into the cell through H+ channels amino acids bind to receptors on gustatory hairs a and b

amino acids bind to receptors on gustatory hairs

If carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger: an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point. an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise further above set point. a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise to the set point. a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline below set point.

an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point

A movement that increases or decreases the angle between two bones is a(n) __________ motion. angular rotational eversion sliding

angular

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland. apocrine merocrine ceruminous sebaceous

apocrine

Glands that secrete their product by pinching off portions of cells are: apocrine glands. sudoriferous glands. holocrine glands. endocrine glands. merocrine glands.

apocrine glands.

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called interstitial growth. epiphyseal growth. appositional growth. endosteal growth. cancellous bone growth.

appositional growth

Gomphoses contain fluid-filled joint cavities. are found only in tooth sockets. consist of sheets of hyaline cartilage. cover the tendons in the shoulder and coxal joints. are also called saddle joints.

are found only in tooth sockets.

Which impairment is described as having unequal curvatures in one or more of the refractive surfaces resulting in an unequal focusing? emmetropia myopia hyperopia presbyopia astigmatism

astigmatism

What is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical characteristics of an element? neutron atom molecule compound electron

atom

A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is:

atrophy

Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cell number or cell size is termed: hypertrophy. neoplasia. atrophy. metaplasia. fibrosis.

atrophy

The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________. voluntary movement; frontal lobe blood pressure; medulla oblongata. blood pressure; pons visual reflexes; pons visual reflexes; midbrain

blood pressure; medulla oblongata.

Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to: collect information

collect information

A fracture where the bone pierces through the skin is a(n) _________ fracture. transverse oblique compound comminuted simple

compound

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the hypothalamus. corpus callosum. cerebral gyri. cerebral sulci. longitudinal fissure.

corpus callosum.

Another name for the skin is the _________ membrane. serous parietal mucous cutaneous visceral

cutaneous

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane. serous cutaneous mucous cartilaginous synovial

cutaneous

When you travel on a moving walkway or an elevator the acceleration of your body in a straight line is sensed by the: cochlea semicircular canals cutricle and saccule ossicles

cutricle and saccule

Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by which immune system cells? Merkel cells. epidermal dendritic cells. melanocytes. keratinocytes.

epidermal dendritic cells.

The function of upper motor neurons is to excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells. excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex. directly excite skeletal muscle cells. excite or inhibit lower motor neurons. excite motor portions of the thalamus.

excite or inhibit lower motor neurons.

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are, The correct chronological order for these steps is a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis. b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms. c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses. d: Bone replaces cartilage. e: Epiphyseal plates ossify. f: Cartilage model develops. f. - b. - c. - d. - a. - e. b. - c. - f. - a. - e. - d. a. - c. - b. - d. - e. - f. f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e. a. - e. - c. - d. - b. - f.

f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e.

Disease is often considered the result of: negative feedback. failure of homeostatic systems. maintenance of set point. feedback loops.

failure of homeostatic systems

During aging of the integumentary system, sweat production increases as a result of improved sweat gland activity. false true

false

Taste (gustatory cells) have an average life span of about 2 months. false true

false

The autonomic nervous system involves processes that are perceived or controlled consciously. True False

false

Endocrine glands secrete: sweat. hormones. saliva. digestive enzymes. All of the choices are correct.

hormones

The creatine phosphate is used for:

immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen.

An association neuron is located: between the motor nerve and the effector between the sensory nerve and the spinal cord in the spinal cord between the sensory fiber and the motor fiber

in the spinal cord between the sensory fiber and the motor fiber

If the nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell it is considered a(n): inclusion. membrane-bound organelle. non-membrane-bound organelle. pigment.

inclusion.

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ________ production of calcitriol and to ________ excretion of calcium in urine. increase; increase increase; decrease decrease; decrease decrease; increase

increase; decrease

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to decreased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. no effect on the digestive tract.

increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity, which will _________ blood calcium levels. stimulates; increase stimulates; decrease inhibits; increase inhibits; decrease

inhibits; decrease

Potassium has a higher concentration:

inside the cell than outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside than inside the cell.

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called _____ proteins. catalytic integral cytoskeleton peripheral transport

integral

The control center of a homeostatic mechanism: brings about change to the internal environment. integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed. is a change in the external environment. detects a change in a variable that is being regulated.

integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed

The anterior (ventral) gray horn of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of this: motor neurons to skeletal muscle sensory neurons association areas motor neurons to the autonomic nervous system the posterior funiculus

motor neurons to skeletal muscle

When mucin mixes with water it becomes: fatty tissue. solid. mucus. bone. muscle.

mucus

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.

myelinated, large

In the sarcomere, the M-line serves as an attachment site for the filaments and keeps them aligned during contraction and relaxation.

myosin

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?

myosin

If you eat a piece of apple pie and your sugar levels rise, then your pancreas secretes insulin to lower the blood sugar levels, what form of feedback mechanism is used? positive feedback negative feedback

negative feedback

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in, osteoblasts become osteocytes. osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts. osteoblasts become osteoclasts. osteoclasts become osteocytes.

osteoblasts become osteocytes.

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix. osteoprogenitor cells osteoid cells osteocytes osteoclasts osteoblasts

osteoclasts

If the receptive fields of the skin's receptors were smaller, then precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. precision would be lessened, but we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. precision would be greater, and we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. precision would be lessened, and we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.

precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.

This area is in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex: olfactory cortex visual cortex primary motor cortex primary somatic sensory cortex primary auditory cortex

primary motor cortex

The reason we can detect so many different odors is that each olfactory neuron is slightly different from the others, allowing for a wide range of odor sensations. processing and experiencing of emotion. perception of language. bending over backwards. expression of language. retrieving memories from a long time ago.

processing and experiencing of emotion.

The physiological event that takes place at the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is

propagation of an action potential

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

sarcolemma

For relaxation to occur:

sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the:

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

sensory

A mixed nerve refers to one that contains both:

sensory and motor neurons.

The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintained is known as its:

set point

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division.

somatic motor

Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by somatomotor pathways. viscerosensory pathways. visceromotor pathways. somatosensory pathways.

somatosensory pathways.

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time it results in:

spatial summation.

In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell. kidney oocyte red blood brain sperm

sperm

A _________ reflex is monosynaptic and responds to stretching in a muscle spindle. withdrawal crossed-extensor stretch Golgi tendon

stretch

Anatomy is the study of:

structure and form

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling visual reflexes and tracking? For example, turning your eyes in response to a loud crash. superior colliculi inferior colliculi pons substantia nigra medulla oblongata

superior colliculi

The "fight-or-flight" system is the ________ nervous system. somatic parasympathetic sympathetic

sympathetic

Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her ________ nervous system. sympathetic; parasympathetic somatic; parasympathetic somatic; sympathetic sympathetic; somatic parasympathetic; sympathetic

sympathetic; somatic

The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in ________. somatic; vasoconstriction. parasympathetic; vasodilation sympathetic; vasodilation. parasympathetic; vasoconstriction sympathetic; vasoconstriction.

sympathetic; vasodilation.

Functionally, a gomphosis is categorized as a cartilagenous joint. diarthrosis. synarthrosis. synovial joint.

synarthrosis.

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by:

the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.

Which receptor is not matched with its correct function? chemorecptor; detects specific molecules dissolved in fluid nociceptor; detects tissue damage or pain proprioceptor; detects change in muscle tension thermoreceptor; detects change in pressure

thermoreceptor; detects change in pressure

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin. thicker thinner

thinner

The way acetylcholine is released from a neuron is:

through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by

tropomyosin molecules

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.

troponin

The superior colliculi help you respond to auditory stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a loud bang. somatic stimuli — for example, when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm. internal stimuli from your viscera — for example, when you feel abdominal pain. visual stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light

visual stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light

Rickets, a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, is caused by a lack of sufficient Vitamin D. Calcitonin. Thyroid hormone. Vitamin A. Vitamin C.

vitamin d

What is the positively charged part of an atom called? neutron proton molecule compound electron

proton

Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called: organs. organ systems. matrices. tissues

tissues

Within the body, carotene is converted to vitamin A, which is important for auditory function. vitamin E, which is important for auditory function vitamin E, which is important for visual function. vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a:

voltage

Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur at the ________.

voltage, axon hillock

The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the:

voltage-gated sodium channel.

Osmosis is the diffusion of: water within the inside of a cell. water across a membrane. solutes within the inside of a cell. solutes across a membrane.

water across a membrane.

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of yellow marrow to red marrow. red marrow to yellow marrow. spongy bone to compact bone. bone marrow to spongy bone.

yellow marrow to red marrow

The function of myelin is to:

produce faster nerve impulse propagation.

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in the second electron shell? 0 2 4 6 8

8

Select all that light must pass through on its way to being focused on the retina. A) Cornea B) Aqueous humor C) Lens D) Choroid E) Sclera A, B, C, D, E A A, B, C, D A, B A, B. C,

A, B. C

In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day? Blood vessels of the dermis constrict. Blood vessels of the dermis dilate.

Blood vessels of the dermis constrict.

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood? Friction ridges Capillary hemangiomas Cavernous hemangiomas Pili Nevi

Capillary hemangiomas

There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception. Serous Cutaneous Mucous Cartilaginous Synovial

Cartilaginous

There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?

Chemical and electrical

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis? Elastic cartilage Reticular cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Sutural cartilage

Fibrocartilage

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an:

IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.

Where is the greatest concentration of cones located? In the fovea centralis In the ora serrata In the optic disc In the posterior retina In the optic nerve

In the fovea centralis

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate? Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis Periphysis

Metaphysis

If you were to rub your finger over the surface of your face you would notice that the skin was oily. What makes up the oil? Waste material from cellular metabolism Waste material (bilirubin) from dead red blood cells Ruptured cells from sebaceous glands Extracellular fluid not drained by the lymphatic system Plasma leakage from damaged blood vessels

Ruptured cells from sebaceous glands

There are three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors. Select the exception. Tactile discs Sebaceous filaments Free nerve endings Root hair plexuses

Sebaceous filaments

Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways? Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain. Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain. Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS.

Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.

Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the:

T-tubules

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males? Terminal Lanugo Vellus Nonpigmented Pilus

Terminal

Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate. Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E

Vitamin D

With increased age, skeletal muscles show:

a decrease in the number of myofibrils.

A reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus is called sensation. transduction. adaptation. tonicity. conscious awareness.

adaptation.

Our sense of equilibrium depends on which sensation? gravity linear acceleration rotation all of the above

all of the above

Skeletal muscle tissue can be described as: long and cylindrical volunatary multinucleated striated all of the above

all of the above

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging? Insufficient calcification Demineralization Reduction in the organic content of the matrix Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. autonomic motor neurons. axons of sensory and motor neurons. axons of interneurons. axons of motor neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.

The type of sensory receptors involved in the autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure is this: baroreceptors chemoreceptors nociceptors thermoreceptors

baroreceptors

With age, epithelial tissues: become more flexible. become thinner. lose their blood supply. lose resiliency but gain pliability. increase in mass.

become thinner.

Olfactory receptor cells are ________ neurons. bipolar multipolar apolar unipolar nonpolar

bipolar

The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and have junctions called intercalated discs are:

cardiac

The type of muscle that is biforcated, has one to two nuclei per cell, is striated is __________ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth

cardiac

Auditory cells in the superior olivary nucleus receive their input from the cochlear nuclei, and they are involved in localizing the source of a sound. inferior colliculi, and they are used to relay the information directly to the primary auditory cortex. thalamus, and they allow us to recognize familiar voices. inferior colliculi, and they filter out irrelevant auditory information. cochlear nuclei, and they determine the pitch of a sound.

cochlear nuclei, and they are involved in localizing the source of a sound.

Another name for the intracellular fluid is: cytosol. interstitial fluid. intercellular matrix. cytoplasm. cisternae.

cytosol

Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the hypoglossal canal. middle cerebellar peduncle of the pons. primary fissure of the cerebellum. cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain. decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.

Movement of an ion from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as: equilibrium. active transport. diffusion. facilitation. selective transport.

diffusion

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in:

enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased Ach breakdown.

Which is a correct listing of the organization of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle e: Myofilament

e, a, b, c, d

What is the correct order for structures in the nervous system pathway for hearing? a: Axons project to the auditory cortex. b: Axons project to inferior colliculi. c: Axons project to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. d: Axons project to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e: Impulse travels in cochlear nerve sensory fibers. e, d, c, a, b a, b, e, c, d c, b, a, d, e e, c, b, d, a b, c, d, e, a

e, c, b, d, a

The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that causes the change is the: control center. stimulus. effector. receptor.

effector

When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and the muscles of your iris contract to decrease your pupil size. The iris muscles are acting as a(n): effector. control center. receptor. postitive feedback.

effector

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from:

either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.

The characteristic of muscle that allows it to return to its original length following either shortening or lengthening is: elasticity

elasticity

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium:

enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of neurotransmitter.

The reason we can detect so many different odors is that each olfactory neuron is slightly different from the others, allowing for a wide range of odor sensations. true false

false

The sympathetic division produces only excitatory effects while the parasympathetic division produces only inhibitory effects. true false

false

The sagittal suture is a(n) cartilaginous joint. fibrous joint. synovial joint. synchondrosis. amphiarthrosis.

fibrous joint

Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________. cartilagenous; diarthrosis cartilagenous; amphiarthrosis fibrous; amphiarthrosis fibrous; synarthrosis ball and socket; pivot

fibrous; amphiarthrosis

Thick skin contains seven epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. five epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. four epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands. six epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is immobile. freely mobile. fused. slightly mobile. dislocated.

freely mobile

One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object if you tried to lift it with your arm at a fully extended posture is that:

full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle.

Cerebral lateralization refers to the crisscrossing of information between the two hemispheres. generalization that both cerebral hemispheres receive their sensory information from and project motor commands to the opposite side of the body. separation of the various lobes of the brain from each other. difficulty in assigning a precise function to a specific region of the cortex. functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.

functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.

Which type of reflex prevents muscles from contracting excessively by lengthening the muscle as a result? stretch reflex golgi tendon reflex withdrawal reflex cd. rossed-extensor reflex

golgi tendon reflex

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) _________ model. mesenchyme dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage membranous osteoid

hyaline cartilage

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as dislocation. supination. hyperextension. hyperflexion. hypertrophy.

hyperextension.

Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) _________ solution. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic exergonic

hypertonic

In the brain, the ________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions. spinal cord brainstem cerebral cortex hypothalamus medulla

hypothalamus

For a sprint lasting 1-2 minutes, ATP is supplied initially by:

immediate ATP but then primarily by anaerobic respiration.

High blood calcium and exercise cause calcitonin release to increase decrease

increase

Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell: interalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid. internalizes ("eats") a large solid particle. splits ("pinches") off a small part of itself to secrete into the extracellular space. pumps small solutes against their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

interalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid.

What type of bond would form between Na+ and Cl-? covalent peptide hydrogen ionic double covalent

ionic

Compact bone is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis. is composed of tubular units called osteons. has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae. is avascular. All of the choices are correct.

is composed of tubular units called osteons.

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the kidney. skin. liver. bone.

kidney

The receptors responsible for detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibration are: Krause bulbs. lamellated corpuscles. arrector pili corpuscles. Meissner's corpuscles. tactile corpuscles.

lamellated corpuscles.

Fine hair called _________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs. terminal lanugo vellus cuticle phalanx

lanugo

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ______ and occurs in the _______ region of the cartilage. length; internal length; peripheral width; internal width; peripheral

length; internal

In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the ______ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER. liver kidney small intestine pancreas stomach

liver

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as _____ bones. long irregular short flat sesamoid

long

With age, connective tissues: become more flexible. become thinner. lose their blood supply. lose their pliability and resiliency. increase in mass.

lose their pliability and resiliency.

Cerumen is a secretion that lubricates vellus hairs and waterproofs the skin of the limbs. lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum. cools the body through water evaporation. tends to cause acne on the skin of the face. acts as a pheremone.

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within hyaline cartilage. compact bone. mesenchyme. elastic cartilage. spongy bone.

mesenchyme

The joint formed by the axis and atlas that permits the "no" shaking of the head is a _____ joint. condylar hinge plane pivot saddle

pivot

The _______ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell. peroxisome ribosome mitochondrion plasma membrane centrosome

plasma membrane

The function of melanin in the skin is to reduce water loss. prevent infections. help regulate body temperature. protect against UV light. keep the epidermis soft and pliable.

protect against UV light.

In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of: cells and ground substance. protein fibers and ground substance. cells and protein fibers. ground substance and intracellular fluid. ground substance only.

protein fibers and ground substance

Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy text book. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by:

recruiting a different number of motor units.

Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.

relaxation

Sweat and sebaceous glands are found in the stratum corneum. stratum basale of the epidermis. hypodermis. reticular layer fo the dermis papillary layer of the dermis.

reticular layer fo the dermis

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light? rods cones

rods

When Na+ and Cl- bond together, what product is formed? acid peptide base ion salt

salt

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs or striations, are:

smooth

Which part of the brain acts as an "information filter". For example, you are able to "filter out" sounds in a busy cafeteria while you study. cerebrum cerebellum thalamus pons medulla oblongata

thalamus

While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in the hair matrix. the cortex of the hair shaft. the hair bulb. the hyponychium.

the hair matrix.

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables. true false

true

Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage/tension/langers lines tend to gape open. true false

true

Epithelial tissue tends to be richly innervated and highly regenerative. true false

true

Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis. true false

true

Receptors contain modality-gated channels within their plasma membranes. true false

true

The epidermal dendritic cells are able to play an important immune response role by their phagocytic activity. true false

true

The semicircular ducts are part of the membranous labyrinth. true false

true

The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body. true false

true

The joint movement called eversion involves lateral rotation of the coxal joint. medial rotation of the coxal joint. turning the sole of the foot laterally. turning the palm of the hand laterally. turning the palm of the hand or sole of the foot laterally.

turning the sole of the foot laterally.

Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging? women men

women