Abnormal Psych-Test 1

Which test is NOT a projective test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Contributory Conditions

X increases probability of disorder Y ex) parental rejection (cause x) contributing to aggressive behaviors (disorder y) later in life

Which tool is designed to disclose a patient's thoughts and assumptions?

a cognitive inventory

preparedness

a predisposition to develop certain fears

Experiment

a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulant's effect on another variable is observed -independent(manipulated variable) -dependent(variable being observed, expected to change after independent manipulates it)

Model

a set of assumptions/concepts-helps scientists explain/interpret observations

Somatogenic perspective

abnormal functioning has physical disorders (brain disease) (body)

Technological Advances

affect mental health field-new apps, cybertherapy-some positives, some negatives

"A(n) _____ inventory asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger."

affective

"A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:"

agoraphobia

Positives for DSM

allows people to get insurance allows for research allows people to have name for what they are going through

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

an ethics committee in a research facility that is empowered to protect the rights and safety of human research participants *system is flawed

Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety?

apprehension about being evaluated by others

stress management program

approach to treating generalize and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress

"In the DSM-5, Asperger's syndrome would now be classified under which new category?"

autism spectrum disorder

phobias

become fearful if they even think about it. remain comfortable as long as they avoid it or thoughts about it *impact of phobia on person's life depends on what arouses the fear

body dysmorphic disorder

become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. defects or flaws are imagine or greatly exaggerated

The clinical interviewer MOST interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation?

behavioral

A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:

behavioral.

Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:

biofeedback training.

Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:

diagnosis

Most models incorporate a STRESS-DIATHESIS component

diathesis=predisposition towards developing a disorder (vulnerability) (poor eye sight) Stressor=caused by life experiences, more immediate, what triggered it to happen (getting cut off while driving) *not destined to have disorder if born with vulnerabilities. live life of stress->may develop mental health outcomes

Cognitive Distortions

dichotomous thinking, over-generalization, disqualifying the positive, mind reading, fortune telling, catastrophizing, maximization/minimization, emotional reasoning, "should" statements

Neurological test

directly measures brain structure or activity

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events & activities (worry about particularly anything) -feel restless, on edge, difficulty concentrating *common in western society

Scientific Research

driving improvements, changes in culture, social institutions, treatment *science provides the framework

psychotropic medications

drugs that affect the brain-reduce symptoms of mental dysfunction

Behavioral Model

emphasizes behavior and the way in which it is learned (operant=voluntary, controllable behavior contingent on the environment, classical=involuntary responses through association, modeling=watching others, vicariously)

Therapies that have received clear research support are called:

evidence-based.

exposure & response prevention

exposes a client to anxiety -arousing thoughts/situations and then prevents the client from performing compulsive acts

"An entomologist's fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, even asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in:"

exposure therapy

Fear differs from anxiety in that:

fear is a response to a specific threat and anxiety is more general.

agoraphobia

fear traveling to public places ex)stores, movie theaters

Psychodynamic Model

founded by Freud -appreciate unconscious-behavior determined by past experiences -adult disorders arise from childhood traumas or anxieties and are later repressed because they are too threatening to face *Defenses arise to help deal with conflicts between desires and values **hard to find empirical evidence

Necessary Conditions

has to have participating event (PTSD-trauma) -if disorder Y occurs, then cause X must have preceded it. a traumatic event (cause x) precedes PTSD

"Compared to projective tests, personality inventories:"

have higher validity.

panic disorder

have recurrent attacks of terror people lose control of behavior, unaware of what they are doing-suddenly-reach peak within minutes -accompanied by agoraphobia (panic disorder sets stage for it)

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

help clients accept thoughts-so they're less upset by them mindfulness=being in the present moment, intentionally and non judgmentally

People-Centered Therapy

help the person appreciate that they have worth, that their subjective interpretations are valid *never give advice, let them figure out own advice, sit back, be supportive, can't solve problem for them-therapist=warm, unconditional positive regard, empathetic, genuine

rational-emotive therapy

helps client identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their disorder (by Albert Ellis)

Pinel

hero for the pathological-rejected idea that mental illness was caused by demonic possession -believed mental disorders could be caused by psychological/social stress *experiment=patients treated with kindness had miraculous results(good bedside manner)

"Among other questions, a clinical interviewer asks, ""How do you feel about yourself today? How do you feel about what's going on in your life?"" MOST likely, the clinical interviewer's orientation is ________ as she is assessing a person's self-concept and self-evaluation."

humanistic

basic-irrational assumptions

inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with psychological problems

Idiographic

individual info *clinicians main focus when faced with new clients

Hoarding disorder

individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

private psychotherapy

individuals seek out a self-employed therapist for counseling

Asylums

institutions-care for people with mental illness-bad treatment, overflow-removing mentally ill from society, said mental illness was a choice

managed care program

insurance company determines such key issues as which therapists its clients may choose, cost of sessions, number of sessions client may be reimbursed *therapists and clients dislike these programs (shorten therapy) *reimbursements lower for mental disorders than for medical disorders---2008 passed equal coverage (obamacare)

"Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity?"

intelligence tests

flooding

intense. clients exposed repeatedly and intensively to feared object--see it is harmless

social anxiety

intensely afraid of social/performance situations which may become embarrassed in -social reluctance often misinterpreted as snobby -anticipate social disasters

A strength of intelligence tests includes their:

large standardization sample.

Enlightenment

legislation was helping to solve problems --not until JFK until community health centers dedicated to mental illness

Socio-Cultural Model

looks to social & cultural forces as keys to human functioning -integrating principles from other models -more directly acknowledging broader influences(culture, family, other environmental variables) *family-systems theory(brings in whole family) *feminist therapy(geared toward pressures of being a woman) *Narrative therapies(mental illness arises based on way you view your life)

Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:

maladaptive assumptions.

Intelligence test

measure a person's intellectual ability (IQ=overall score)

Response inventories

measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning (social skills, cognitive process)

Personality inventories

measures broad personality characteristics (behaviors, beliefs, feelings)

Psychophysiological tests

measures physical responses (heart-rate, muscle tension) ex) lie-detector test

"An interviewer who asks a client questions such as ""Where are you now?,"" ""Why do you think you're here?,"" or even ""Who are you?"" is probably conducting a(n):"

mental status exam.

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:

misinterpret bodily sensations.

"Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on:"

modeling

Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:

modeling

commorbidity

most individuals with one anxiety disorder suffer from a second one too *many of those with an anxiety disorder also experience depression

natural experiments

nature itself manipulates the independent variable, experimenter observes the effects (floods, earthquakes)

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity-linked to panic disorder & depression

Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine

Sufficient Conditions

not necessary -If cause X occurs, then disorder Y will also occur, other causes can also lead to disorder Y ex. hopelessness (cause x) leads to depression (disorder y)

Vicarious Modeling

observational learning (imitation) modeling=learning by observing someone and later imitating them EX)bobo doll experiment *watching violence encourages it

OCD

obsessions or compulsions feel excessive/unreasonable-cause great distress-interfere -common types=cleaning compulsions, checking compulsions, seek order/balance, touching, verbal, counting

"Rosa's heart was racing (from the four cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a:"

panic attack.

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:

panic disorder.

meta-cognitive theory

people hold positive and negative beliefs about worrying (meta-worries=worry that they're always worrying)

social skills training

people learn to improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

avoidance theory

people with disorder have greater bodily arousal-worrying serves to reduce this arousal (distract individuals from unpleasant feeling)

specific phobias

persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity, situation

obsessions

persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images-invade a person's consciousness

exposure treatments

person is exposed to objects/situations they dread

Use of projective tests has decreased in the past few decades because projective tests often have:

poor validity.

"A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high:"

predictive validity.

biological challenge test

produce panic in participants by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in therapist's presence

clinical psychologists

professionals who earn a doctorate

Psychopharmacologist

psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications

"A client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. This is a(n):"

psychophysiological test

Dorothea Dix

raised awareness of inhumane treatment-immense efforts to get funding approved

The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called:

rational-emotive therapy.

A person knows he is being observed and changes his behavior to make a good impression. This is known as:

reactivity.

deinstitutionalization

releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals

Dr. Ross and Dr. Carman agree that Suzette is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Their judgment is said to have:

reliability

excoriation disorder

repeatedly pick at their skin, significant sores/wounds

Trichotillomania(Hair pulling)

repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, other parts of body (anxiety, stress triggers it)

compulsions

repetitive/rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent/reduce anxiety

longitudinal study

researchers observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period of time

Epidemiological studies

reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population -Incidence=# of new cases that emerge during a given period of time -Prevalence=total # of cases in the population during a given time **help identify groups at risk

Hippocrates

say illness had natural causes due to imbalance of fluids (humors)

multicultural psychology

seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender affect behavior and thought and how people of different races, cultures differ psychologically

Biological Model

sees physical processes as key to human behavior -may be inherited or caused by damage, injury *sometimes related to abnormal hormonal activity in endocrine system **Neurotransmitter & hormonal abnormalities -genes do not cause disorders, has to also involve environmental interaction -no single area of brain controls particular behavior->very complex relations

Gestalt Theory

self-acceptance is necessary for psychological health -being present-oriented is key -be confrontational (empathy chair technique) -view person as whole, don't want to lose person --people are searching for meaning in their lives

"Recently, a client diagnosed with schizophrenia has begun to exhibit more symptoms, often saying, ""They tell me I'm crazy, so I must be crazy."" MOST likely, this is an example of:"

self-fulfilling prophecy.

"Samantha is trying to lose weight. Her physician has suggested that she record when she eats, what she eats, how often she feels hungry, and anything else related to her dietary habits. This is an example of:"

self-monitoring.

single-subject experimental design

single participant-observed both before-after manipulation of an independent variable -ABAB-reversal design-ex) little boy with teacher time reward

locus coeruleus

small area of brain, active in regulation of emotions

"Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be:"

social anxiety disorder.

A(n) _____ inventory asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situations.

social skills

"Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the _____ perspective."

sociocultural

intolerance of uncertainty theory

some individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur

"Another term for developing common standards, or norms, for an assessment tool is:"

standardization

Humanistic-Existential Model (Carl Rogers)

stresses the role of values and choices-strive to be certain way (people yet to fulfill potential) *people are driven to self-actualize=fulfill potential for goodness & growth, must live meaningfully **Abnormality arises when people drift away from these central premises

positive psychology

study and promotion of positive feelings, positive traits, group directed

Weaknesses for DSM

symptom overlap between disorders-share symptoms -it is a political process (experts) high comorbidity (2 or more disorders simultaneously) poor reliability *same treatment does not work for everyone with the same diagnosis

DSM-5-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

symptom presentation, disorders=clusters of symptoms(links symptoms with distress & dysfunction) written by some of the experts, changes are voted for, then approved by a selected few, insurance companies will help pay if it is in book, tax payer dollars *can only be diagnosed if 5 symptoms apply

"Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:"

systematic desensitization.

anxiety sensitivity

tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, asses them illogically and interpret them as harmful

Standardization

test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against any individual's score can be measured(compare to previous)

Etiology

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition WHY and HOW

fear

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

"While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?"

the trees

neutralizing

thinking in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts

Cognitive Model (Albert Ellis)

thoughts can influence behavior, emotion interpret world around us -what causes you to have particular thoughts core beliefs (lived a life that way)->drive automatic thoughts Automatic thoughts(pop into our head while experiencing the world around us)-influenced by prior experiences *treatment=take note of thought patterns, re-evaluate thoughts, enact plan for change

People who experience obsessions show:

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

Why do psychologists care about HOW and WHY

try to prevent it, make change in this world-REDUCE

"If a clinician begins by asking, ""Would you tell me about yourself?,"" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n):"

unstructured interview.

Eccentricity

unusual/odd behavior on the part of an individual

systematic desensitization

uses relaxation training and fear hierarchy to help clients react calmly

negative correlation

value of one variable increases, value of other decreases (-1.00-perfect negative), closer to 0, weaker it is)

confounds

variables other than the independent variable that may also affect the dependent

positive correlation

when variables change the same way (+1.00-perfect positive)

Which is an example of a meta-worry?

worrying about worrying

anxiety

CNS's physiological & emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger -some people cannot lead normal lives *anxiety disorders=most common mental disorders in the U.S.

Which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder?

Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so."

Which statement is a reason to question the validity of clinical interviews?

People respond differently to different interviewers. People may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race. "On different days, people might describe themselves differently." Interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.

Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?

Rogers's client-centered theory

"If a person had his brain waves recorded to measure electrical activity, he MOST likely had a(n):"

EEG.

Efficacy vs. Effectiveness

Efficacy=desired results in clinical trials/studies Effectiveness=desired results in real-world scenarios *effectiveness speak better, less artificial **Best treatments show in both

Psychoanalysis

Freud-says causes are psychogenic -unconscious psychological processes are at the root of such functioning -Freud offered treatment to patients=outpatient therapy

Freud's Personality Structure

-ID=instinctual needs, drives, impulses (seeks gratification-pleasure) -EGO=battle ground-employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle -SUPEREGO=knows what it is to be a moral person *when three forces conflict, person's behavior may show signs of dysfunction

Assessment should be

-Objective -Reliable(consistently produce same result) -Valid (accurately measuring what it is supposed to) -Useful in predicting relevant future outcomes

3 key features of therapy

-a sufferer -a trained healer -a series of contacts between the healer and sufferer

3 methods of research

-case study (one individual) -correlation (correlation does not equal causation) -experiment (many individuals)

Ways to take psychological measurements

-clinical interviews=face-to-face encounter -clinical tests=device for gathering info about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning, from which broader info. about a person can be inferred -clinical observations=observe behavior (naturalistic, analog, self-monitoring)

GAD-caused by biological factors

-family pedigree study-determine how many & which relatives of a person with disorder have same disorder -benzodiazepines=most common group of anti-anxiety drugs -GABA=neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to GAD -sedative-hypnotic drugs=calm people at lower doses, help them fall asleep at higher doses -biofeedback=client is given info about physiological reactions as they occur, learns to control them voluntary

Problems with defining abnormality

-field has yet to agree on one definition -variety of professionals-trained differently -current research methods have flaws-limit knowledge

Defining abnormality

(continual process)-many themes throughout history

Analogue experiments

(learned helplessness)-experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in lab participants-conducts experiments on participants (gives them depression)

quasi-experiment

(mixed designs)-do not randomly assign participants to control-experimental groups-rather make use of groups that already exist

Classical Conditioning

*how anxiety problems can start NS-bell UCS-Tasty food UCR-salivating CS-bell CR-salivating

4 possible components

-Danger(only small set of mental illnesses cause it) -Deviance (from societal norms) -*Dysfunction (causing problems for them) -*Distress (uncomfortable)

"An abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, ""What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?"" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies:"

"""Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs."""

Which statement is NOT usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder?

"Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered ""normal"" for a teenager."

The term used to refer to the comprehensive view of the causes and the maintenance of a person's abnormal behavior that a psychologist develops is:

"etiology, or a model."

"A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms don't exist. The test has:"

"high reliability, but inadequate standardization."

Disorder vs. Disease

Disorder=clusters of symptoms WITHOUT a clear etiology Disease=clusters of symptoms WITH a clear etiology *Altimeters=a disorder that became a disease **if it doesn't cause problems, it is not considered a disorder(according to DSM-5) -Symptoms + Problems/Distress

"If a clinician focused on where a person placed a drawing on a page, the size of the drawing, and the parts omitted, the person MOST likely took which test?"

Draw-a-Person

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement=increases behavior Punishment=decreases behavior positive-add/introduce something negative-take something away *Refusing to do what you are afraid of maintains the anxiety

Protective Factors

can reduce likelihood that a stressor will activate the bad outcome (or disorder) -ex) sports, strong social support system, head start, educational programs *they counteract the diathesis

Psychogenic

causes of abnormal functioning are psychological (mind, thoughts)

Ancient Cultures

causes=demons, gods, evil spirits treatments (not effective)=exorcisms, trephining(cut hole in skull to release evil spirits)

Modern Times

changing opinions of what is abnormal *stigma still strong, opinions starting to change

DSM-5

clusters of symptoms, or criteria that may occur together in nature (person making diagnosis looks at) -NOT an explanatory model..rather a description(does not explain why), does not tell you what to say, does not explain how these problems occur

Which therapy is an effective treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

cognitive

"""Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts."" The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a:"

cognitive theorist.

Assessment

collecting of relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion What kind of conclusion=DSM diagnosis,

community mental health approach

community care for people with severe psychological disturbances

Biopsychosocial Model

considers psychological, social, biological factors

Projective test

consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret/respond to

Classification

declaring a standard -helps us focus, communicate, study, can research it, helps us understand "we are the experts and this is what we know" -identify meaningful categories that reflect some sort of truth -like DSM (may require iterative steps that takes time to develop)(may contain flaws subject to human error)

Correlation

degree to which events/characteristics vary with each other -determines co-relationship between variables

Case study

detailed description of a person's life and psychological problems (history, circumstances, symptoms) *source of new ideas, open the way for discoveries, tentative support for a theory, challenge a theory's assumptions *rely on subjective evidence, little basis for generalization

Neuropsychological test

detects brain impairment, measuring a person's cognitive perceptual, motor performances