Abnormal Psychology Chapter 9 notes

Three main treatment options are used with people who are overweight or obese and there are?

1. Lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and behavior therapy 2. Medications 3. Bariatric surgery

When people are given free access to food, the amount eaten each day is around ________ of what they actually need for their energy requirements.

150%

Eating disorders, particularly anorexia, have been noted with children as young as age _____

7

Taylor is overweight and is currently involved in a lifestyle management program to reduce her weight. According to research, what sustained weight loss is typical for persons such as Taylor, who are using a lifestyle management approach?

7 pounds

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that acts to reduce food intake

Ghrelin

A hormone that is produced by the stomach. - It stimulates appetite

Randomized controlled trials

A randomized controlled trial involves a specific treatment group (the group the researchers are most interested in) as well as a control treatment group (against which the treatment group will be compared). Participants have an equal chance of being placed in either group because placement is determined randomly.

Diagnostic crossover of eating disorders

AN-R <=> AN-BP AN-BP -> BN and sometimes BN -> AN-BP BED ->BN and sometimes BN->BED

Which gender and ethnic group has the highest levels of obesity?

African American Women

BMI

An estimation of total body fat calculated as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

Binge eating

An out-of-control consumption of an amount of food that is far greater than what most people would eat in the same amount of time and under the same circumstances

Although there are similarities between bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder (BED), one feature distinguishes the two. Individuals with _____.

BED do not engage in compensatory behaviors after binging; those with bulimia nervosa do

___________ is the most effective long-term treatment for people who are morbidly obese

Bariatric or gastric bypass surgery

Bulimia nervosa

Characterized by uncontrollable binge eating and efforts to prevent resulting weight gain by using inappropriate behaviors such as self-induced vomiting and excessive exercise.

Eating Disorders

Disorders of food ingestion, regurgitation, or attitude that affect health and well-being, such as anorexia, bulimia, r binge eating.

Binge-eating disorder (BED)

Distinct from nonpurging bulimia nervosa, whereby binging is not accompanied by inappropriate comensatory behavior to limit weight gain (not compulsive about weight)

The Maudsley model is a 10- to 20-session family therapy program for adolescents with anorexia nervosa that consists of three phases. What describes the focus of the second phase?

Family issues are addressed and there are negotiations for a new pattern of relationships among family members.

If a researcher were to electrically stimulate the VMH (a part of the ________) of a rat, you would expect food intake to be inhibited and the rat to lose weight.

Hypothalamus

Anorexia Nervosa

Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming "fat" coupled with refusal to maintain adequate nutrition and with severe loss of body weight

What is diagnostic crossover?

It means that it is common for someone who is diagnosed with one form of eating disorder to be later diagnosed with another eating disorder

______ is a hormone that informs the central nervous system about the status of the body's fat reserves.

Leptin

What percentage of the U.S. population is of normal or healthy weight?

Less than one-third

What best summarizes research findings on 5-HIAA, a major metabolite of serotonin, in eating disorders?

Levels of 5-HIAA are low in people with current diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and normal in people with current diagnoses of bulimia nervosa. However, during recovery, levels of 5-HIAA are higher in people with a history of both diagnoses.

Purgeing

Purging refers to the removal of food from the body by such means as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and enemas

What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?

Restricting type: every effort is made to limit the quantity of food consumed Binge-eating/purging type: binge eat, purge, or binge eat and purge

Obesity

The condition of having elevated fat masses in the body. - Obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30 or higher

What is likely to occur when the body goes into "starvation mode"?

The metabolic rate slows and the individual feels less full after eating.

Perfectionism

The pursuit of unattainably high standards combined with an intolerance of mistakes.

What brain changes were noted in the research with rats that were provided extended access to high-fat and high-sugar foods?

The rats exhibited a downregulation of activity in their brain reward circuits.

Set points

The tendency of our bodies to resist efforts to bring about a marked change (increase or decrease) in weight.

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

Therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions

What is a consequence of the focus on weight and shape concerns, and particularly thinness, in the diagnosis of eating disorders?

This may contribute to more women than men receiving eating disorder diagnoses.

T/F: People with bulimia are aware they have a problem whereas people with anorexia nervosa deny the seriousness of their disorder and are surprised by the shock and concern with which others view emaciated conditions,

True

What is the difference between a person with bulimia nervosa and a person with the bing-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa?

Weight - A person with Bulimia nervosa doesn't have to be underweight but an anorexia nervosa person does - A person who binges or purges that meets criteria of anorexia nervosa with be diagnosed that (so anorexia nervosa trumps bulimia nervosa)

What sex and age is most at risk for developing bulimia nervosa?

Women, aged 21-24 years

Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by _________, which causes the levels of ________ in the body to be high.

a chromosomal abnormality; grehlin

The term anorexia nervosa, which literally means "lack of appetite induced by nervousness," is a somewhat of a misnomer because ____.

a lack of appetite is not the core issue for individuals with anorexia nervosa, and individuals with anorexia nervosa may not even experience a lack of appetite

What disorders is more likely to occur in relatives of people suffering from bulimia nervosa?

alcohol dependence

_______, a criterion used in the DSM-IV for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, was eliminated as a diagnostic feature in the DSM-5 as it could not be used as a criterion for males, prepubescent girls, or with women using hormonal contraceptives.

amenorrhea

Sarah sometimes engages in binge-purge cycles with her consumption of food. She is also severely underweight. Which diagnosis is most likely appropriate for her?

anorexia nervosa

What kind of medication is commonly used to treat bulimia nervosa?

antidepressants

Susan is morbidly obese and is assessing options for weight loss treatment. Her physician recommends ________ because this option is considered to be the most effective long-term treatment for morbidly obese persons.

bariatric surgery

The most common form of eating disorder is

binge eating disorder

Which eating disorder is most commonly found in males?

binge-eating disorder

Although binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa share a lot of the same symptomatology, there is one significant difference. Persons with ____.

binge-eating disorder are less likely to utilize "compensatory" strategies such as purging or using laxatives than are persons with bulimia nervosa

Which kind of food would you expect to be most addictive?

cheesecake

Animal studies have demonstrated that lesions in a part of the hypothalamus called the ventromedial hypothalamus will cause the animal to _______

eat voraciously and rapidly become obese

Ashley, age 15, has anorexia. ________ is considered the treatment of choice for young women of her age. The Maudsley model, the best-studied approach to this form of treatment, blames ________ for the anorexia nervosa.

family therapy; neither parents nor the child

Unlike with anorexia and bulimia, binge eating disorder typically onsets _____.

later (older; 30-50 years of age)

Babies who sleep ________ are more likely to be ________ at age 3.

less than 12 hours a day; overweight

Tara has a BMI of 40. Persons with this BMI are considered to be ____.

morbidly obese

Historically, population groups that were most susceptible to starvation are people who are ________.

more likely to become obese when they have a sedentary lifestyle and a Western diet

A person with a BMI of 27 would be considered _____.

overweight

The weight loss medication, Orlistat, works by _____.

reducing the amount of fat that can be absorbed once it enters the gut

Which form of eating disorder is often admired by others with eating disorders?

restrictive type anorexia nervosa

One theory proposes that _______ food is/are heightened among people who engage in binge eating and lowered among people who engage in restrictive eating.

reward sensitivity toward

What is a risk factor for disordered eating for men but not for women?

sexual orientation

Taking an FDA approved drug to help with weight loss will most likely lead to _______.

some weight loss, but less than hoped

Pike and colleagues (2003) treated 33 women who had been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Of the women treated, only 17 percent fully recovered. The limited success of CBT for patients with anorexia nervosa may be due to ______

the extreme cognitive rigidity that is characteristic of those with anorexia nervosa

Connor participated in a simulated jury study where he was asked to read a case vignette and then look at mug shots of two men and two women who were either thin or obese. He was asked to rate the guilt of each of these 4 individuals on a scale of 1 to 5. Based on a previous study, what type of individuals was he most likely to give the highest rating of guilt?

the obese woman

In the treatment of adults with anorexia, _______.

there is no leading effective treatment

What essential amino acid is serotonin made from?

tryptophan