Abnormal 3
a disorder characterized by excessive attention seeking, emotional instability, and self-dramatization
Histrionic PD
Personality Disorders are also called
Characteristic Disorders
which cluster of PDs is the least common?
Cluster B
which cluster of PD is the most common?
Cluster C
a disorder characterized by extreme dependence on others, particularly the need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and submissive behavior
Dependent PD
people with this PD often build their lives around other people, placing their own needs and desires below those of their partner
Dependent PD
a disorder characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust for others
Paranoid PD
What is the A criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
a disorder characterized by excessive introversion, pervasive social interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in communication and behavior
Schizotypal PD
people with this disorder typically maintain contact with reality, though they may experience transient psychotic symptoms under extreme stress
Schizotypal PD
what are some gender-related diagnostic issues with the general diagnostics of PDs
Some PDs diagnosed more frequently in one gender Probably real gender differences, but use caution when diagnosing --There might be some stereotypical biases
what does the lifestyle dimension of psychopathy reflect?
a need for stimulation, a tendency to be easily bored, impulsivity, irresponsibility, a lack of reasonable long-term goals as well as a parasitic lifestyle
what does the interpersonal dimension of psychopathy reflect?
a personality style that is characterized by glibness/superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying, and the conning manipulation of others
how is grandiosity manifested in narcissistic pd
by a strong tendency to overestimate on'es abilities and accomplishments while underestimating others' abilities and accomplishments
treatments for this group/cluster of PDs has shown the most promise compared to treatment of the other groups/clusters
cluster C
what is a key difference between schizoid PD and avoidant PD
people with schizoid PD are typically content with their lack of social relationships people with avoidant PD are deeply troubled by their inability to seek and establish relationships
patients who receive DBT therapy show
reductions in self-destruction and suicidal behaviors, as well as in levels of anger
a disorder characterized by an inability to form social relationships or express feelings, and a lack of interest in doing so
schizoid PD
people with this disorder are often viewed as loners or introverts and may appear cold or distant
schizoid pd
people with _____________ PD often demonstrate highly personalized and superstitous thinking
schizotypal PD
what is a "successful" psychopath?
someone who commits crimes but manage to avoid significant incarceration
what is the overall prevalence for PD?
somewhere between 10 and 12 percent of people
what does the antisocial dimension of psychopathy reflect?
the aspects of psychopathy that invovle poor behavior controls, early behavioral problems, delinquency, and cirminality
why might an increase in HR under stressful situations might make a psychopath "successful"?
the increased HR may alert the individual that they are in a risky situation and allow them to take preventative measures, whereas a lack of reactivity may not afford such a warning
what does the affective dimension of psychopathy reflect?
traits such as lack of remorse or guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, shallow affect, and a failure to accept responsibility of one's behavior
the _________ subtype of narcissistic PD has a very fragile self-esteem and arrogance is a facade for their hypersensitivity to rejection
vulnerable
Is histrionic PD more frequent in men or women?
women, although some researchers believe that this is due to gender bias in the diagnosis of the disorder
What are some characteristics of PDs?
--Disorders of traits (specific behavioral tendencies) --Maladaptive behavior patterns --Lack of flexibility --Chronic and pervasive (pervade all aspects of your life) --Inaccurate perceptions of yourself and others --Ineffective social functioning --Often ego-syntonic (you're not very distressed by being this way)
what are the differential diagnoses with the general diagnostics of PDs
--Personality traits --Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders --Substance Use Disorders --Personality change due to another medical condition (brain injury, etc)
What PDs are in the wild cluster of PDs
-Antisocial -Borderline -Histrionic -Narcissistic
What PDs are in the worried cluster of PDs
-Avoidant -Dependent -Obsessive Compulsive
What are the three clusters of PDs
-Odd or eccentric (weird) -Dramatic, emotional, erratic, or impulsive (wild) -Anxious or fearful (worried)
What PDs are in the weird cluster of PDs
-Paranoid -Schizoid -Schizotypal
what are some other disorders that are associated (comorbid) with?
-anxiety disorders -mood disorders -substance use problems -sexual difficulties and disorders
what are the three major characteristics of psychopathy and ASPD?
-inadequate conscience development -irresponsible and impulsive behavior -the ability to impress and exploit others
what are the 4 dimensions of the 2 factors of psychopathy
-interpersonal dimension -affective dimension -lifestyle dimension -antisocial dimension
other than conduct disorder, what are two other childhood disorders that are associated with the diagnosis of ASPD and/or psychopathy later in life?
-oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) -ADHD
many of the criteria for histrionic PD involve maladaptive variants of female-realted traits such as
-overdramatization -vanity -seductiveness -overconcern with physical appearance
how old must a person be before they can be diagnosed with ASPD? Before what age must the person have exhibited symptoms of a conduct disorder?
18;15
what percentage of people with OCD have a comorbid diagnosis with OCPD
20%
the combination of ADHD and conduct disorder appears to occur in about ___________% of ADHD cases
30-50
when this co-occurs with conduct disorder it leads to a high likelihood that the person will develop a severely aggressive form of ASPD
ADHD
a disorder characterized by continual violation of and disregard for the rights of others through deceitful or aggressive behavior, typically without remorse or loyalty to anyone
ASPD
psychopath also includes features noted in the DSM criteria for with PD?
ASPD
the outstanding characteristic of ppl with this disorder is their tendency to persistently disregard and violate the rights of others
ASPD
what is the ONLY PD that may only be diagnosed if the individual is over the age of 18 and had shown symptoms of conduct disorder before the age of 15
ASPD
What is the A criteria for the general diagnostic criteria for PDs
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individual's culture, manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: --Cognition (ways of perceiving, thinking, and understanding the environment; thought processes) --Affectivity (something about your emotional experience/discretion) --Interpersonal functioning --Impulse control
a disorder characterized by extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivity to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships, and low self-esteem
Avoidant PD
what is the B-F criteria for the general diagnostic criteria for PDs
B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations (this is where we see this stuff) C. Distress or impairment D. The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood (it's who you are) E. R/O AMD F. R/O substance or AMC
a disorder characterized by impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood
BPD
people with this PD disorder display instability in both their emotions and their sense of self, often leading to instability in their personal relationships
BPD
what are some common diagnostic issues with general diagnostics of PDs
Evaluate long-term patterns of functioning --Gotta go back to the person's past history --***Features have to be there by early adulthood*** May need info from other informants
researchers have found that individuals with low __________ activity were far more likely to develop ASPD if they had experienced early maltreatment
MAOA
this gene is involved in the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (such as norepinephorine, dopamine, and serotonin), which tends to be particularly affected by the stresses of maltreatment
MAOA gene
Do individuals diagnosed with OCPD generally have true obessions or compulsive rituals?
No instead ppl with OCPD have lifestyles characterized by overconscientiousness, inflexibility, and perfectionism, but withouth the presence of true obsessions or compulsive traits
are people with schizoid PD able to usually form social realtionships?
No and they usually lack much interest in doing so
a disorder characterized by perfectionism and an excessive concern with maintaining order, control, and adherence to rules
OCPD
rigidity, stubbornness, and reluctance to delegate are the most prevalent stable features of this disorder
OCPD
what are is the development & course with general diagnostics of PDs
Usually recognizable in early adulthood or adolescence By definition, these disorders are stable (consistent over time) You can diagnose kids/adolescents in CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES --You gotta be careful in doing this! --Features must be present at least 1 year --You CANNOT diagnose for Antisocial Personality Disorder because they gotta be 18 or older
how is the low fear hypothesis related to psychopathy?
according to the hypothesis, psychopaths do not show typicall conditioning of fear because of this they may not learn typical patterns necessary for passive avoidance of punishment (learning from one's own actions), conscience development, and socialization
this is a key area in the brain related to emotions and fear conditioning
amygdala
unsuccessful psychopaths have a more pronouned reduction in _______________ volume compared to successful psychopaths and control groups
amygdala
people with ________________ PD tend to show extreme reluctance to engage in social interaction, yet desire the affection and company of others
avoidant
people with OCD are more likely to be diagnosed with ______________ or _____________ PD than with OCPD
avoidant & dependent
the signature symptom of this disorder is extreme social inhibition coupled with hypersensitivity to and fear of criticism
avoidant pd
why are PDs generally difficult to treat?
because they are relatively enduring, pervasive, and have inflexible patterns of behavior
criminal activities of many psychopathic and antisocial personalities seem to ___________ after age 40 without treatment
decrease
does criminal activity increase or decrease after the age of 40 for those who are psychopathic or with antisocial personalities?
decrease
people with __________ dependent PD usually build their lives around other ppl and subordinate their own needs to keep ppl involved with them
dependent
people with this PD often show an acute fear at the possibility of separation or sometimes of simply having to be alone because they see themselves as inept
dependent
gender differnce in the diagnostic prevalence of this disorder are probably not due to a sex bias in making the diagnosis, but to the higher prevalence in women of certain personality traits, such as neuroticism and agreeableness
dependent disorder
___________________ is an unique therapy that combines individual and group components and is now widely used to treat BPD
dialectical behavior therapy
the primary goal of this therapy is to encourage patients to accept negative affect without engaging in self-destructive or other maladaptive behaviors
dialectical behavior therapy
Personality disorders are relatively ___________ in duration.
enduring
Psychopaths who are high on the egocentric, callous, and exploitative dimension seem to have a low capacity for ______________________, or the ability to learn to anticipate and avoid punishment.
fear conditioning
what does dialectical behavior therapy feature?
features a clear hierarchy of goals beginning with decreasing suicidal and self-harmful behavior
the _____________ subtype of narcissistic PD is characterized by a strong tendency to overestimate their own abilities and accomplishments while underestimating other's abilities and accomplishments. truly believing they are better than others
grandiose subtype
what are some culture-related diagnostic issues with the general diagnostics of PDs
have to take into account culture, ethics, and social backgrounds --is it expected in their culture?
people with this PD crave attention and stimulation, leading to unfulfilling relationships when people around them cannot provide constant care
histrionic PD
people with this disorder often display vague and impressionistic speech as well as theatrical, emotional behavior
histrionic PD
successful psychopaths show a(n) ____________ in heart rate activity during stressful situations indicating that they may make "smarter' choices in risk situations than unsuccessful psychopaths
increase
treatment for psychopaths tends to be generally ____________
ineffective
the symptoms of Paranoid PD lead to _____________ interpersonal difficulties, though people with this disorder are typically not psychotic
interpersonal
the _______ and ________ dimensions of psychopathy reflect emotional emotional and personality dimensions (such as lack of remorse, callousness, superficial charm, inflated self-worth, and pathological lying).
interpersonal and affective
the ___________ and ___________ dimensions of psychopath reflect behavior (such as impulsivity or poor behavior control) and are related to the DSM diagnosis of ASPD
lifestyle and antisocial
BPD is most strongly associated with the comorbidity of what disorders?
mood disorders -major depressive disorder -mania
individuals with __________ PD show an exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the feelings of others
narcissistic PD
this PD is characterized by traits related to dominance, aggression, and grandiosity
narcissistic PD
people with this disorder are unwilling or unable to take the persepctive of others and tend to be hypercritical of others
narcissistic pd
people with this disorder typically believe themselves to be "special," displaying pevasive entitlement and arrogance
narcissistic pd
a disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-important, preoccupation with being admired, and lack of empathy for others
narcissitic pd
gender differences in the pervalence of dependent pd seem to attributable to higher prevalence of traits like ________ and ___________ agreeableness in women than in men
neuroticism and agreeableness
people with ________________ PD have a preoccupation with maintaining mental and interpersonal control through careful attention to rules, order , and schedules
obsessive-compulsive
For a PD to be diagnosed, the person's enduring pattern of behavior must be
pervasive, inflexible, stable and long duration must also cause either distress or impairment
Individuals with OCPD, although strict in their attention to detail, often have
poor interpersonal relationships and inefficient work
why does criminal activity seem to decrease after the age of 40?
possibly due to weaker biological driver, better insight into self-defeating behaviors, and the cumulative effects of social conditioning
why might treatment for psychopaths be generally ineffective?
ppl with psychopathy or ASPD rarely seek treatment because they don't think they're doing anything wrong (not distressed) also, programs that focus on social skills training might actually increase the person's ability to manipulate others, making the problem worse
these individuals do not exhibit reduced cardiovascular responsitivity when anticipating and experiencing a stressor
psychopaths
a syndrome including such affective and interpersonal traits as lack of empathy, inflated and arrogant self-appraisal, and glib and superficial charm
psychopathy
what are some treatment methods for some cluster C PDs?
psychotherapy, CBT, and antidepressants
