Abnormal Psych Chapter 7

Whereas suicide is relatively rare among children, the prevalence of such behaviors increases starting at around age __________ and continues to increase into the early- to mid-20s. 5 12 24 36

12

CBT and medications have been found to be similarly effective in the treatment of severe depression. However, __________. medications are associated with reducing neural abnormalities, but CBT is not medications are associated with greater symptom reductions among people with mild depression medications are associated with lower rates of relapse over a one year follow-up period after discontinuation of both treatments CBT is associated with lower rates of relapse over a one year follow-up period after discontinuation of both treatments

CBT is associated with lower rates of relapse over a one year follow-up period after discontinuation of both treatments

__________ disorder is marked by repeated experiences of hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least __________. Bipolar I; 6 months Cyclothymic; 2 years Persistent depressive; 1 month Bipolar IV; 1 year

Cyclothymic; 2 years

How might one most aptly distinguish between a relapse and a recurrence of depressive symptoms? A relapse is the appearance of exactly the same symptoms; a recurrence occurs when depressive symptoms change into bipolar symptoms. A recurrence is a re-emergence of previous symptoms; a relapse is the emergence of a new episode of depression. A recurrence is the appearance of exactly the same symptoms; a relapse occurs when depressive symptoms change into bipolar symptoms. A relapse is a re-emergence of previous symptoms; a recurrence is the emergence of a new episode of depression.

A relapse is a re-emergence of previous symptoms; a recurrence is the emergence of a new episode of depression.

Allen is contemplating suicide, but he does not want to receive treatment. Given what you learned from this module, which of the following factors is Allen most likely to say keeps him from seeking treatment? Allen does not trust psychologists. Allen knows his thinking and decision making are impaired, and he wants to wait for it to pass. Allen received psychological treatment in the past, and does not want to do it again. Allen does not think that he needs help.

Allen does not think that he needs help.

Which figure, described in your text as the "godfather of suicide research," has written extensively about what constitutes a suicidal mind? Shneidman Shaw Durkheim Groth-Marnat

Shneidman

Which of the following people has the least likelihood of receiving some sort of treatment? Steven, who has dealt with serious bipolar I disorder for years Richard, who suffers from very severe major depressive disorder Ulie, who has been diagnosed with a mild to moderate case of major depressive disorder Tremaine, who was first diagnosed with bipolar II disorder at age 23 and still fights serious symptoms of the illness at age 40

Ulie, who has been diagnosed with a mild to moderate case of major depressive disorder

Several different neurotransmitters seem to be involved in the regulation of mood states in human beings. They include all but which of the following? serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine

acetylcholine

The disorder that is most prevalent among those who die by suicide is __________. anorexia nervosa schizophrenia depression bipolar disorder

depression

Which of the following is a possible side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)? increased suicidal thoughts memory impairment headaches insomnia

headaches

In a single word, what did Sigmund Freud feel was at the root of most people's symptoms of depression? conflict sex dreams loss

loss

According to twin studies, monozygotic twins who have a co-twin with major depressive disorder are about __________ as likely as dizygotic twins to develop depression. three times four times one-half twice

twice

Why is a person who demonstrates symptoms of mania without any history of depression still given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder? Because a "mania only" disorder is considered much more socially stigmatizing, and so bipolar disorder is diagnosed to help a client feel less ostracized. It is assumed that either they have had undiagnosed depressive symptoms or that such symptoms will occur in the future. Since there are no medications that treat manic symptoms and such patients are treated with antidepressant drugs, bipolar disorder is the more appropriate diagnosis. The treatment of unipolar mania is extremely costly and lasts years, so insurance companies are only willing to pay for a shorter-term treatment of bipolar disorder.

It is assumed that either they have had undiagnosed depressive symptoms or that such symptoms will occur in the future.

Which of the following is the most reasonable sociocultural explanation for the increased incidence of major depressive disorder in people from lower socioeconomic statuses? There is a strong relationship between genetic and chromosomal mutations and being in a low SES. A low SES leads to greater body dissatisfaction, which is associated with higher levels of depression. Low SES leads to greater levels of adversity and life stress. Low SES is correlated with greater levels of prenatal exposure to teratogens.

Low SES leads to greater levels of adversity and life stress.

Which researcher was the first to propose the idea of learned helplessness as being a significant contributing factor to the symptoms of a major depressive episode? Sigmund Freud Aaron T. Beck Martin Seligman Albert Ellis

Martin Seligman

Which of the following best describes the likely long-term course of bipolar disorder? Most people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder experience full recovery within 2 months, regardless of treatment. Most people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder experience a relapse of symptoms, with psychotic symptoms being the most likely to recur. Most people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder experience a relapse of symptoms, with depressive symptoms being the most likely to recur. Most people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder experience full recovery within 2 years once they receive effective treatment (e.g., mood-stabilizing medications).

Most people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder experience a relapse of symptoms, with depressive symptoms being the most likely to recur.

In the 2004 World Mental Health Study conducted by the World Health Organization, the prevalence and characteristics of psychological disorders were examined in 20 different countries. The 12-month prevalence rate of depression was found to be lowest in __________. the United States Australia Nigeria Canada

Nigeria

In the United States, the first state to pass a Death with Dignity Act in 1994 was __________. This gave physicians legal permission to prescribe a lethal dose of medication for a terminally ill patient to ingest on their own. Alaska New Jersey Oregon Idaho

Oregon

Which of the following may explain the lower prevalence rates of mood disorders in Nigeria compared to the United States? People in the United States may be less willing to report symptoms of psychopathology because of stigma. There is greater stigma in the United States around mental illness, particularly depression. People in Nigeria may be less willing to report symptoms of psychopathology because of stigma. People in the United States experience more stress, which triggers episodes of depression.

People in Nigeria may be less willing to report symptoms of psychopathology because of stigma.

Which of the following people is the least likely to transition from suicidal thinking to suicidal behavior? Allison has a history of self-injury and has been increasingly engaging in self-harm behavior over the last several months. Ella has been thinking about suicide again over the past month. Previously, she thought about suicide on and off for a year, but it has been several years since her first and only suicide attempt. Roger has been thinking about suicide on and off for 10 years and has never engaged in any suicidal behaviors. Franky has been thinking about suicide periodically for the first time over the past few months. She has never engaged in any suicidal behaviors before.

Roger has been thinking about suicide on and off for 10 years and has never engaged in any suicidal behaviors.

The minimum required duration of symptoms for a depressive episode is __________ and the minimum required duration of symptoms for a manic episode is __________. 1 month; 6 months 3 months; 6 weeks 2 weeks; 1 month 2 weeks; 1 week

2 weeks; 1 week

Approximately __________ percent of adolescents and young adults have engaged in at least one nonsuicidal self-injury behavior, often with the goal of decreasing high levels of distress and eliciting help from others. 25 to 32 8 to 12 35 to 60 15 to 20

15 to 20

According to research presented in this module, somewhere between __________ and __________ percent of adolescents experience either major depressive disorder or subclinical levels of depression at some point. 25; 40 40; 65 8; 24 10; 20

25; 40

Generally speaking, a person who has just started taking antidepressants should not expect to experience a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for about __________. 4 to 6 months 7 to 10 days 2 to 3 years 3 to 5 weeks

3 to 5 weeks

In order for a person with bipolar disorder to be described as having a rapid cycling pattern, he or she would have to have at least __________ episodes of manic or depressive cycles in a given year. 52 4 10 8

4

The average concordance rate for bipolar disorder is about __________ percent for monozygotic twins, compared to __________ percent for dizygotic twins. 15; 75 5; 25 60; 12 90; 60

60; 12

__________ refers to the inability to experience pleasure. Learned helplessness Anhedonia Rumination Depression

Anhedonia

Which of the following reasons most accurately describes why SSRIs tend to be prescribed more often than TCAs for depression? TCAs do not outperform placebo. TCAs can cause several unpleasant side effects. SSRIs are more effective than TCAs for mild depression. SSRIs are more effective than TCAs for severe depression.

TCAs can cause several unpleasant side effects.

Recent neuroimaging research indicates that when suicidal people think about suicide, they show greater activation in brain regions associated with __________ compared to people who have no history of suicidal thoughts or behaviors. fear escape pain self-referential thought

self-referential thought

Which of the following describes a benefit offered by transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of mood disorders? While it cannot be used with children and adolescents, it is only slightly less effective than electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for adults. The treatment does not cause any deficit in cognitive performance or memory skills like those that occur with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). It is the first non-pharmaceutical treatment that is effective for bipolar disorder. The treatment is far more painful than electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and also more painful than the use of antidepressant medications.

The treatment does not cause any deficit in cognitive performance or memory skills like those that occur with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

What is the relationship between the experience of depressive symptoms and significant levels of anxiety? There is a very high level of comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders. Depression has been found to preclude anxiety disorders in a vast majority of cases. Despite common misconception, there appears to be almost no correlation between depressive and anxiety symptoms. The DSM-5 states that anxiety disorders and depressive disorders cannot be concurrently diagnosed.

There is a very high level of comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders.

Why might a physician be somewhat unwilling to give a person with major depressive disorder a prescription for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as the first pharmaceutical approach to addressing their symptoms? While TCAs were the first type of antidepressant thought to be effective, it is now known that they help only about 5 percent of those who take them. A rare but potentially fatal blood disease called aplastic anemia can develop as a result of taking even a slight excess of this type of medication. These drugs are more dangerous than other antidepressants and can be used for fatal suicide attempts. The side effects of TCAs can include severe muscular tics and tremors that, if allowed to continue, can become permanent.

These drugs are more dangerous than other antidepressants and can be used for fatal suicide attempts.

What do cyclothymic disorder and bipolar II disorder have in common? They both involve periods of hypomanic symptoms. They both can be diagnosed after 3 months of unrelenting symptoms. Each of them is diagnosed far more commonly in men than in women. They can both be diagnosed after a manic episode, even if depressive symptoms have not yet occurred.

They both involve periods of hypomanic symptoms.

Why is seasonal affective disorder much more common in the fall and winter months than in spring and summer? People do not usually go on vacation or have fun parties during the fall and winter months, which can lead to a reduction in overall happiness. Fall and winter months include reduced ambient temperatures, which cause a reduction in specific neurotransmitters. Those months are associated with a statistically significant increase in negative life events. Those seasons provide a reduction in the amount of available light.

Those seasons provide a reduction in the amount of available light.

Jarli is a young Australian Aboriginal man who lives in a native community in the Northern Territory of Australia. If Jarli were clinically depressed, what types of behaviors would he likely exhibit? Expressing guilt over past behaviors would most likely be observed. He would engage in suicidal thoughts. A tendency to engage in self-abnegation is likely. Venting of hostilities onto others might be observed.

Venting of hostilities onto others might be observed.

Which of the following is true about suicide prevention hotlines? These 24-hour call centers are associated with reduced rates of suicide. We lack evidence that these 24-hour call centers reduce suicide rates. There are very few suicide hotlines in the United States. These 24-hour call centers are primarily staffed by well-trained psychologists.

We lack evidence that these 24-hour call centers reduce suicide rates.

Which of the following individuals exhibits symptoms that are consistent with a diagnosis of bipolar II? Veronica has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder in the past but now is only experiencing depressive symptoms. Zenia alternates between hypomanic and major depressive episodes. Yolanda goes through manic episodes but has never had a depressive period. Wilma has experienced very minor depressive symptoms (not enough to be diagnosed as a major depressive episode) combined with manic symptoms.

Zenia alternates between hypomanic and major depressive episodes.

The __________, an area of the brain involved in selective attention, shows __________ in patients with depression. hypothalamus; increased activation anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation brain stem; decreased volume and lower levels of activation pituitary gland; decreased production of dopamine

anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation

Lavinia has been going through very difficult times lately, with both an increase in life stressors and the emergence of depressive symptoms. If her physician were to take a sample of blood from her, it is likely that she would find elevated levels of which stress hormone? luteinizing hormone melatonin cortisol oxytocin

cortisol

EEG sleep studies of persons with depression reveal that depressed persons on the average __________ when compared to persons who are not depressed. spend half as much time in REM sleep and engage in more nocturnal movement enter REM sleep 15 to 20 minutes earlier after going to bed, and spend a lower-than-normal amount of time in stage 3 and 4 sleep enter REM sleep 3 hours later and spend a greater percentage of time in stage 1 and 2 sleep demonstrate more frequent eye movement during REM sleep and spend a longer-than-normal amount of time in stage 3 and 4 sleep

enter REM sleep 15 to 20 minutes earlier after going to bed, and spend a lower-than-normal amount of time in stage 3 and 4 sleep

People diagnosed with mania would be most accurately described as experiencing periods of __________. excitement and euphoria extraordinary sadness and dejection misinterpretation of body signals delusions and hallucinations

excitement and euphoria

What is the defining characteristic of a mixed-episode case of a mood disorder? going back and forth between depressive and manic periods with no more than 2 years in between experiencing both mood-related symptoms and psychotic symptoms at the same time having at least one depressive episode and one manic episode within the same 12-month period experiencing rapidly alternating moods, such as sadness and euphoria, all within one episode of the illness

experiencing rapidly alternating moods, such as sadness and euphoria, all within one episode of the illness

Marcela has been feeling depressed and down for most of the day, nearly every day, over the past two months. In addition to this low mood, she reports not being interested in doing anything, including watching soccer, even though her favorite soccer team made it to the World Cup. She also reports getting little to no sleep, not feeling hungry, having difficulty making decisions, and irrational guilt. Which of the following would preclude Marcela from qualifying for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder? having experienced a hypomanic episode in the past having had a previous episode of depression being under 18 years of age having a diagnosis of specific phobia

having experienced a hypomanic episode in the past

A person who suffers from a less-severe form of mania that lasts for a minimum of 4 days might be described as experiencing __________. It is typically less disruptive of a person's life than a full episode of mania. cyclothymia attenuated mania hypomania persistent mania

hypomania

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required pharmaceutical companies to place warnings on the packaging for antidepressant medications that state that these drugs might __________. increase blood pressure in those with a medical history of hypertension, leading to a risk of sudden cardiac death lead to intracerebral bleeding and a risk of stroke increase the risk of suicidal behaviors contribute to the development of both Type I and Type II diabetes

increase the risk of suicidal behaviors

Which of the following would be the correct combination of neurotransmitter activities during different stages of bipolar disorder? increased cortisol activity during manic episodes and decreased acetylcholine activity during depressed and manic stages increased gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) activity during manic episodes and decreased cortisol activity during depressed and manic stages increased sertraline activity during manic episodes and decreased glutamate activity during depressed and manic stages increased norepinephrine activity during manic episodes and decreased serotonin activity during depressed and manic stages

increased norepinephrine activity during manic episodes and decreased serotonin activity during depressed and manic stages

Lao lives in China, where he has resided with his family for his entire life. Recently, he has begun experiencing symptoms of depression. Which symptom would he most likely demonstrate, given the cultural influences of his surroundings? a desire to isolate himself socially an overwhelming sense of guilt feelings of worthlessness loss of sexual interest

loss of sexual interest

Which of the following mood disorders is the most prevalent in the United States? double depression bipolar II disorder bipolar I disorder major depressive disorder

major depressive disorder

What type of therapy aimed at the treatment of depression involves meditation techniques that emphasize patients' awareness of unwanted thoughts, feelings, and sensations? mindfulness-based cognitive therapy directive Gestalt therapy rational emotive behavioral therapy in-vivo exposure therapy

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Angelina, age 12, sits several times a week in a locked bathroom in her home and uses a razor blade to cut the inside of her thighs. The practice is painful to her, but she experiences that pain as a positive sensation rather than a negative one. Angelina's behavior would be classified as __________. suicide attempts nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) suicidal thoughts nonlethal suicide attempts

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

In classical Greece, a person who was extremely ill could __________. face scorn and ridicule from members of the community for wanting to end his life petition the gods for early entrance into the afterlife so he could end his life petition the state and receive permission to end his life end his life without governmental or religious mandates or interference

petition the state and receive permission to end his life

In what age group are rates of depression equal among males and females in the United States? older adults/elderly adults adolescents school-aged children

school-aged children

Henry suffers from bipolar disorder and experiences one or two manic episodes in a given year, more when he is not taking his medication. Between episodes, which of the following symptoms is he most likely to experience? substantial sleep difficulties thinning hair and brittle finger- and toenails unwanted weight gain and loss in a "yo-yo" cycle skin irritations that lead to painful rashes and eczema

substantial sleep difficulties

Which side-effect is Jason, age 14, more likely to experience than Alex, age 55, after starting antidepressant medication? weight gain suicidal thoughts obsessive-compulsive symptoms hallucinations and delusions

suicidal thoughts

Since the 1960s, the availability of competent assistance at times of suicidal crisis has been expanded through the establishment of __________. community mental health centers urgent psychiatric care facilities halfway houses suicide hotlines

suicide hotlines

Marcellus has been struggling with the symptoms of a major depressive episode for quite some time. Dr. Ting, his therapist, notes that Marcellus meets the criteria for a major depressive episode and, in addition, seems to have lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities, even recently turning down a chance to go to a concert of his favorite musician for no discernable reason. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder would probably best include the specifier of "__________." with melancholic features with seasonal pattern with psychotic indicators with atypical onset

with melancholic features