Abnormal Psychology Exam 1
Drapetomania (1851)
"unnatural desire for freedom" and desire to run away - term coined for enslaved African Americans
Optimal Human Functioning
(recovery movement) - subjective well-being, happiness, optimism, resilience, hope, courage, ability to cope with stress, self-actualization, and self-determinism
The Drug Revolution
- 1950s: Rapidly and dramatically decreased or eliminated troublesome symptoms -Deinstitutionalization - Prescription privileges for psychologists (Luisiana and New Mexico in US) - Management of health care - Appreciation for research (breakthroughs in neuroscience, exploration of biological bases for behavior, more empirically based treatments) - culture, ethnicity, and gender are recognized as powerful influences towards human development
Early Biological (organic) view
- Early viewpoint - Griesinger believed ALL mental disorders had physiological causes - belief that mental disorders have a physical or physiological basis - Kraepelin believed that symptoms occur in clusters (syndromes) to represent mental disorders, each with unique causes, courses, and outcomes - classifies mental illness based on organic causes --> like the diagnostic categories of the DSM-V!
Psychiatrist
- MD degree - can prescribe medication - 4 years of med school for MD and 3-4 years of training in psychiatry
Mental Health Counselor/Marriage/Family Therapist
- Master's degree in counseling or psychology - Many hours of supervised clinical experience
Psychiatric Social Worker
- Master's in social work - conducts assessment, screening, and therapy within high-need clients and facilitates outreach to other agencies
School Psychologist
- Masters or Doctorate in School Psychology - assesses and intervenes with the emotional and learning difficulties of students in educational settings
counseling psychologist
- PhD or PsyD - Focus on life adjustment problems more than mental illnesses
clinical psychologist
- PhD or PsyD - coursework and internship focus on psychopathology, personality, psychological testing, diagnosis, therapy, and neuropsychology
Psychiatric Nurse
- RN degree from nursing program and specialized psychiatric training - performs assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness
Treatment Plan
- a proposed course of therapy, developed collaboratively by a therapist and client, that addresses the client's most distressing mental health symptoms - a proposing course of therapy that first focuses on most distressing symptoms
Biological Factors
- genetics and other physiological explanations - genetic predispositions to certain Mental Disorders and abnormalities in brain functioning
Substance Abuse Counselor
- professional training requirements vary - many practitioners have personal experience with addiction (generativity) - works in agencies that specialize in the evaluation and treatment of drug and alcohol addiction
Psychological Factors
- rooted in invisible complexities of the human mind - early childhood experiences/life experiences - abnormal/negative feelings towards oneself and others
Dysfunctional Social Relationships
- stressful interactions with family members and peers
Dysaethesia Aethiopica
- those who resisted, argued, and created disturbances towards being enslaved - "lazy/oppositional slave" - term coined for enslaved African Americans
Neuropsychologist
-PhD -Psychologist who studies how the dysfunctions of the brain effect behavior - coursework on assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, and research related to neurological, medical, developmental, or psychiatric conditions
- Biological Views - Psychological Views - Social Relationships - Sociocultural Influences
4 Distinct Camps for Contemporary Explanations of Mental Disorders:
1. Social Conditioning 2. Cultural Values and Influences 3. Sociopolitical Influences 4. Bias in diagnosis
4 Key Areas of Cultural Diversity:
Psychodiagnosis
An attempt to describe, assess, and systematically draw inferences about an individual's psychological disorder - assess the situation
stereotype
An oversimplified and distorted belief about a person or group.
cultural universality
Assumption that origins, processes, and manifestations of mental disorders are the same across cultures
- People who are mentally disturbed can always be recognized by their abnormal behavior - People who are mentally disturbed have inherited their disorders - Mental Illness is curable - People become mentally disturbed because they are weak-willed - Mental Illness is always a deficit - Mentally disturbed people are unstable and potentially dangerous
Common Myths of Abnormal Disorders
a. Significant disturbance in thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior caused by a dysfunction in the basic psychological, biological, or developmental process involved in normal development b. Significant distress or difficulty with day-to-day functioning c. not merely a culturally expected response to common stressors or losses or a reflection of political or religious beliefs that conflict with societal norms
Components of the DSM-V:
- Multicultural Psychology - Positive Psychology - Optimal Human Functioning - Spirituality - Focus on Resilience
Contemporary Trends of Abnormal Psych (think Ch. 1):
theoretical
Each model in abnormal psychology embodies a particular ______________ approach and any model has limitations
- virtual reality / exposure therapy - allowing clients to monitor certain symptoms - social robots
Examples of Technology-Assisted Therapy:
Sociocultural Influences
Factors of race, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and culture that can exert an effect on mental health
Social Conditioning
How we are raised, the values we develop, and cultural expectations regarding our behavior can have a major effect on the types of symptoms we are most likely to experience.
26% 7.7%
In 2018, ___% of 18-25-year-olds have experienced a mental disorder (not including substance abuse disorders) during the previous 12 months at that time ___% faced serious mental disorders, such as schizophrenia
- prejudice: a bias, preconceived judgement about a person or group based on supposed characteristics of the group - discrimination: unjust or prejudicial treatment toward a person based on the person's actual or perceived membership in a certain group - Self Stigma: acceptance of prejudice and discrimination based on internalized negative societal beliefs or stereotypes about oneself (This is unhealthy and can lead to further distress and maladaptive reactions, undermining self-worth and self-efficacy)
Individuals with mental illness often need to contend with forms of stigma
1. Universality of human experience 2. Tendency to compare our own human functioning with our perceptions of how other people are functioning
Influences that make it susceptible to believing we have a disorder:
- Quite Broad - When is a syndrome significant enough to have meaning? - Is it possible to have a mental disorder without any signs of distress and discomfort? - What criteria are to be used in assessing symptoms?
Limitation of DSM-V's definition of abnormality:
understanding and treating the distressing symptoms associated with mental illness
Main Objective of Mental Health Field
Anosognosia
lack of awareness of or insight into one's own mental dysfunction
Early Psychological view
mental disorders are caused by psychological and emotional factors - Cathartic Method
social stigma
negative societal beliefs about a group, including the view that the group is somehow different from other members of society
single
no __________ explanation adequately accounts for complex human behavior
- those of the LGBTQ+ community
Mental Disorders are highest amongst:
problematic
Mental Health Professionals first focus on _____________ symptoms and understanding the causes of a client's mental distress, taking into account any social or societal stressors
- infrequent behaviors - moral or religious beliefs - noncompliance with societal customs (departure from normative behavior) - ignores the possibility that there are abnormal situations that would NOT be healthy to adapt to.
Problems with the four D's of Abnormality:
psychological processes occur in the mind
Psychoanalysts explain abnormal behavior as intrapsychic, what does this mean?
a. a false "either or" dichotomy between accepting one explanation or another (nature vs. nurture) b. neglect the possibility that a variety of circumstances contribute to the development of mental disorders c. Fail to recognize the reciprocal interactions of the various contributing factors d. mask the importance of acknowledging the contributions of all four dimensions in the origin of Mental Disorders
Reasons scientist discovered regarding the simplicity of one-dimensional perspectives:
1. Recovery begins when person realizes change is possible 2. Recovery isn't a continual movement forward; setbacks are opportunities for learning 3. Healing involves separating one's identity from the illness and developing the ability to cope with psychiatric symptoms 4. self-acceptance and regaining belief in oneself 5. Learn about personal capabilities, talents, and coping skills and using these to engage in new roles. 6. Self-direction, exercise of control, and exercise choice 7. Personal empowerment to overcome sense of dependence resulting from traditional mental health care. 8. establishing or strengthening healthy social connections 9. Taking personal responsibility for journey toward recovery by understanding experiences and identifying most effective coping skills 10. Barriers can be overcome, allowing one to confidently live, work, and participate in society
Steps of the recovery model
- reverted to supernatural explanations and witchcraft
The Middle Ages and Abnormality:
- rise of humanism and philosophical movement
The Renaissance and Abnormality:
Multicultural Psychology
The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - V
The most widely used classification system of mental disorders
violence
There is a slightly increased risk of ___________ among individuals with a history of mental illness, substance abuse, and prior victimization
Philippe Pinel (from France) - William Tuke in England - Rush encouraged humane treatment for mentally ill in hospitals in U.S. - Dorethea Dix, leader of social reform in US - Clifford Beers published "A Mind that Found Itself" in 1908 (U.S.)
This person is responsible for initiating the mortal treatment movement, a crusade to institute more humane treatment for people with mental illness
1. Mania (extreme levels of higher energy) 2. Melancholia (sadness or depression) 3. Phrenitis (brain fever)
Three categories Hippocrates used to classify Mental Illnesses:
- 15th-17th century - exorcism was used to try and cast out demons - thousands of men, women, and children beheaded, burned alive, or mutilated during the period of witch hunts
Treatment for those charged of doing witchcraft:
True
True or False: Many of us have direct experiences with mental disorders, either personally or through our involvement with family and friends
1. Deviance: bizarre/ unusual behavior (from a general perspective of people) 2. Distress: Physical/Psychological discomfort 3. Dysfunction: Inability for a person to complete actions that are a part of a person's daily life (more specific; varies across individuals) 4. Dangerous: whether a person is harmful to themselves or others
What are the four Ds of Abnormality?
American Psychiatric Association
What organization created the DSM-V?
Plato
Who believed that people who were mentally disturbed were the responsibility of their family and shouldn't be punished for their behaviors?
Ambroise-Auguste Liebault and Hippolyte Bernheim
Who concluded that mental and physical disorders could have a psychological rather than a biological explanation?
Galen
Who created an explanation on the CNS for mental functioning?
one
_______ - dimensional models can limit our ability to consider other perspectives
social
________ norms often affect our definitions of normality and abnormality
Personal Empowerment
__________ _____________ (increasing one's sense of personal strengths and self-worth) through open discussion of mental illness is a first step in overcoming societal prejudice and discrimination
Tarantism
a form of mass hysteria prevalent during the Middle Ages, characterized by wild raving, jumping, dancing, and convulsing
Mental Illness
a mental health condition that negatively affects a person's emotions, thinking, behavior, relationships with others, or overall functioning - many people recognize the need to seek help when they experience emotional distress or the behavioral, emotional, or physical symptoms of a mental health disorder
Psychotherapy
a program of systematic intervention with the purpose of improving a client's behavioral, emotional, or cognitive symptoms
Psychosis - In 1996 and 2006, the connections between beliefs on the etiologies of severe mental disorders and prejudice/discrimination towards the mentally ill were studied - This resulted in discovery of biological etiologies of mental illnesses
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Moral Treatment Movement
a shift to more humane treatment of people who were mentally disturbed
Mesmerism
a technique that evolved into the modern practice of hypnotism
Group Therapy
a widely used form of treatment for many problems, especially those involving interpersonal relationships
Model
an analogy used by scientists, usually to describe or explain a phenomenon or process they cannot directly observe
Spirituality
animating life force or energy of the human condition that is broader than, but inclusive of, religion
Scientific Inquiry
attempts to understand, classify, explain, and control nature - became less important than accepting nature as a manifestation of God's will
demonology
belief of evil spirits residing in a person's body
cultural relativism
belief that lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews affect the expression and determination of abnormal behavior
Cathartic Method
created by Josef Breur - therapeutic use of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts
Systematic Racism
deeply embedded societal policies and structures that disadvantage certain racial groups
Psychotropic Medications
drugs used to treat or manage psychiatric symptoms by influencing brain activity associated with emotions and behavior
Humanism (Renaissance)
emphasizes human welfare, the wrath, and uniqueness of the individual
Predicting
estimating the possibility that a client will engage in violent or destructive behavior
Explaining
examining a client's background to identify potential causes of his or her psychological condition
Biological Vulnerability
genetic or physiological susceptibility to mental illness
Mental Health Professionals
health care practitioners (such as psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, or mental health counselors) whose services focus on improving mental health or treating mental illness
a behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction; is associated with distress or disability, and is not merely an expectable response to common stressors or losses
DSM V's definition of Abnormal Behavior:
Incidence
number of new cases of a disorder that appear in an identified population within a specified time period
Describing
observing how a client behaves and responds to questions during an evaluation
hysteria
outdated term for excessive or uncontrollable emotion, sometimes resulting in somatic symptoms (blindness or paralysis) that have no apparent physical cause
Focus on Resilience
positive aspects of overcoming adversity, strengths, and assets in successful mental health coping
Thomas Szaz
psychiatrist who believed that mental illnesses are myths that are based on physical illnesses and problems of living
Mental Disorder
psychological symptoms or behavioral patterns that reflect an underlying psychobiological dysfunction, are associated with distress or disability, and are not merely an expectable response to common stressors or losses
Culture
shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted from generation to generation - a powerful determinant of how behavior is defined and treated
Psychiatric Epidemiology
study of the prevalence of mental illness in a society - analyzing such data is critical because it can help guide us towards solutions that reduce the cost and distress associated with mental health disorders - allows public officials to determine how frequently or infrequently various conditions occur in the population
Microaggressions
subtle comments or actions that intentionally or unintentionally insult or invalidate members of socially marginalized groups
Psychological Resilience
the capacity to effectively adapt to and bounce back from stress, trauma, and other adversity - goal of identifying the strengths and assets of people
Etiology
the cause or origin for a behavior
Prevalence
the percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific period of time ex: 18.1% of US adults experiencing anxiety disorders in 2020
Recovery Movement
the perspective that with appropriate treatment and support, those with mental illness can improve and live satisfactory lives despite any lingering symptoms of illness
Abnormal Psychology
the scientific study aimed at describing, explaining, predicting, and treating strange or unusual behavior - the scientific study of mental disorders, focusing on psychopathology - uses psychodiagnosis
positive psychology - focuses on optimal human functioning in three domains: 1. Interest in degree of wellbeing, contentment, and satisfaction with the past 2. Research concentrating on positive personality traits (resilience, courage, compassion, spirituality, and wisdom 3. Addressing civic virtues and institutions that move towards better citizenship and social responsibility
the scientific study of positive human functioning and the strengths and assets of individuals, families, and communities
Psychopathology
the study of the symptoms, causes, and treatments of mental disorders
modifying
working with a client to develop an intervention plan that addresses his or her symptoms