Abnormal Psych
intolerance of uncertainty theory
certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small
hoarding disorder
a disorder in which individuals fell compelled to save items and become very stressed if they try to discard the, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items
serotonin
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders
preparedness
a predisposition to develop certain fears
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring within their bodies
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snake. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
modeling
The defense mechanism that involves doing good works in order to cancel out one's previous bad acts is called:
undoing
17. The heart muscle becoming thinner is an example of:
A) muscle wasting.
13. A female who achieves and maintains her low weight only through undereating or excessive exercise suffers from:
B) anorexia nervosa—restricting type.
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects is displaying:
basic irrational assumptions
If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
conditions of worth
A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
flooding
According to cognitive theorists, people who have anxiety sensitivity:
interpret their bodily sensations as potentially harmful
If I believe there is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that is catastrophic is things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic:
irrational assumptions
Anxiety disorders differ from everyday experiences of fear and anxiety in:
it is too severe, too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
maladaptive assumptions
Cognitive therapists believe that GAD is induced by:
maladaptive assumptions
a college student who is so anxious that he can't function unless his clothes are arranged by color and type in his closet is experiencing:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?
orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
Psychodynamic theorists would predict that high levels of anxiety in adulthood would be positively related to earlier:
overprotectiveness?
Rosa's heart was racing from the four cups of coffee she had just finished, but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a:
panic attack
the phobia MOST often associated w/ panic disorder is: A. acrophobia B. metrophobia C. claustrophobia D. agoraphobia
D. agoraphobia
a person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying: A. condition of worth B. compulsion C. meta-worry D. basic irrational assumption
D. basic irrational assumption
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders are overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
psychodynamic
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
systematic desensitization
college students who always become so anxious when taking a test that they can't remember even simple things that they know quite well are experiencing:
text anxiety?
Rainforest, struck by lighting... now afraid of trees.. what is the conditioned stimulus?
trees
Leila always feel threatened and anxious- imaging something awful is about to happen. She is able to work, but not as well as she'd like. She is probably experiencing:
unpredictable negative events
DX Checklist: Specific Phobia
1. Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months 2. Exposure to the object produces immediate fear 3. Avoidance of the feared situation 4. Significant distress or impairment
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
...
Studies of the effectiveness of exposure and prevention therapy most often have focused on ____ compulsions.
...
46. _____ is the most common method for treating eating disorders.
A) Cognitive-behavior therapy
16. Eating a whole cake and an entire carton of ice cream in one sitting is an example of:
A) binge eating.
exposure treatments
behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
covert desensitization
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:
...
The yearly prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the US is about:
1-2%
DX Checklist: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1. For 6 months or more, person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters 2. The symptoms include at least three of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems 3. Significant distress or impairment
DX Checklist: OCD
1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both 2. The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time 3. Significant distress or impairment
DX Checklist: Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6 months or more 2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others 3. Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety 4. Avoidance of feared situations 5. Significant distress or impairment
DX Checklist: Agoraphobia
1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated fear about being in at least 2 of the situations: public transportation, parking lots, bridges, open spaces, shops, theaters, confined places, lines or crowds, away from home unaccompanied 2. Fear derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape and get help if panic, embarrassment, or disabling symptoms were to occur 3. Avoidance of the situations 4. Symptoms usually continue for at least 6 months 5. Significant distress or impairment
DX Checklist: Panic Disorder
1. Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly 2. One or more of the attacks precedes either of the following symptoms: at least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks, at least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks (for example, avoiding new experiences)
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drug is about:
35%
About what proportion of the normal population become irritated if forced to depart from their normal routine?
40%
5. Approximately _____ percent of females will develop anorexia nervosa.
A) 1
8. Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true? A) Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of all psychological disorders. B) Anorexia nervosa develops in older females more often than younger females. C) Anorexia nervosa rarely occurs with other psychological disorders like depression and anxiety. D) Anorexia nervosa has the highest cure rate of all psychological disorders.
A) Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of all psychological disorders.
33. In the United States, binge eating disorder is more common among Latinos and African Americans than which group?
A) Whites
39. The thought, "I shouldn't have had any of that cake. But now that I've blown it for the day, I might as well have more cake. In fact, I'll get a cake of my own and eat the whole thing," followed by purging, is an example of:
A) abstinence violation effect.
23. Which of these is NOT part of the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa?
A) amenorrhea
48. Interpersonal therapy works as a treatment for eating disorders in that:
A) as problems with relationships resolve, the patient's symptoms decrease.
2. Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa:
A) have a high risk of death
21. Anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa in that individuals with anorexia nervosa:
A) have significantly low weight whereas those with bulimia do not.
50. Which factor is thought to be the reason for the high relapse rate after psychiatric hospitalization?
A) lack of appropriate outpatient care after leaving the hospital B) economic pressures from insurance companies C) patients who only accept treatment because of pressure from family members D) All of the answers are correct.
35. Research on individuals with anorexia nervosa has found that they have:
A) low activity in the frontal lobe of the brain
Cognitive researchers have found that lives full of anxiety most often are associated with:
stressful events
15. Purging can be done by:
A) vomiting. C) using enemas. B) using diuretics. D) All of the answers are correct.
a person says "ive been diagnosed w/ social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. i dont know which to choose" based on current research, the BEST answer would be: A. "some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even w/ drug therapy; there is less chance of relapse" B. "thats the best advice your therapist could have given" C. "unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people w/ social anxiety disorder" D. "drug therapy works especially well in combo w/ short-term psychodynamic therapy; CBTs dont help much
A. "some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even w/ drug therapy; theres less chance of relapse"
a psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. he thinks that this usually unconcious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. he is sure this underlying conflict explains his clients: A. OCD B. schizophrenia C. generalized anxiety disorder D. fugue state
A. OCD
Maura believes that it is a dire necessity for her to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way she wants them. She is displaying basic: A. basic irrational assumptions B. existential anxiety C. conditions of worth D. moral anxiety
A. basic irrational assumptions
the therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing w/ his compulsions but not his obsessions. in addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy? A. behavioral B. cognitive C. psychodynamic D. psychodynamic, w/ therapist interpretation
A. behavioral
which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A. behavioral B. psychodynamic C. biological D. sociocultural
A. behavioral
cognitive theorists have found that people who develop OCD also: A. believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others B. have lower standards of conduct and morality C. have lower rate of depression D. believe it is impossible to have control over everything
A. believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others
if a person were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of seratonin and improves brain function for symptoms of OCD, that person could expect that: A. it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the meds B. it wouldnt be very effective C. it would lead to immediate and long-lasting relief of symptoms D. adding cognitive therapies would help relieve symptoms in the short term but not the long term
A. it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the meds
research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people w/ generalized anxiety symptoms: A. are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress B. fail to pay attention to threatening cues C. respond more fearfully to predictable events D. show little psychological arousal
A. more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress
a professors office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on the desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor where there is only a narrow pathway to walk. if the professor is experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in which category? A. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders B. specific phobias C. panic disorders D. social anxiety disorder
A. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
one limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cant explain: A. why everyone who experiences danger doesnt experience genderalized anxiety B. the relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity C. differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world D. paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines
A. why everyone who experiences danger doesnt experience generalized anxiety
paranoia
Antidepressant medications are used to treat all of these symptoms of PTSD EXCEPT:
1. _____ make up approximately 90 percent of those diagnosed with an eating disorder.
B) Females
37. Which statement about individuals with eating disorders is true?
B) They are more likely than average to have other members of their family who have an eating disorder.
31. Twice in a semester, at midterms and finals, Sasha binges once in a week, usually in a 2-hour stint. She doesn't try to purge the food after she binges. According to the DSM-5, what would Sasha's diagnosis be?
B) binge eating disorder
34. Critics of the binge eating disorder diagnosis argue that if binge eating were accompanied by purging, it would be considered to be _____, but that purging—or the absence of it—should not be the key determinant of whether disordered eating is considered an eating disorder.
B) bulimia
19. An individual who engages in repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate efforts to prevent weight gain is most likely suffering from:
B) bulimia nervosa
24. When does bulimia nervosa usually develop?
B) childhood or early adolescence
7. Anorexia nervosa usually emerges:
B) during adolescence or young adulthood
47. The goal of cognitive-behavior therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa is to:
B) identify and change thoughts and behaviors that impede normal eating and that maintain symptoms of the disorder.
40. Preoccupations with food and weight that provide distractions from work pressures, family conflicts, or social problems can be _____ for individuals.
B) negatively reinforcing
30. About _____ of people with anorexia go on to develop bulimia.
B) one half
28. Using syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting is dangerous because it can cause:
B) the development of heart and muscle problems.
a woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even w/ a friend. recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed w/: A. panic attacks B. agoraphobia C. agoraphobia and panic disorder D. panic disorder
B. agoraphobia and panic disorder
in terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A. only intolerance of uncertainty theory B. both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory C. neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory D. only metacognitive theory
B. both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory
when someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n): A. obsession B. compulsion C. panic attack D. phobia
B. compulsion
The therapist who developed a cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders that is based on his therapy for depression is:
Beck
an entomologists fear of spiders is debilitating. to treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room w/ spiders, even asking her to handle them. this technique might be used in: A. systematic desensitization B. flooding C. modeling D. covert desensitization
B. flooding
mindfullness-based cognitive therapy: A. has received support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder B. has received support in therapy applications for a wide variety of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder C. has not received much support in therapy applications D. is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability
B. has received support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder
a person recently was diagnosed w/ social anxiety disorder. a BEST guess is that the persona is in: A. elementary school and is less likely than average to have a close relative w/ social anxiety disorder B. high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative w/ social anxiety disorder C. elementary school and is more likely than average to have a close relative w/ social anxiety disorder D. high school and less likely than average to have a close relative w/ social anxiety disorder
B. high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative w/ social anxiety disorder
"experiences of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear" the person who believe this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias. A. evolutionary B. modeling C. ecological D. empirical
B. modeling
a person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. if it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A. posttraumatic disorder B. panic attack C. phobia D. obsessive-compulsive response
B. panic attack
psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common: A. their use of multidisciplinary therapists who work exclusively in group settings B. their lack of strong support from controlled studies C. their understanding of how generalized anxiety develops and can be treated D. their reliance on rather harsh, confrontational therapeutic style
B. their lack of strong support from controlled studies
avoidance theory
Borkovec; suggest that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal (HR, perspiration, respiration), than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings
9. Of those who survive anorexia nervosa, less than _____ percent fully recover.
C) 50
32. Almost _____ percent of people with binge eating disorder also have another psychological disorder.
C) 80
20. _____ is two to three times more prevalent than anorexia.
C) Bulimia
18. _____ are salts that are critical for neural transmission and muscle contractions.
C) Electrolytes
26. Which group is LEAST likely to be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa?
C) Hispanic Americans
12. People with anorexia nervosa maintain their weight:
C) either by restricting their food intake or by binge eating and then purging.
42. A heightened awareness of personal flaws, whether real or imagined, is called _____. This leads to significant emotional distress, which may temporarily be dulled by eating binges.
C) aversive self-awareness
22. When diagnosing bulimia nervosa, binge eating is characterized by:
C) eating an amount of food larger than would be eaten by most people in a specified period and lacking a sense of control over one's eating.
4. According to the DSM-5, to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa an individual must:
C) have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that prevents weight gain.
6. At least half the patients with anorexia nervosa:
C) have at least one comorbid psychological disorder.
43. Studies have shown that having a depressive disorder during early adolescence is associated with a:
C) higher risk for later an eating disorder.
49. Psychiatric hospitalization for eating disorders:
C) leads to a high rate of relapse of eating disorders.
27. Which of these is NOT a medical effect of bulimia nervosa?
C) muscle wasting
3. A key feature of anorexia nervosa is that the individual will:
C) not maintain at least a low normal weight.
11. Some symptoms of anorexia nervosa overlap with:
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
36. The neurotransmitter most affected in those who have an eating disorder is:
C) serotonin
25. Approximately 75 percent of those with bulimia nervosa will develop:
C) substance use disorder.
44. The goal of neurologically and biologically focused treatments of eating disorders is to:
C) try to create a pattern of normal healthy eating and to stabilize medical problems that resulted from the eating disorder.
Someone who is anxious unless her books are perfectly lined up on her desk and who must eat the food on her plate in a balanced order is exhibiting a:
balance or order compulsion
an abnormal-psychological instructor asks in class, "what kind of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" confidently and accurately, a student replies: A. "client-centered therapies and exposure therapies" B. "biofeedback and relaxation training" C. "exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs" D. "antidepressant drugs and biofeedback"
C. "exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs"
which is an anxiety disorder? A. bipolar disorder B. major depression C. OCD D. schizophrenia
C. OCD
which behavior pattern is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? A. body dismorphic disorder B. hoarding C. agoraphobia D. trichotillomania
C. agoraphobia
which therapy is an effective treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. cognitive D. behavioral
C. cognitive
a phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. this is an example of the _____ technique. A. modeling B. fear hierarchical flooding C. covert D. in vivo
C. covert
anitdepressants that are effective in treating OCD serve to: A. increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters B. increase norepinephrine activity in brain C. increase seratonin activity in brain D. decrease seratonin activity in brain
C. increase seratonin activity in brain
which descriptor would be LEAST likely to describe someone experiencing OCD, according to the cognitive perspective? A. im a bit of a control freak B. im having a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality. im afraid if i think of it, it will actually happen C. let the good times roll. dont worry about tomorrow D. it seems that i am always more "down" than my friends
C. let the good times roll. dont worry about tomorrow
cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A. interpersonal loss B. lack of empathy C. maladaptive assumptions D. overactive id impulses
C. maladaptive assumptions
Davon watched his father recoil form a snake fear. now he is afraid of snakes. this apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: A. response descrimination B. escape response C. modeling D. stimulus generalization
C. modeling
one procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. this is called: A. flooding B. systematic desensitization C. modeling D. implosive therapy
C. modeling
which statement is NOT usually true of those w/ body dysmorphic disorder? A. they reduce contact w/ others B. about 1/2 seek surgical or dermatological treatments C. most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager D. they are concerned about a particular part of their body
C. most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager
people with this disorder experience frequent panic attacks along w/ dysfunctional changes in their thinking or behavior as a result of panic attacks. A. generalized anxiety disorder B. phobic disorder C. panic disorder D. OCD
C. panic disorder
which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A. behavioral approach B. sociocultural approach C. psychodynamic approach D. humanistic approach
C. psychodynamic approach
one limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: A. differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world B. relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity C. why everyone who experiences danger doesnt experience generalized anxiety D. paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines
C. why everyone who experiences danger doesnt experience generalized anxiety
Corticosteroids
Cortisol belongs to a class of stress hormones called:
41. Which of these is an example of negative reinforcement?
D) Bingeing turns off unpleasant thoughts and feelings.
45. Which statement about SSRIs and eating disorders is NOT true?
D) For individuals with anorexia nervosa, SSRIs tend to help with weight gain.
10. In the United States, _____ females are most likely to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.
D) White
14. A person who maintains a low weight by engaging in binge eating followed by purging suffers from:
D) anorexia nervosa—binge eating/purging type.
38. Which characteristic is the most consistent predictor of the onset of an eating disorder?
D) dieting
29. Using laxatives regularly can result in:
D) the permanent loss of intestinal functioning.
which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? A. drug treatments are significantly more effective, especially early in the disorder B. effectiveness of cognitive treatment is reduced over time C. neither drug nor cognitive treatments show much promise D. cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as meds, if not more so
D. cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as meds, if not more
an obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedure? A. reinforcement for compulsive behavior B. free association C. family therapy D. exposure and response prevention
D. exposure and response prevention
a person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely to also have a: a. fear of enclosed spaces B. fear of driving C. fear of other people D. fear of leaving home
D. fear of leaving home
for an antidepressant to be effective against OCD, it must: A. decrease norepinephrine activity B. increase norepinephrine activity C. decrease serotonin activity D. increase serotonin activity
D. increase seratonin activty
the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called: A. stress inoculation training B. behavior modification C. self-instruction training D. rational-emotive therapy
D. rational-emotive therapy
according to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? A. they are irrational thinkers B. they have been punished in the past for engaging in compulsive behaviors C. they need a higher level of anxiety than average to be productive D. those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced
D. those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced
humanistic perspective GAD
GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly and develop conditions of worth
cognitive perspective GAD
GAD caused by dysfunctional ways of thinking through maladaptive assumptions; focuses on changing maladaptive assumptions, breaking down worrying)
biological perspective GAD
GAD is caused chiefly by biological factors including family pedigree studies, GABA inactivity
sociocultural perspetive GAD
GAD is most likely to develop in people who are faced with ongoing societal conditions that are dangerous (poverty, natural disasters, race)
Mindfulness-based cognitive perspective
Humanistic and cognitive; acceptance and commitment therapy, developed by Steven Hayes
"Phobic and GAD arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly with acceptance and instead deny their distort through their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation would be offered by:
Humanistic perspective
Which theory states that people develop GAD because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?
Humanistic perspective
month
In acute stress disorder, the symptoms begin within 4 weeks of the traumatic event and last less than a:
94
In one study, _____ percent of rape victims fully qualified for a clinical diagnosis of acute stress disorder when they were observed around 12 days after the assault.
single
In the psychodynamic view, dissociative amnesia is a(n) _____ episode of massive repression.
Physical
Increased perspiration, muscle tension, and faster heart rate in response to a stressor reflect this type of response.
autonomic nervous system
Involuntary activities of the body are controlled by the:
5 and 35
It has been estimated that between _____ percent of the world's 15 million refugees have suffered at least one episode of torture.
Panic attacks are usually treated with cognitive therapy and/or:
interoceptive exposure
More likely
Low income individuals are _____ to experience a stress disorder compared to those who have higher incomes.
one-third
More than _____ of people with PTSD fail to respond to treatment, even after many years.
Behavioral Perspective: OCD
OCD - concentrates on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions
Biological Perspective: OCD
OCD - family pedigree studies provide the earliest clues for a biological link. Abnormal serotonin, brain structure and function may play a part
Cognitive Perspective: OCD
OCD - points out that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts - but begin to blame themselves for such thoughts and expect that somehow terrible things will happen
Psychodynamic Perspective: OCD
OCD occurs when the battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing defense mechanisms is not buried in the unconscious but is played out in overt thoughts and actions; id takes form of obsessive thoughts, ego defenses appear as compulsions
how they judge both the event and their ability to react effectively.
People's response to stressors is influenced by:
antidepressan medication
Shontae was diagnosed with PTSD following her return from a tour in Afghanistan. Due to her repeated nightmares and flashbacks and bouts of depression, her psychiatrist would likely prescribe:
Stressors
Smith works 60 hours a week and has to commute 45 minutes one direction during peak traffic. These situations are examples of the _____ of life.
4 and 6
Some theorists believe that dissociative identity disorder begins between the ages of _____, a time when children are very suggestible and excellent hypnotic subjects.
self-hypnosis
Some theorists have concluded that dissociative disorders may be a form of:
80
Studies indicate that as many as _____ percent of all cases of acute stress disorder develop into PTSD.
3.5
Surveys indicate that at least _____ percent of people in the United States experience one of the stress disorders in any given year.
Symptoms that linger
Terri was raped when she was out jogging one night. Although this happened two years ago, she is hypervigilant and is reluctant to leave home. This demonstrates how stress reactions to extraordinary trauma can cause:
autonomic nervous system
The _____ system is the network of nerve fibers that connects the central nervous system to all other organs in the body.
Sympathetic nervous
The _____ system is the network of nerve fibers that quickens the heartbeat and produces other changes experienced as arousal and fear.
Kidneys
The adrenal glands sit on top of the:
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding GAD is that:
Theorists have yet to explain why some develop the disorder while others do not.
sympathetic nervous system
These are the nerve fibers that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear.
parasympathetic nervous system
These are the nerve fibers that slow organ functioning after stimulation and return other bodily processes to normal.
fusion
This is the final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder.
balance one another and control arousal and fear.
Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:
Pituitary
When faced with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the nearby _____ gland.
autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.
When the brain interprets a situation as dangerous, the hypothalamus activates the:
Hispanic Americans
Which group appears to have a greater vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder?
barbituates
Which type of drug is used to help patients with dissociative amnesia regain their memories?
three
Women receive the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder at least _____ times as often as men.
exposure and response prevention
a behavioral treatment for OCD that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention
systematic desensitization
a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
rational-emotive therapy
a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder
electromyograph (EMG)
a device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body
obsessive-complusive disorder
a disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both
body dysmorphic disorder
a disorder in which individuals becomes preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. Such defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated
excoriation disorder
a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds.
trichotillomania
a disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scale, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body.
generalized anxiety disorder
a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities; free floating anxiety
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder
Every one in awhile, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of:
a panic attack
Phobia
a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation; explained largely by behavioral model and treated with flooding, exposure, and desensitization
obsession
a persistent though, idea, impulse of image that is experience repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety
neutralize
a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts
stimulus generalization
a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli
How do phobias and common fear differ?
a phobia is more intense and persistent and the desire to avoid the object or situation is greater.
biological challenge test
a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist
modeling
a process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle
classical conditioning
a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response
orbitofrontal cortex
a region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise
compulsion
a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
family pedigree study
a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder
specific phobia
a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation
social anxiety disorder
a severe and persistent fear of social or performance in which embarrassment may occur; associated most closely with the cognitive perspective
locus coeruleus
a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine
amygdala
a small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information
biofeedback
a technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily
anxiety sensitivity
a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically and interpret them as harmful
social skills training
a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing or desirable behaviors
flooding
a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
relaxation training
a treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations
The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:
agoraphobia
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms to occur
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
stress-management program
an approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress
isolation
an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions
reaction formation
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire
undoing
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act
Research indicates that the best therapy for treating a social phobia is:
antidepressant medications
The most common mental disorders in the US is the:
anxiety disorder
Ted has a high degree of:
anxiety sensitivity
realistic anxiety
anxiety when facing actual danger
moral anxiety
anxiety when punished or threaten for expressing id impulses
neurotic danger
anxiety when repeatedly prevented from expressing id impulses
to determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A. ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for 6 mos, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes w/ daily living; if she says "yes", she most likely has a phobia B. show her a snake; if she appears to be slightly uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear C. show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia D. ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes w/ daily living; is she says yes she most likely has a fear
ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted 6 mos, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes w/ daily living; if she says "yes" she most likely has a phobia
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
behaviorist perspective
What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?
benxodiazepine
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
benzodiazepines
Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:
benzodizapines provide relief from anxiety
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:
biofeedback
Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been a(n):
biological challenge test
Someone who made sure that he had his passport, airplane ticket, and hotel reservation form exactly every 5 minutes for an entire day is exhibiting a(n):
checking compulsion
Sam is displaying:
checking compulsions
..during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say he acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through a process of:
classical conditioning
"Who wouldn't be afraid all of the time? We have AIDS, crime, bombs, etc." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of GAD
cognitive
"Everyone has unwanted thoughts. ...they act in ways that they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist most likely to agree with this quote would be a:
cognitive theorist
Long-term studies of those with obsessive-compulsive disorder show that obsessive thoughts in many cases eventually lead to:
compulsive acts
Someone who can tell you exactly how many ceiling tiles there are in each classroom and how many people's names were in the credits of the movie he watched last night is exhibiting a:
counting compulsion
The drug treatment that is most effecting in treating panic disorder is like that used to treat:
depression
OCD-related disorders
disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform certain patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives
sedative-hypnotic drugs
drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses
Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
environmental
Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
evolutionary
Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
excessively worry
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the hose and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
exposure and response prevention
Until recently, the evidence that GAD is related to biological factors come largely from:
family pedigree studies
Fear differs from anxiety in that:
fear- physiological and emotional response to a serious treat to one's well-being; anxiety- ...response to a vague sense of threat or danger
Your fear of spiders is debilitating because because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in:
flooding
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
free-floating anxiety
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating GAD because they mimic the effect of ____ at certain receptor sites in the limbic system and hypothalamus.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA is related to:
generalized anxiety disorder
a person who constantly feels upset and nervous, so much that it interferes with work is experiencing:
generalized anxiety disorder
According to Freud, GAD is most likely to result when:
growing up
If a client were instructed to tape-record obsessive thoughts and listen to them for two hours each day, the client would be experiencing what therapy technique?
habituation training
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it:
in as many as one-quarter fail to improve at all
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear heirachy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
in vivo desensitization
According to the cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to ____ obsessive thoughts.
neutralize
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:
norepinephrine
Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
In vicarious conditioning, the client:
observes the therapist who confronts the feared object or situation
What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related?
obsession is thought, compulsion is acting upon the thoughts
a professor who becomes anxious unless students sit in alphabetical order, turn in their papers in alphabetical order, and leave tests in that same order is experiencing:
obsession?
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Todd and has been wondering for years if that was the right thing to do. She is exhibiting:
obsessive doubts
If a professor had the notion that there were germs lurking everywhere, the professor would be experiencing:
obsessive idea
Maxine started worrying about cleanliness when her first child was born. That worry has intensified and she cannot stop thinking that germs lurk everywhere. She is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive idea
Jethro hates his mother-in-law and can't seem to stop imagining her lying in a pool of blood, in pieces. These thoughts are interfering with his daily life. He is exhibiting:
obsessive wishes
Max is upset because he can't stop thinking he is forgetting something and constantly goes back to his apt to check. this is a behavior of:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
When someone checks the stove ten times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, he or she is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive-compulsive disorder
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:
panic attack
Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating:
panic attacks
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
panic disorder
a person who frequently experiences terror attacks, and goes to the ER complaining of shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and feelings of impending death, although nothing is medically wrong is experiencing:
panic disorder without agoraphobia
panic attacks
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
A lasting and groundless fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called:
phobia
Raphael was outside the WTC when it exploded. Ever since he has periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of:
post-traumatic stress disorder
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:
preparedness
If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
rational-emotive therapy
The therapy for GAD developed by Albert Ellis is called:
rational-emotive therapy
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's:
reaction formation
"Please flex your biceps. Now release your biceps. Now flex your thigh. Now release it." These statements might be made by a therapist using:
relaxation training
A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based upon present research, your best answer is:
relaxation training
The first step in treatment of systematic desensitization is:
relaxation training
the neurotransmitter implicated in the control of obsessive-compulsive disorder is:
serotonin
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. He would most likely be diagnosed with:
social phobia
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective.
sociocultural
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear of interfering with the life of the person is called:
specific phobia
Karen was bit by a tan pony. She was then afraid of the tan Great Dane. Fear of this dog is an example of:
stimulus generalization
caudate nuclei
structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions
metacognitive theory
suggests that people with GAD simplicity hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying (useful for danger, preparedness; but bad because society says so
fear
the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat or danger
anxiety
the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
basic irrational assumptions
the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis
benzodiazepines
the most common group of anti anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax
the physical reactions evoked by the HPA and SNS pathways.
the physical reactions evoked by the HPA and SNS pathways.
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n):
touching compulsion
One who is experiencing a panic disorder would most likely also be phobic about:
traveling in public places where escape might be difficult or help unavailable
If someone leads a life of service to others in order to counter his hatred and contempt for the poor and destitute, this person is exhibiting what psychodynamic theorists would call:
undoing
A friend of yours says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of thins, then everything will be okay." From a cognitive perspective, your friend is:
using neutralizing techniques
If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving:
vicarious conditioning
One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called:
vicarious conditioning
A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ____ technique.
virtual reality
psychodynamic perspective GAD
when children experience anxiety growing up and face realistic, neurotic, and moral anxiety constantly or have weak ego defense systems, they may develop GAAD
