A&P spring exam 1

a person's MV is 5.75L/min and a VsubA of 4L/min, 1 breath/6 seconds, what would the VsubD be

.175L

a person has a MV of 8.8L/min, a fR of 16 and a VsubA of 5.84L/min what is the VsubD

.185L

a person has a MV = 6.25L/min and the %O2 in the air they exhale is 16.7% and the percent O2 of the air they are ventilating is 21% what is the test subjects O2 demand

.269L

the Po2 is 100mmHg what is the O2 in the plasma

.31 mlO2/dl blood

a person takes 5 seconds per breath, they exhale into a ballon for 1 minute and the volume in the ballon is 7.5L what is the tidal volume

.625L

a person has a MV=10.4L/min with a %O2 of exhale being 17% and the percent O2 of ventilation at 21% with the fR at 16breaths/min what is volume of air they are ventilating per breath and what is the VO2

.65L, .419L

main components of mass balance 1. a ______ is a definable space in the body and has a measurable volume 2. compartments contain _____ 3. compartments have measurable _____ and ____ of matter 4. the amount of matter in the compartment is determined by the ____ of input and output (or internal destruction)

1. compartment 2. matter 3. input and output 4. rate

A10 - PaO2 of 40mmHg, VsubA = 4L/min, PvO2 of 100mmHg, blood Hb is 13.6 gHb/dl blood how much O2 is loaded into their blood if their CO is 4.7L/min what is their VO2

3.826 mlO2/dl blood 180.01 mlO2/min

atmospheric pressure is _____ mmHg

760

ventilation is accomplished by _____ law, location of _____, ____ structure, and _____ _____ contraction

Boyles, lungs, lung, skeletal muscle

_____ ____ - amount of blood circulating every minute

CO

__ __ __ - expiratory reserve volume, can exhale if needed

ERV

___ ___ __ - force expiratory volume - forceful exhalation of VC, normal ~83% of VC in one sec

FEV

_____ law - the quantity of gas that will dissolve into a liquid is proportional to the gas' partial pressure and solubility (Po2 * ao2 (solubility constant = .0031mlO2/mmHg) = [O2] in blood)

Henry's

__ __ __ - inspiratory reserve volume, can inhale this amount if needed

IRV

if a person had a narrowing of airways due to an upper respiratory infection what aspect of ventilation would this impact the most

MV and VsubA

function of RBC is to transport ____ and ____

O2 and CO2

______ - 2 million enter per second, 4-5 million/microliter, biconcave discs(SA), no nucleus or organelles, no proliferation, no mitochondria (dont use O2), flexible pm, contains hemaglobin

RBC (erythrocytes)

__ __ - residual volume, air that is always in the lungs bc the thoracic cavity vol is never at 0.

RV

a subject has a vital capacity of 4.8 L and ERV of 1.2L and a functional residual capacity of 2.5L what is the RV, TLC and IC

RV - 1.3L TLC - 6.1L IC - 3.6

Alveolar ventilation rate VsubA = (V__ - V__) * ___

T, D, fsubR

___ __ __ is oxygen consumption, ml/min, O2 demand

VO2

___ ___ ___ = CO *(%vO2 - %aO2)

VO2

____ ____ ( alveolar volume) = Vt - VsubD

VsubA

___ ___ - portion of tidal vol in the conducting airways, anatomical dead space, air that cant do gas exchange, (~ 30%)

VsubD

__ __ - tidal volume, inhale/exhale flow

Vt

what is more likely to change when a person exercises Vt or VC

Vt

MV(VsubE) _____ ____ - the vol of air ventilated every minute, MV = ____ *___(# of breaths/min)

Vt * fsubR

____ ____ - immune cells that remove fine particles and dust, in alveolar space

alevolar macrophages

_____ ____ : possesses surface tension, provides recoil on exhalation and is the secretion of type II pneumocytes

alveolar fluid

_____ - main functional unit of the lung, ventilated air flows to it and fills it

alveolus

____ ____ : (CT) makes the lung stretchy with recoil

basement membrane

where is the break between upper and lower respiratory

before the trachea (larynx)

______ law - the pressure of a gas in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of that gas (to get air in lungs decrease pressure in lung compared to atmospheric pressure)

boyles

if a person's tidal volume changed because they were engaged in some exercise what would be most effected

breathing frequency and minute ventilation

_____: the max amount of 3D space that can be filled with something

capacity

_____ _____ ____ : simple squamous epithelium that forms the wall of the capillary

capillary epithelial cells

functions 1. ______ - preparing air and moving air to and from respiratory zones 2. ______ - gas exchange

conducting respiratory

_____ law - each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if no others were present, total pressure is the sum of all partial pressures

dalton's

if there is too little surfactant in the alveolar fluid the surface tension ____ and ____ is more difficult

decreases, exhalation

the _____ is the inferior border of the thoracic cavity, it contracts and its height decreases and it relaxes and provides recoil

diaphragm

what skeletal muscles are involved in inhalation

diaphragm

factors effecting ventillation 1. damage to _____ and other _____ - effects change in pressure 2. airway _____ - primarily comes from air flowing through a tube - walls and branches, if mucus increases (problems especially in smaller branches), in physical activity the smooth muscles on bronchioles release tension so the diameter increases, asthma - constriction of muscles 3. surface tension of _____ ____ - h2O and surfactant (lipid, decreases the surface tension, from type II pneumocytes) 4. _____ _____ - basement membrane in alveolus provides stretch and recoil (emphysema - loss of alveoli, membrane break down, lose recoil for exhalation) if basement membrane becomes thickened then inhalation is more difficult

diaphragm, muscles, resistance, alveolar fluid, lung compliance

blood is a liquid connective tissue with a cellular component composed of ______ (RBCs) and _____ _____ (cells and cell fragments) and with an ECM composed of _____ made of water and many soluble proteins

erythrocytes, formed elements, plasma

______ - moving air out

exhalation

______ is a passive process

exhalation

EC - ___ ___ = IRV + Vt

expiratory capacity

_____ (_____) respiration - exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood, supplies O2 to meet the VO2

external (pulmonary)

main components of flow down gradients 1. _______ is the movement of substances from one point of a system to another 2. flow occurs because of the existence of an _____ ____ between two points 3. the _____ of flow is a direct function of the ______ of the energy gradient (larger gradient = larger flow) 4. more than one _____ can control the magnitude and direction of the flow 5. there is _____ to flow in all systems

flow energy gradient magnitude, magnitude gradient resistence

the respiratory membrane - site of external respiration 5 layers 1. alveolar ____ 2. alveolar ___ - type 1 pneumocytes 3. ___ ___ (of alveolar wall) 4. ____ ____ (of capillary) 5. capillary ___ (endothelial cell)

fluid, wall, basement membrane, basement membrane, wall

____ ____ - RBC, WBC, platelets

formed elements

the pleural fluid in the pleural cavity aids in _____ reduction as the lungs move, and possesses ____ ____ between the pleuras which is important in ventilation as it creates a lower intrapleural pressure than the ___ ___ pressure pulling the visceral pleura towards the parietal pleura so that the lungs stay inflated

friction, surface tension, internal air

FRC - _____ ____ ____ = ERV + RV

function residual capacity

______ - % of whole blood that is cellular

hematocrit

______ - 4 polypeptide chains, and a nonprotein group that binds iron, at 100% saturation can bind 1.34ml O2/g Hb

hemoglobin

_______: the internal environment of the organism is actively maintained constant by the function of cells, tissues and organs organized into a negative feedback system

homeostasis

when the diaphragm produces tension the thoracic cavity _____ in volume

increases

if there is too much surfactant in the alveolar fluid the surface tension _____ and _____ is more difficult

increases, inhalation

______ - moving air in

inhalation

_______ is an active process

inhalation

IC - ____ ___ = ERV + Vt

inspiratory capacity

which pulmonary measure is the max amount of air a person could possibly fill their lungs with in a single inhale

inspiratory capacity

_______ (____) respiration - exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and cells of the body, site of O2 demand

internal (tissue)

main components of homeostasis 1. the organism maintains a stable ______ environment in the face of a fluctuating _____ environment 2. a a substantial change to a regulated variable will result in a _____ response to restore that regulated variable towards its set point/range (deviation from the normal range is the _____ range) 3. homeostatic processes require a _____ in the body 4. homeostatic processes require a _____ _____ 5. homeostatic processes require _____

internal, external physiological, tolerated sensor control center effectors (target tissues or organs)

if the _____ ____ is higher than the than the lung pressure then the result is a ____ lung

interthoracic pressure, collapsed

the process of ventilation as the diaphragm contracts and the ____ expand ____ decreases so air flows in and then air pressure equilibrates at a new lung volume while the diaphragm is producing tension then when the diaphragm stops producing _____ it heightens and lung _____ decrease so _____ increases and air flows out

lungs, pressure, tension, volume, pressure

VO2 ____ - the highest O2 demand an individual can accomplish for a given amount of work

max

_____ - immature immune cells, become macrophages

monocytes

what skeletal muscles are involved in the process of at rest exhalation

none

diffusion is generated by the difference in ____ ____

partial pressures

blood _____ - H2O and solutes (mostly proteins)

plasma

where does O2 go in the blood

plasma and hemaglobin

the lung is wrapped in the _____ membrane which is made of the ____ pleura which directly covers the lungs and the _____ pleura which lines the thoracic cavity, the area in between the two is called the pleural ____

pleural, visceral, parietal, cavity

air flow = change in ____ / ____

pressure/resistance

to inflate the lung what does the diaphragm do (during inhalation)

produces tension (isotonic concentric contraction)

_____ VO2 - VO2/weight

relative

_______ : the process of gas exchange, driven by diffusion, from high partial pressure to low, also impacted by solubility

respiration

what is an automatic resistance to O2 flow

respiratory membrane

if a variable has a ______ it is probably homeostatically regulated

sensor

negative feedback loop of homeostasis there is an internal variable that experiences an internal or external _____ this variable is measured by the _____ which then sends control signals to the _______ _____ which establishes the set point by sending more control signals to ______ which then provide a negative response to the stimulus that originally changed the variable

stimulus, sensor, control center, effectors

what is the principle functional structure of the lung

the alveolus

why does external respiration occur in the alveolus and not in other locations in the respiratory system

the respiratory membrane is thin

the lungs are located in the _____ cavity

thoracic

ventilation is ____ (2 parts)

tidal

_____ - group of cells that function together to perform specialized actions

tissue

TLC - ____ ____ ____ (all)

total lung capacity

3 major functions of blood 1. _____ - gases, nutrients, hormones , waste products 2. _____ - pH, temp, osmotic pressure 3. _____ - blood clotting, wbc, proteins

transportation, regulation, protection

___ ___ ____ (alveolar cell) - create the wall of the alveolus, simple squamous epithelium, main site of gas exchange with pulmonary capillary

type I pneumocytes

____ _____ ____ (alveolar cell) - embedded in the epithelium of the alveolus, secretion of alveolar fluid that coats the inside of the alveoli

type II pneumocytes

______ : exchange or flow of air between the atmosphere and lung alveolar space

ventilation

_______ - exchange or flow of air between atmosphere and lung alveolar space

ventilation

if the layer of mucus that lines the primary airways thickened what would be effected

ventilation

pulmonary edema is fluid rentention and build up in alveolar space it would effect

ventilation and external respiration

if the basement membrane thickened in the alveolus it would effect and how

ventilation due to constriction of flow and external respiration due to thicker repiratory membrane for diffusion

Factors affection external respiration 1. ______ - partial pressures will change due to the percentages in the ventilated air 2. respiratory membrane _____ - diffusion distance, could be due to acute problems in alveolar fluid or chronic problems in the basement membrane 3. respiratory membrane _____ ____ - emphasyma 4. ____ - O2 cannot diffuse quickly enough 5. ____ ___ - more of a cardiac factor

ventilation, thickness, SA, time, blood flow

VC - ____ ____ = max vol of air an individual can ventilate for any given breath (IRV + Vt + ERV)

vital capacity

____ ____ - (VC) - total capacity of lungs, decrease can go unnoticed

vital capacity

if a person's IRV was lower than normal what other pulmonary measure would be affected

vital capacity

______ : quantity of 3D space enclosed by a boundary (L)

volume

you can inhale by increasing the _____ of the thoracic cavity

volume