Abnormal Psy
After a stroke several years ago, Caroline started having trouble speaking and walking and became more forgetful than usual. Additionally, she has difficulty making decisions when presented with a range of options. What type of neurocognitive disorder does Caroline appear to have?
Vascular neurocognitive disorder
Despite the __ course of intellectual disability, the prognosis for people with less severe forms of this disorder improves when given ___
chronic, appropriate training and support .
Characteristics of severe cases of autism may sometimes be misinterpreted as which of the following disorders?
Intellectual disability
Mitch is in the late stages of a disease that has caused him to shake and have slow body movements. He now has difficulty driving and learning new information. What type of neurocognitive disorder does Mitch appear to have?
Neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease
Which of the following most accurately describes autism?
Autism is a neurological disorder.
What is the technical name for Mitch's slow body movements?
Bradykinesia
Given that Bette attended law school and had an intellectually stimulating career, we might suspect that Alzheimer's disease had a later onset for her than it might have had if she had lower levels of educational attainment. This line of thinking is consistent with the:
Cognitive reserve hypothesis
Following assessment, a clinician identifies that an adult client has a developmental disorder featuring severe deficits and impairments in basic self-care, such as self-dressing and self-feeding. Which form of intervention will target this area of functioning most effectively?
Task analysis
What does this diagram highlight about ADHD?
Disciplinary actions or punishments, such as for noncompliance, can exacerbate psychological impacts of ADHD.
What type of deficit is Caroline experiencing when she has trouble making complicated decisions?
Disturbance in executive functioning
What is one explanation that has been offered that might explain why Bette developed neurocognitive disorder but Jamal did not?
Estrogen protects against Alzheimer's disease, and women lose estrogen as they age.
Several years ago, Deshi started to be a little forgetful. His memory and executive functioning worsened slowly, and now he often does not recognize his family members when he sees them. Deshi's inability to recognize his family members is called what?
Facial agnosia
Felix is in the seventh grade, just about to turn 13, and attends a special day class. He has an IQ of 65 and has always had trouble with studying and taking tests. He has many friends at school who are, thankfully, all aware he needs help with most daily activities, such as eating, dressing, and finding his way around campus. He has tried riding the bus home from school but has been unable to master the complex bus system in his community. At home, he is able to do several things on his own but still requires daily help with self-care skills. Individual 2
Felix's case includes all criteria necessary to diagnose someone with intellectual disability, whereas the other individual does not meet the criterion of significantly subaverage intelligence .
A local school wishes to develop a program for the students with ADHD that helps them interact appropriately with their peers. What type of behavioral intervention program will target these goals most effectively?
Social skills training
Chromosomal aberrations are noted to result in intellectual disability. Two common chromosomal aberrations have been identified as causing intellectual disabilities. ___ is caused by a mutation at the tip of the chromosome and primarily affects ___ because their chromosomal pattern does not provide a normal gene to balance out the mutation.
Fragile X syndrome , males
Which of the following are examples of interventions for neurocognitive disorder that were promising at first but were not well supported by later research? Check all that apply.
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor Vitamin E Transplanting stem cells Ginkgo biloba
What is the focus of the most common therapy for autism?
Helping to focus on basic tasks, such as hand washing
According to a study of college football players that was reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which of the following combinations presents with the lowest cognitive test scores?
History of concussions and learning disabilities
According to research, there are several considerations in determining when and if a player should return to sports play following a mild traumatic brain injury. Which of the following is not explicitly identified as a consideration, in the research?
History of depression
Delirium can be caused by a variety of factors. Which of the following is not known to be a cause of delirium?
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Use the research presented in your text to identify symptoms of amateur sports-related traumatic brain injury that are similar to those of other neurocognitive disorders. Which of the following symptoms is not characteristic of traumatic brain injury?
Impaired motor control
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized in the DSM-5 by severe impairment in certain areas of development—social interaction skills and communication skills—or by the presence of stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities. How does the DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD differ from those of previous versions?
It combines several previously distinct developmental disorders into one condition.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what this highlights about learning disorders?
Learning disorders not only disrupt a student's academic achievement but can also lead to feelings and thoughts of low self-esteem and self-image.
Charles has always been described as a talker. He often gets in trouble in class for speaking over the teacher and interrupting his peers. This also happens when he is at home with his parents, and he interrupts them when they are punishing him or trying to explain something to him. His excessive talking is accompanied by fidgetiness and random bursts of activity, and he often climbs on furniture at home and desks at school.
One of the most common forms of neurodevelopmental disorders is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Determining that a child has this disorder, however, can be challenging. Here are two scenarios describing the impact that these behavior problems can have, but only one child meets the formal diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Charles has always been described as a talker. He often gets in trouble in class for speaking over the teacher and interrupting his peers. This also happens when he is at home with his parents, and he interrupts them when they are punishing him or trying to explain something to him. His excessive talking is accompanied by fidgetiness and random bursts of activity, and he often climbs on furniture at home and desks at school. Child 1 Among these cases, only child 1 meets the minimum requirement as outlined by the diagnostic criteria for ADHD and would be classified as having mostly hyperactive-impulsive type
Which of the following is an example of a behavior that would likely be classified as restricted, repetitive pattern of behavior, according to the DSM-5?
Patrick insists on having his utensils set in the same place on the table for every meal and throws a tantrum when things are shifted or displaced.
Researchers have focused on the buildup of amyloid protein in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. How is the buildup of amyloid protein related to Down syndrome?
People with Down syndrome have three, rather than two, of the gene that is responsible for producing amyloid precursor protein.
There are specific aspects to the social interactions, communication, and behaviors of a person with autism spectrum disorder. Between the two scenarios, select the one that is most characteristic of the communication of a person with autism spectrum disorder:
Scenario 1: Manuel has difficulty effectively communicating with others and severe trouble maintaining a conversation. He frequently repeats things that others have said, even if it doesn't pertain to the current topic. Sometimes he repeats a question someone has asked; other times he repeats something he overheard
Stella and Jack were both brought to the hospital emergency room exhibiting signs of delirium. Stella's delirium appears to be due to sleep deprivation, while Jack's delirium appears to be due to a bacterial infection. Which treatment would be recommended for both Stella and Jack?
Showing them personal belongings
Which of the following statements further clarifies the reasoning behind findings similar to those of Dr. Gaffney?
Stimulant medication increases activity in areas of the brain to a fully functioning level, allowing a person to better regulate his or her behavior.
Many psychological disorders can be treated quite effectively, but mental health professionals have had much less success in treating neurocognitive disorder. Why is much of the effort in this area focused on the caregivers of people with neurocognitive disorder?
The caregivers are at increased risk for anxiety, depression, and stress
Impairments in social communication and social interaction can manifest in several different ways. Which of the following describes some aspect of how these appear in autism spectrum disorder? Check all that apply.
The majority of patients have severe speech problems that prevent communication with others. Patients will often fail to show interest in what others are attending to.
Why is the prevalence of neurocognitive disorder in the United States expected to increase in the coming decades?
The risk of developing neurocognitive disorder increases with age, and there will be more people aged 85 and older in the coming decades.
By studying individuals with and without ADHD, researchers have discovered some generalizations about how ADHD develops throughout a person's lifetime. Which of the following is consistent with how psychologists view ADHD? Check all that apply.
The symptoms of ADHD generally worsen throughout the early childhood years. Adolescents with ADHD often engage in risky driving behaviors due to their impulsivity problems. Having ADHD in childhood is associated with increased risk for substance use problems in adulthood.
David is working with a teacher to improve his communication skills. Every time David makes any sound upon the teacher's request, he is reinforced with a small treat of food and some praise.
This is an example of discrimination training .
Sondra has joined a group of students who, like her, have a reading ability that is substantially below what is expected for their age. She will be instructed on how to improve her cognitive skills through decision making and critical thinking.
This is an example of educational intervention —specifically strategy instruction .
Clancy is no longer reinforced for making just any sound during his communication training. Instead, he is reinforced only after he makes sounds similar to the requested sound, such as the sound for the letter "b" when asked to say "ball."
This is an example of shaping .
Based on information provided in the chapter, which of the following statements most accurately reflects a potential relationship between traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive disorders?
Traumatic brain injury may lead to delirium or a neurocognitive disorder (dementia).
ADHD is found in 5.2% of the child population in ___
all regions of the world
Biological treatment is a viable option for ___ but not ___. The latter employs treatment approaches similar to those used with pervasive developmental disorders in an attempt to teach independent living skills.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability
Albert continually blurts out answers out of turn in class. Albert's teacher repeatedly sends him into the hall on a time-out. Albert feels ___.
embarrassed
The symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease tend to develop ___ and cognitive deterioration tends to be fastest in the ___ stages of the disease.
gradually , middle
Various forms of subtle brain impairment have also been thought responsible for learning disorders. Specifically, areas in the __ of the brain have been of primary focus due to their implications in the development of learning disorders.
left hemisphere
There is also a gender disparity found in the prevalence of ADHD, with boys three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. This gender difference may be due to girls with ADHD being ___ than their gender counterparts with ADHD.
less active
Students with learning disorders are ___ to drop out of school, be unemployed, and attempt suicide than their peers without learning disorders.
more likely
An example of an early intervention effort is the ___ , which combines educational, medical, and social support for children at risk for developing ___
national Head Start program, cultural-familial intellectual disability .
Both __ and neurofibrillary tangles ___ over the years and are believed to impair normal brain functioning and lead to neurocognitive disorders.
neuritic plaques, accumulate
Because the medication most often prescribed to children with ADHD is categorized as a ___ , the most likely reason medication __ classroom disruptions is because it helps ___ .
stimulant , reduces , children control impulsive behaviors .
Learning disorders are often identified when a student performs poorly in one subject in school, indicating __
unexpected underachievement .