Abnormal Psychology Chapter 9
Pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated
Acute pain
There are two types of clinical pain. Pain that typically follows an injury and goes away once the injury is healed is called ________ pain, while pain that does not decrease over time is called ________ pain.
Acute; chronic
Who coined the word "lifestyle"?
Adler
The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome
Alarm stage
The organism recognizes and begins to respond to an immediate threat.
Alarm stage
The point at which an organism appraises a situation as stressful
Alarm stage
Which of the following is an incorrect match of medical condition and its definition?
Arteriosclerosis: obstruction caused by buildup of plaque in the arteries
What kind of cells include a subgroup of memory cells to speed future immune response to the antigen
B cells; T cells
Interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.
Behavioral medicine
Health psychology is a field focusing on psychological factors that affect physical health and wellness. It is often considered a subfield of ______________ and is not _____________
Behavioral medicine; interdisciplinary
Harry's blood pressure soars when he feels stressed. His doctor showed him how to become aware of his body process to control them better by using ________ .
Biofeedback
Pain and physical disorders are sometimes treated with various forms of relaxation and meditation. Research suggests that relaxation can be beneficial for ___________________ pain and can reduce the flow of _____________
Both acute and chronic; stress hormones
Which of the following is not considered part of the experience of pain?
Cuts, bruises, and other injuries.
Some evidence shows that psychological factors may contribute to both the course and the _________________ of cancer, AIDS, and other diseases, as well as treatment and recovery.
Development
The Chinese concept of "looking at the whole" when addressing dysfunctional states or chronic illnesses, according to Dr. Hui, seeks to do all of the following except:
Employ sustained meditation to heal the body
Subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance
Health psychology
What is a blockage of heart blood vessel called?
Ischemia
A type of leukocyte that surrounds identifiable antigens and destroys them. _________________________
Macrophages
Research on the effects of psychotherapy on the health of patients with cancer has yielded some surprising results. Which of the following is among the results that have been found?
Psychotherapy can prolong the lives of patients with cancer.
How many deaths per year are due to tobacco?
420,000
Afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs. Psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments
Cardiovascular disease
As your textbook states, the single most effective prevention strategy when it comes to dealing with HIV and AIDS is
Changing high-risk behaviors.
Mary is often upset by stupid things other people are always doing. Her doctor wants her to realize her exaggeration of these events and suggests ________ .
Cognitive coping procedures
The field of ________ is considered a subfield of behavioral medicine and focuses on the various mental factors that are important for the establishment and maintenance of physical and psychological health.
Health psychology
Which of the following individuals is experiencing vascular pain?
Lori, who experiences regular headaches because of enlarged blood vessels.
In the phenomenon known as ________ control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are determined by social consequences.
Operant
Study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Who identified Type A behavior pattern?
Rosenman & Friedman
Perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges
Self-efficacy
How is blood pressure measured?
Sphygmomanometer
The ________ is one of the best-known efforts to reduce community disease risk factors.
Stanford Three Community Study
These cells directly destroy antigens
T cells
What kind of cells include a subgroup of suppressor cells that help slow production of antibodies when they are no longer needed
T cells
According to the gate control theory of pain, what is likely going on when a child who is alone and frightened in a dark house experiences terrible pain from a simple fall and skinned knee?
The brain sends a signal for small nerve fibers to open the dorsal horns of the spinal column.
True or false, certain lifestyle choices may put people at risk for developing certain physical disorders.
True
Cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease
Type B behavior pattern
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a perplexing disorder with no physical pathology and no clear physical cause. Michael Sharpe has offered a model that integrates the physical and psychological factors related to CPS. According to Sharpe's model, how do people with CFS worsen the lingering symptoms of pain and fatigue from extreme stress or an illness?
They become chronically inactive, which can lead to weakness, lack of stamina, and depression.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a perplexing disorder with no physical pathology and no clear physical cause. Michael Sharpe has offered a model that integrates the physical and psychological factors related to CPS. According to Sharpe's model, what is a key cognitive error that people with CFS make?
They misinterpret their symptoms of illness or stress as signs of a lingering disease that is worsened by activity.
In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure that involved focusing on a specific mantra. His work was a stripped down version of ________ .
Transcendental meditation
Cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease.
Type A behavior pattern
Psychologist identified two types of behavior patterns that they alleged to contribute to the development of disease. What types were developed? _______ and _________
Type A; Type B
Early investigations into the link between psychological factors and heart disease implicated the __________ personality, which was characterized by being very driven and impatient. Later research in this area has focused more on the influence of factors such as depression and _______
Type A; anxiety
Karen is 8 years old and was recently diagnosed with brain cancer. She started a very painful series of medical treatments last week. Karen's doctor suggested that she also receive psychological treatment to help her deal with the pain and stress of the medical treatment. What type of psychological treatment is Karen likely to receive?
Watching videos of any new procedures to be performed
Which of the following statements best reflects how Eastern and Western medicine might effectively integrate in providing health care?
While Western medicine can deal with a patient's crisis and keep the patient alive, concepts and approaches from Chinese medicine can help restore the patient's balance.
Can psychological factors really influence physical health?
Yes
Is health psychology a subfield of medicine?
Yes
Blood pressure is a measure of the amount of force that the blood puts on the walls of the blood vessels. Say you get your blood pressure measured, and it is 165 over 100. Your systolic pressure is ____, And your diastolic pressure is _____. Based on these numbers, your doctor may say that you have hypertension 4
165; 100
Blood pressure is a measure of the amount of force that the blood puts on the walls of the blood vessels. Say you get your blood pressure measured, and it is 170 over 105. Your systolic pressure is _____, and your diastolic pressure is _____. Based on these numbers, your doctor may say that you have ________
170; 105; hypertension
Pain and physical disorders are sometimes treated with various forms of relaxation and meditation. Both transcendental meditation and the relaxation response focus on the use of __________, while progressive muscle relaxation focuses on relaxing ______________
A mantra; specific muscle groups
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a perplexing disorder with no physical pathology and no clear physical cause. Michael Sharpe has offered a model that integrates the physical and psychological factors related to CPS. According to Sharpe's model, which type of person is most likely to develop CFS?
A perfectionist who works very hard for lofty goals and struggles with feelings of inadequacy
Biofeedback is sometimes used for physical disorders and pain. Which of the following best describes the type of feedback that occurs during biofeedback sessions?
A signal indicates whether clients are correctly regulating their bodily states.
What type of disorder occurs when a person has a T4 (helper) cell deficiency due to a virus that destroys the helper T cells?
AIDS
Group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS.
AIDS-related complex (ARC)
After becoming infected with HIV, a person may experience more minor health problems, known as ________________, for a number of years before developing full-blown AIDS. Researchers have found that individuals who are infected with HIV and have high levels of stress and ___________ are likely to have a faster disease progression.
AIDS-related complex; depression
There are two types of clinical pain. The pain you feel immediately after tearing a ligament in your knee would be called ___________, but if that pain lasts long after the ligament has completely healed, it would be called _________
Acute pain; chronic pain
The field of behavioral medicine is an _____________ focused on applying knowledge from behavioral science to medical problems. It is typically said to include the subfield of _____________
An interdisciplinary field; health psychology
Category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy
Cancer
Damon has been suffering from ________ for some time. His physician recommends a program of treatment developed by Michael Sharpe that includes increasing activity, regulating periods of rest, and breathing exercises, along with other interventions.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
No confirmed evidence exists to show that there is a physical cause for the disease of ________ that often causes individuals to give up their careers and suffer considerably.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
No evidence exists to show that there is a physical cause for the disease of ____________________ that often causes individuals to give up their careers and suffer considerably.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back, and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological
Chronic pain
Regarding the age ranges for the risk of HIV/AIDS, which of the following statements is accurate?
For men, the highest risk is during their late 20s and early 30s
Sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. These stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
There are two types of clinical pain. Both types may initially be the result of an injury, but acute pain _____________ once the injury heals or is treated, while ________ pain does not decrease over time.
Goes away; chronic
______________ is credited as one of the first scientists to raise concern over the potentially detrimental effects of stress.
Hans Selye
Near the middle of a triathlon, an athlete fractured a small bone in her foot but experienced no significant pain and was still able to complete the event. What neurochemical process likely occurred for this athlete?
Her brain released endogenous opioids to inhibit the pain.
In his study of baboons, Robert Sapolsky found sense of control to be key to the stress response, with submissive males showing _________ resting levels of cortisol than dominant males. In humans, the feelings of stress, anxiety, excitement, and depression share important physiological featunes, but sense of control remains important. If you feel there is little you can do about an immediate challenge, for example, you are likely to feel _______
Higher; anxiety
Early investigations into the link between psychological factors and heart disease implicated the type A personality, which was characterized by being _______________. Later research in this area showed that certain components of type A, such as negative affect and ____________, ane most relevant to the development of heart disease.
Highly competitive; time urgency
Major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. Also known as high blood pressure
Hypertension
Psychosocial and biological factors contribute to the development of __________________, a potentially deadly condition of high blood pressure, and to the development of ________________, the blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart muscle.
Hypertension; coronary heart disease
What is the sequence of the stress response in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis?
Hypothalamus --> Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) --> Pituitary gland --> Adrenal gland --> Cortisol
The effects of stress on susceptibility to infections in the human body is mediated through the ________ system.
Immune
Body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials (for example, bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs) that enter.
Immune system
The field of psychoneuroimmunology emerged out of which surprising findings?
Immune system suppression can be conditioned or learned.
Some people exposed to HIV do not contract AIDS. Researchers have found that some of these people have particularly strong and robust _________ systems. Similarly, _____________ programs have shown promise at improving the functioning of these systems for people with AIDS.
Immune; stress management
Highly specific molecules that act as antibodies. They combine with antigens to neutralize them. _____________________
Immunoglobins
What has contributed to the rise of health psychology?
Improved research Increase in chronic health problems Inadequacy of medical model
Biofeedback is sometimes used for physical disorders and pain. Some researchers suggest that the beneficial effects of biofeedback are due to teaching people how to relax. What is an alternative explanation that has been offered for the effects of biofeedback?
It helps instill a sense of control over the pain.
Research indicates that psychotherapy can have beneficial effects on the health of patients with cancer. Which of the following is not a reason proposed for why psychological treatment might have this effect?
It strengthens the effects of chemotherapy
This subgroup targets viral infections within the cells by directly destroying the antigens. ________
Killer T cells
In the mid-19th century, symptoms of fatigue, vague aches and pains, low-grade fever, and lack of energy were attributed to a disorder called neurasthenia, which literally translated to " ________ ."
Lack of nerve strength
According to the principles of health psychology, which of the following would be the most appropriate goal regarding lung cancer?
Learning about and avoiding high-risk behaviors that can lead to cancer in the first place.
Sue has been dealing with chronic pain ever since she was involved in a car accident several months ago. According to research presented in your textbook by Compas and colleagues (2006), all but which of the following are likely to contribute to Sue experiencing higher levels of both anxiety and somatic complaints?
Maintaining an optimistic attitude.
Tyrone can't seem to focus on anything at work. He feels too stressed. He needs ________ , a way of minimizing intruding thoughts that he can do at work in a short amount of time.
Meditation and relaxation
These are created so that when a specific antigen is encountered in the future, the immune response will be faster. _____________________
Memory B cells
At a world conference, leaders met to discuss how to reduce the risk of childhood injuries, AIDS risks, and the number of smoking-related diseases. Professionals suggested programs involving teaching individuals how to ________ .
Modify behavior to promote health
The endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body, can be affected by stress through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Of particular interest to psychologists is the endocrine system's release of _____________, which affect the nervous system.
Neurohormones
The endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body, can be affected by stress through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Of particular interest to psychologists is the endocrine system's release of neurohormones, which act much like _____________ in carrying messages from the brain to various parts of the body.
Neurotransmitters
What are the parts of metabolic syndrome?
Obesity around waistline Clinically increased blood pressure Lo HDL (good cholesterol) Insulin resistant (pre-diabetic) Increase in triglicerides
Both hypertension and coronary heart disease mn in families and are likely influenced strongly by genetics. Psychosocial factors also play important roles in each of these health issues, however. Which of the following characteristics are associated with hypertension and heart disease?
Poor coping skills High stress levels Weak social support
In his study of baboons, Robert Sapolsky found that, in terms of stress reduction, controllability and _____________ are the most important benefits of social dominance. In humans, the feelings of stress, anxiety, excitement, and depression share important physiological featunes, but sense of control remains important. If you feel you could handle an immediate challenge if only you had more time or help, you are likely to feel _______
Predictability; stress
A person who studies the influence of psychosocial factors on the well-being and survival rates of people with cancer might be called a ______________
Psychoncologist
A psychologist who examines the influence of coping style and anxiety level on the prognosis of people with cancer is working in the field of ____________
Psychoncology
Study of psychological factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer
Psychoncology
The study of psychological influences on the neurological responding of the human immune response is called
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoncology is a new field focused on the influence of ____________ factors on cancer.
Psychosocial
The study of how psychological factors affect physical disorders was initially called ______________, but this name eventually fell out of favor because it implied that __________ did not play a significant role in psychological disorders.
Psychosomatic medicine; biology
Blood pressure is a measure of the amount of force that the blood puts on the walls of the blood vessels. Say you get your blood pressure measured, and it is 110 over 70. Of these numbers, 110 is the measure of the pressure when your heart is ________, while 70 is the measure of the pressure when your heart is at ______. Based on these numbers, your doctor may say that you appear to have ______________
Pumping; rest; normal blood pressure
Active components of medication methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm
Relaxation response
Early investigations into the link between psychological factors and heart disease suggested that people with type B personality, characterized by a _____________, are less susceptible to heart disease. Later research in this area suggests that anxiety and __________ are as important to the development of heart disease as anger.
Relaxed attitude; depression
In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. The second stage of the GAS is
Resistance
The organism initializes coping mechanisms to respond to the stress.
Resistance stage
The point at which the body begins to cope with the stressor
Resistance stage
The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome
Resistance stage
Painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints. Cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Who challenged Selye's view that we deplete and then we die?
Robert Sapolsky
Dr. Poa describes her role in working with patients who choose not to have any medical intervention, medication, or surgery in their lifetimes. Which of the following was not included in her acknowledged role with these patients?
Seeking to convince the patients to reconsider
Psychological and social factors play important roles in stress physiology. In his study of baboons, Robert Sapolsky found that _____________ influences the stress response in significant ways. In humans, the feelings of stress, anxiety, excitement, and depression share important physiological features, but a person's ______________ often determines which emotion is experienced.
Sense of control; self-efficacy
Martin has been informed that he is HIV positive, although he has not yet developed AIDS. He lives in the part of the world where between 15% and 28% of the adult population is HIV positive, accounting for two-thirds of such cases worldwide. Where does Martin live?
Southern Africa
Which of the following is an example of a person demonstrating a "pain behavior"?
Stanley does not go skiing with his son anymore because it is too painful for his knees.
Body's physiological response to a stressor, which is any event or change that requires adaptation
Stress
The endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body, can be affected by stress through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Of particular interest to psychologists is the endocrine system's release of neurohormones, which affect the nervous system. Neurohormones that are closely related to the stress response are often called _____________
Stress hormones
At a routine physical exam years later, you learn that your blood pressure is 180/110. Your doctor asks if you've been under a lot of stress lately. Why would he or she ask this?
Stress is assumed to contribute to hypertension because the sympathetic nervous system is responsive to stress and can constrict blood vessels.
Temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning
Stroke/Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
Temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning.
Strokes
These T cells stop the production of antibodies by B Cells when they are no longer needed. _________________________
Suppressor T cells
According to Dr. Hui, which of the following most accurately describes the type of approach Chinese medicine takes to health care?
Systems approach
These cells operate within the cellular branch of the immune system
T cells
According to the gate control theory of pain, what is likely going on when a soldier in the middle of a combat mission is shot in the leg but does not feel any immediate pain?
The brain sends a signal for large nerve fibers to close the dorsal horns of the spinal column.
Research suggests that the high levels of cortisol produced by chronic stress can damage the hippocampus. What are two possible effects of this happening?
The brain's ability to turn off the stress response decreases, and dementia may eventually develop.
There are many reasons a patient might not opt to undergo medical interventions. Which of the following statements most accurately describes why a patient might not seek medical intervention?
The discomfort and pain of the medical intervention is greater than the likelihood of the effectiveness of the intervention.
Drew is voluntarily taking part in a study where experimenters cause him pain by injecting saltwater into is jaw. After the pain is established he is then given a pill to help reduce the pain. Little does he know, however, that the pill is a placebo. Which of the following outcomes would be consistent with the findings described in your chapter?
The endogenous opioid system in Drew's brain will be activated and he will experience a reduction in pain.
In an important study of cancer sufferers conducted by David Spiegel at Stanford University, which of the following outcomes was observed?
The group receiving therapy lived, on average, twice as long as the control group.
Pain and physical disorders are sometimes treated with various forms of relaxation and meditation. The form known as _______________ is a streamlined version of ________________ and involves repeating a neutral word over and over.
The relaxation response; transcendental meditation
Foreign materials that enter the body, including bacteria and parasites
Antigens
Condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens.
Autoimmune disease
What type of disorder occurs when a person has an excess of T4 (helper) cells and his or her immune system begins attacking healthy cells rather than just antigens?
Autoimmune disease
Lymphocytes that operate within the humoral part of the system and circulate in the blood and bodily fluids. ____________________
B cells
These cells are the mechanism by which vaccinations work
B cells
These cells neutralize antigens through the release of antibodies
B cells
These cells operate within the humoral branch of the immune system
B cells
These cells are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell)
B cells; T cells
These cells are a type of lymphocyte
B cells; T cells
Why is it necessary for people who have received certain types of organ transplants to take medications to suppress their own immune system response?
Because the immune system would regard the transplanted organ as a foreign invader and would attack it as it would a virus or a bacterium.
Use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions
Biofeedback
Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in Western culture, with social and psychological factors involved
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone ________ can result in cell death in the hippocampal region of the brain in response to chronic stress.
Cortisol
Research suggests that the high levels of cortisol produced by chronic stress can damage the hippocampus. What effect does this have on the amount of cortisol released?
Cortisol levels remain high longer.
What is the process by which the release of cortisol is stopped or slowed?
Cortisol stimulates the hippocampus, which helps turn off the stress response.
Who worked with stage 4 breast cancer patients in group therapy and found that they lived an average of two years longer than those who did not partake in the therapy?
David Spiegel
Initially, strong ________ can help a patient endure the shock of bad news; however, later it can inhibit or prevent the healing process.
Denial
Initially, strong ____________ can help a patients endure the shock of bad news; however, later it can inhibit or prevent the healing process.
Denial
Who made arrangements with the Pope for science to leave religion alone and verse versa?
Descartes
Substance occurring naturally throughout the body that functions like a neurotransmitter to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. These opioids may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. Also known and endorphin or enkephalin.
Endogenous (natural) opioids
At a routine physical exam years later, you learn that your blood pressure is 180/110. If your doctor cannot find a specific physical cause of your elevated blood pressure, what diagnosis is he or she likely to give you?
Essential hypertension
High blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.
Essential hypertension
At a routine physical exam years later, you learn that your blood pressure is 180/110. Your doctor may ask you about the amount of salt in your diet. Why would he or she ask you this?
Excess salt can increase blood volume and elevate blood pressure.
Biofeedback is sometimes used for physical disorders and pain. This technique often increases a person's awareness of his or her physical state. What are clients trained to do during biofeedback?
Exert control over a specific physical aspect of their bodies
The organism experiences permanent physiological damage.
Exhaustion stage
The point at which wear and tear on the body begins
Exhaustion stage
The third stage of the general adaptation syndrome
Exhaustion stage
True or false, relaxation techniques cannot prevent the negative effects associated with stress.
False
True or false, stress does not impact the immune system.
False
Both hypertension and coronary heart disease run in families and are likely influenced strongly by genetics. Psychosocial factors also play important roles in each of these health issues, however. Which of the following characteristics are associated with hypertension and heart disease?
Feeling of lack of controllability Anger and hostility High stress levels Impatience
AIDS-related complex refers to a set of symptoms, such as weight loss and __________, that people infected with HIV often experience before developing full-blown AIDS. These people are more likely to go longer without developing AIDS if they have low levels of stress and ______________
Fever; strong social support
