Abnormal Psychology Final Exam Study Guide

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) designed a new neuroscience-focused classification tool as an alternative to DSM-5. This tool is called the: a. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). b. Beck Depression Inventory. c. International Classification of Diseases (ICD). d. Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.

a. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC).

Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. biological therapy c. humanistic therapy d. psychodynamic therapy

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Compared with the general public, people with eating disorders are more likely to: a. experience depression. b. suffer from mania. c. experience panic attacks. d. have higher serotonin levels.

a. experience depression.

The drug methylphenidate is classified as a(n): a. stimulant. b. depressant. c. tranquilizer. d. antidepressant.

a. stimulant

With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? a. Psychodynamic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Humanistic-existential d. Sociocultural

b. Cognitive-behavioral

People with _____ keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds. a. body dysmorphic disorder b. excoriation disorder c. trichotillomania d. hoarding disorder

b. excoriation disorder

A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. b. existential. c. psychodynamic. d. cognitive.

b. existential.

Hippocrates' contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: a. stress. b. natural causes. c. brain pathology. d. spiritual deviations.

b. natural causes.

Olena is trying to quit smoking and has tried many different methods. Which of the following is not one of those methods? a. nicotine nasal spray b. subcutaneous nicotine pump c. nicotine patch d. psychotropic drugs

b. subcutaneous nicotine pump

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. b. the pleasure principle. c. primary process thought. d. secondary process thought.

b. the pleasure principle.

A clinician uses the Rorschach test to focus on the actual images that a person describes. The clinician is emphasizing: a. style. b. theme. c. color. d. latency to respond

b. theme.

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: a. they are not deviant. b. they freely choose and enjoy their behavior. c. they are dangerous only to others, not to themselves. d. while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not.

b. they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.

The peak age range for the development of anorexia nervosa is: a. 7 to 10. b. 10 to 13. c. 14 to 20. d. 20 to 25.

c. 14 to 20.

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder is about _____ for women and about _____ for men. a. 8; 4 b. 8; 15 c. 15; 8 d. 4; 8

c. 15; 8

If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. b. Freud. c. Beck. d. Bandura.

c. Beck.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the use of ECT and drug therapies for treating depression? a. ECT works more quickly than drug therapy in reducing depression. b. ECT works somewhat more effectively than drug therapy in treating depression. c. ECT is likely to be prescribed first, and if it doesn't work, then drugs are prescribed. d. ECT appears to be somewhat more successful in reducing short-term suicide risk.

c. ECT is likely to be prescribed first, and if it doesn't work, then drugs are prescribed.

Which of the following has been identified as a problem in designing and evaluating treatment methods for substance abuse? a. Almost all patients relapse. b. Antagonistic drugs are not legal. c. There is no standard definition of treatment success. d. The problem is a biological one and does not respond to psychological treatment.

c. There is no standard definition of treatment success.

A child with a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder has difficulty with things like: a. expressing himself in speech. b. reading a sentence from a book out loud. c. buttoning his shirt and dressing in general. d. listening to a teacher explain how to do a mathematics problem

c. buttoning his shirt and dressing in general.

The second phase of Beck's cognitive therapy is to get the client to: a. increase activity and elevate mood. b. identify negative thinking and biases. c. challenge automatic thoughts. d. change primary attitudes.

c. challenge automatic thoughts.

Sylvie is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, she now lives on her own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. She would not be considered to have intellectual disability because: a. she is too old. b. her IQ is not low enough. c. her daily functioning is adequate. d. her condition was not diagnosed before she turned 18.

c. her daily functioning is adequate.

Histrionic personality disorder was once believed to be more common in women than in men, and clinicians had long described the: a. emotional child. b. sensitive girl. c. hysterical wife. d. attention-craving woman.

c. hysterical wife.

A theorist who believes that psychological factors are the primary causes of abnormal functioning adheres to the _____ perspective. a. Hippocratic b. somatogenic c. psychogenic d. demonologic

c. psychogenic

A modern psychodynamic theorist is MOST likely to say: a. "Fromm-Reichmann was right; schizophrenogenic mothers cause most cases of schizophrenia." b. "Fromm-Reichmann was wrong; schizophrenogenic fathers cause most cases of schizophrenia." c. "Having a fragmented sense of self leads to biological abnormalities." d. "Biological abnormalities predispose people to develop a fragmented sense of self."

d. "Biological abnormalities predispose people to develop a fragmented sense of self."

Of the following disorders, psychotherapy plays a more central role in: a. bipolar I disorder. b. bipolar II disorder. c. rapid cycling bipolar disorder. d. cyclothymic disorder.

d. cyclothymic disorder.

Which of these was NOT one of Pinel's reforms at La Bicêtre? a. free movement around the hospital grounds b. sunny, airy rooms instead of dark dungeons c. support and advice given to the patients d. weekly feasts tailored to each patient's diet

d. weekly feasts tailored to each patient's diet

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. b. self-actualizing. c. role-playing. d. self-aware.

b. self-actualizing.

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with: a. a genetic or hormonal predisposition. b. a history of child abuse. c. troubled parent-child relationships. d. poverty.

c. troubled parent-child relationships.

Reducing the public's access to lethal and common means of suicide would mean measures such as: a. covering pools. b. prescriptions for fewer medications. c. postvention. d. gun control.

d. gun control.

According to surveys, about what percentage of female rape victims in the United States are younger than 18 years of age? a. 3 percent b. 15 percent c. 28 percent d. 54 percent

b. 15 percent

Which statement is the BEST response about a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence? a. Although they are used widely, polygraph results are not particularly reliable. b. The APA endorses their use. c. On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies. d. Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials.

a. Although they are used widely, polygraph results are not particularly reliable.

Which statement regarding suicide is TRUE? a. American Indians have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States. b. The suicide rate for non-Hispanic whites in the United States is the same as that for African Americans. c. Married people are more likely to commit suicide than adults who are single. d. Men are more likely to attempt suicide than women.

a. American Indians have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States.

When using milieu therapy, what is the primary goal? a. Create a social environment that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and responsibility b. Decrease inappropriate or maladaptive behavior while increasing appropriate and adaptive behavior c. Change how the individual thinks about and perceives the social world d. Isolate those with severe psychological disorders from stressful situations or from environmental factors that trigger psychotic symptoms

a. Create a social environment that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and responsibility

Which statement is TRUE about social anxiety disorder? a. Each year, approximately 8 percent of all people in the United States experience social anxiety disorder. b. Men are more likely than women to experience social anxiety disorder. c. Wealthier people are more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. d. Social anxiety disorder tends to develop in early childhood.

a. Each year, approximately 8 percent of all people in the United States experience social anxiety disorder.

Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? a. Equifinality b. Eclectic integration c. Multifinality d. Timing

a. Equifinality

Why do some researchers believe dissociative identity disorder is culture-bound? a. It is rare or nonexistent in certain countries. b. It affects women more frequently than men. c. It has been tied to specific religious practices. d. It affects only about 1 percent of the population.

a. It is rare or nonexistent in certain countries.

What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? a. Neurotransmitters are released. b. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. c. The receiving neurons fire. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing.

a. Neurotransmitters are released.

A teenager has recently developed signs of bulimia nervosa. She has been binge eating alone in her room and vomits immediately afterward to try to control her weight. Why will this not result in sustainable weight loss? a. Purging increases hunger, which decreases metabolism and triggers more frequent binges. b. Calorie absorption occurs almost instantaneously, with 80 to 90 percent of calories being absorbed before vomiting occurs. c. With each incident of self-induced vomiting, it becomes more difficult to trigger the vomiting reflex. d. Vomiting increases sodium levels, which results in water retention.

a. Purging increases hunger, which decreases metabolism and triggers more frequent binges.

How do sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work in the treatment of dissociative amnesia? a. They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events. b. They "force" people to tell the truth. c. They induce a hypnotic state. d. They alleviate depression.

a. They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.

Which of these is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia? a. Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men. b. There is a significant risk of suicide attempt—about 25 percent. c. There is a higher incidence in lower rather than upper socioeconomic groups. d. There is about a 1 percent risk of developing schizophrenia in a lifetime, worldwide.

a. Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men.

What is a phrenologist? a. a person who assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head b. a researcher who argued that personality disorders should not be categorized c. a therapist who treated personality disorders using didactic behavioral therapy d. a modern-day psychoanalytical therapist

a. a person who assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head

Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders: a. appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways. b. must avoid pointing out the client's defense mechanisms. c. work on intensifying the underlying conflict. d. do not interpret the client's behavior.

a. appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways.

At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded, and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? a. assessing suicide potential b. understanding and clarifying the problem c. establishing a positive relationship d. assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

a. assessing suicide potential

The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure: a. before birth. b. between birth and two years old. c. during puberty. d. during the two years just after puberty.

a. before birth.

Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of the following EXCEPT: a. being in therapy. b. being a heavy alcohol user. c. knowing someone who committed suicide. d. experiencing stressful life events.

a. being in therapy.

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia, is experiencing: a. binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa. b. food-phobia anorexia nervosa. c. restricted-type anorexia nervosa. d. variable-limited anorexia nervosa.

a. binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa.

Emotional instability, impulsiveness, and recklessness are characteristics of what personality disorder? a. borderline personality disorder b. schizotypal personality disorder c. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d. avoidant personality disorder

a. borderline personality disorder

Alcoholics Anonymous supports the belief that alcoholics should: a. cease drinking entirely. b. learn to stop after one drink. c. be taught to drink more moderately. d. admit that they are morally reprehensible for drinking.

a. cease drinking entirely.

The scarring of the liver caused by alcohol consumption is known as: a. cirrhosis. b. hemorrhaging. c. vasoconstriction. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. cirrhosis.

Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. b. humanistic-existential. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. d. sociocultural.

a. cognitive-behavioral.

A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: a. common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders. b. uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias. c. uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. d. rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

a. common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders

Ever since Paul's car crash, during which he was miraculously unhurt, Paul has not been the same. He forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the past few days. His amnesia is termed: a. continuous. b. organic. c. circumscribed d. selective.

a. continuous.

A pregnant woman's diet lacks the appropriate level of iodine. This may lead her baby to have a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called: a. cretinism. b. encephalitis. c. Down syndrome. d. fragile X syndrome

a. cretinism

What kind of depression is unipolar? a. depression that occurs without periods of mania b. depression that stems from a single event in one's life c. depression that includes only extreme sadness as a symptom d. depression that occurs due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter

a. depression that occurs without periods of mania

Which event in the 1950s led to improvements in biological treatments for mental disorders? a. discovery of psychotropic medications b. development of advanced neurosurgical techniques c. development of standardized screening tests for mental illness d. improved understanding of the electrical system of the human body

a. discovery of psychotropic medications

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages: a. down the length of a neuron. b. from one neuron to another neuron. c. from a neuron to a muscle or gland. d. down the length of a muscle.

a. down the length of a neuron.

Suicides that are carried out in bizarre ways for political reasons are MOST likely to trigger suicide thoughts in those with: a. emotional problems. b. similar political views. c. a desire to move on to the afterlife. d. a strong desire to be on television.

a. emotional problems.

Evidence suggests that restricted affect among those with schizophrenia may reflect the inability to _____ emotions, not the inability to _____ them. a. express; feel b. feel; express c. label; express d. feel; label

a. express; feel

Relational aggression is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among: a. girls diagnosed with conduct disorder. b. boys diagnosed with conduct disorder. c. boys diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder. d. girls diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.

a. girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those people who later will be depressed and those people who will not be depressed. It also produces results similar to those of other tools for measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has: a. good predictive validity and good content validity. b. good predictive validity but poor content validity. c. poor predictive validity and poor content validity. d. poor predictive validity and good content validity.

a. good predictive validity and good content validity.

A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms do not exist. The test has: a. high reliability but inadequate standardization. b. high reliability and adequate standardization. c. low reliability and inadequate standardization. d. low reliability but adequate standardization.

a. high reliability but inadequate standardization.

The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego

a. id

What diagnosis would be given for people who display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior? a. intellectual disability b. ADHD c. autism spectrum disorder d. learning disability

a. intellectual disability

Which is NOT a concern associated with DSM-5? a. lack of input from clinical advisors b. weak field research c. gender bias d. racial bias

a. lack of input from clinical advisors

In the first half of the 1900s, biological treatments for mental illness: a. largely failed. b. were highly successful. c. were not evaluated for effectiveness. d. frequently worsened patients' conditions.

a. largely failed.

Studies evaluating the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder have shown that cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce: a. long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance. b. only short-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance. c. long-term gains in school achievement but only short-term gains in intelligence test performance. d. only short-term gains in school achievement but long-term gains in intelligence test performance.

a. long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a: a. lower socioeconomic level. b. middle socioeconomic level. c. professional socioeconomic level. d. privileged (wealthy) socioeconomic level.

a. lower socioeconomic level.

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is characteristic of: a. mania. b. dysthymia. c. depression. d. cyclothymia.

a. mania

An exposure technique in which the therapist confronts the feared object or situation while the fearful person observes is called: a. modeling. b. flooding. c. systematic desensitization. d. biofeedback.

a. modeling.

Dontrall observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. b. self-actualization. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning.

a. modeling.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? a. norepinephrine b. epinephrine c. serotonin d. endorphin

a. norepinephrine

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. b. anal stage. c. phallic stage. d. latency stage.

a. oral stage

People suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to: a. overestimate their body size. b. underestimate their body size. c. correctly estimate their body size. d. vary in accuracy in estimating their body size

a. overestimate their body size.

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia: a. people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present. b. people with certain psychosocial stressors will develop schizophrenia in the absence of a biological predisposition. c. biological predispositions for schizophrenia override any evidence for the importance of psychosocial stressors. d. people with certain biological predispositions will develop schizophrenia in the absence of psychosocial stressors.

a. people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

What kind of clinician would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," to a client? a. psychodynamic clinician b. biological clinician c. cognitive-behavioral clinician d. sociocultural clinician

a. psychodynamic clinician

Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that compulsive behavior is: a. reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. b. originally associated with an increased level of anxiety. c. logically, rather than randomly, connected to fearful situations. d. exhibited by everyone.

a. reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.

If the idea of preparedness is accurate, then: a. some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. b. all phobias should diminish with treatment at about the same rate. c. animals and humans should have the same phobias. d. phobias should be less frequent in the modern era than in ancient times

a. some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.

For which individual is recovery from anorexia MOST likely? a. someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult b. someone who has lost a relatively large percentage of body weight c. someone who also has sex problems d. someone who enters therapy late in his or her disorder

a. someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult

What activates the HPA pathway? a. stressful events b. exposure to toxins c. dopamine antagonists d. hallucinations

a. stressful events

A person who uses LSD begins to taste colors and see music. This person is experiencing: a. synesthesia. b. hallucinosis. c. flashbacks. d. a "high."

a. synethesia

A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is: a. typical of what happens in developing countries. b. typical of what happens in developed countries. c. unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developing countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developed countries. d. unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developed countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developing countries.

a. typical of what happens in developing countries.

A friend asks, "Why is there such a strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk?" Based on the best available research, you reply: a. "Being trapped in substance abuse leads to suicidal ideation." b. "No one knows for sure." c. "Actually, being suicidal most often leads to alcohol abuse, and not the other way around." d. "The connection is weak at best."

b. "No one knows for sure."

Assume that a community is made up of almost exactly equal numbers of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and non-Hispanic white Americans, and that everyone is of the same socioeconomic status. Approximately what percentage of suicides would you expect to be committed by nonHispanic white Americans? a. 5 percent, well below the rates for the other groups b. 25 percent, about the same as the rates for the other groups c. 40 percent, about double the rates for the other groups d. 60 percent, almost four times the rates for the other groups

b. 25 percent, about the same as the rates for the other groups

Which BEST supports the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia? a. Like those with Parkinsonism, those with schizophrenia have unusually low levels of dopamine. b. Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinsonian symptoms. c. Antipsychotic drugs increase the rate of firing at dopamine receptor sites. d. Dopamine levels vary across the different kinds of schizophrenia.

b. Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinsonian symptoms.

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed? a. Not far at all; protectors usually emerge even before the disorder is diagnosed. b. Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration. c. Very far; a protector usually emerges after subpersonality integration and before fusion. d. All the way; a protector usually emerges only after therapy has been successfully completed.

b. Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.

MOST contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which statement? a. Schizophrenogenic mothers confuse their children, resulting in their children being diagnosed with schizophrenia. b. Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia. c. Schizophrenogenia should be applied to fathers as well as to mothers. d. Schizophrenogenia has been supported by research as an important contributor to schizophrenia.

b. Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia.

Regarding likelihood of recovery and types of symptoms exhibited, which would be the WORST disorder to have? a. Type I schizophrenia b. Type II schizophrenia c. Type III schizophrenia d. Type IV schizophrenia

b. Type II schizophrenia

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing: a. Type I schizophrenia. b. Type II schizophrenia. c. schizoaffective disorder. d. delusional disorder.

b. Type II schizophrenia.

Which is NOT a question that therapy outcome studies seek to answer? a. Is therapy in general effective? b. Which therapies are effective for all clients? c. Are particular therapies generally effective? d. Are particular therapies effective for particular problems?

b. Which therapies are effective for all clients?

Dr. Lopez wants to improve the effectiveness of GABA in a client. She should choose: a. a drug that increases neuronal firing speed. b. a benzodiazepine. c. any of the antidepressants. d. a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.

b. a benzodiazepine.

If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened? This question would MOST likely be asked by what type of theorist? a. a biological theorist b. a cognitive-behavioral theorist c. a psychodynamic theorist d. a sociocultural theorist

b. a cognitive-behavioral theorist

Depersonalization disorder is most common among: a. preadolescents. b. adolescents and young adults. c. adults between the ages of 40 and 60. d. adults older than 60.

b. adolescents and young adults.

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for: a. some, but not all, events surrounding the trauma. b. all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time. c. all events from the trauma onward. d. all events before and after the trauma.

b. all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

Which personality disorder is marked by a general pattern of disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights? a. borderline b. antisocial c. histrionic d. narcissistic

b. antisocial

Pierre, a 32-year-old male, feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the: a. hormone theory. b. artifact theory. c. quality-of-life theory. d. social pressure.

b. artifact theory.

At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "When you tried to commit suicide in the past, how did you try to do it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? a. formulating a plan b. assessing suicide potential c. establishing a positive relationship d. assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

b. assessing suicide potential

Research has shown that, compared with other cognitive-behavioral techniques, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for substance use disorder is: a. more effective and the preferred treatment. b. at least as effective and sometimes more effective. c. typically less effective, except in cases of alcohol misuse. d. effective only when used in combination with biological treatments.

b. at least as effective and sometimes more effective.

Chaeyoung often has difficulty establishing social ties. He feels extremely uncomfortable in social situations, and expresses fear that he will be embarrassed or appear foolish to others. This is most reflective of which personality disorder? a. paranoid personality disorder b. avoidant personality disorder c. histrionic personality disorder d. narcissistic personality disorder

b. avoidant personality disorder

Someone who experiences four or more alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as having: a. bipolar II seasonal. b. bipolar II rapid cycling. c. bipolar I mixed episodes. d. bipolar I.

b. bipolar II rapid cycling.

How can exercise can help alleviate depression? a. by increasing muscle mass b. by producing social interactions c. by increasing a person's motivation to stay fit d. by decreasing the body's need for glucose

b. by producing social interactions

A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in which region of the brain? a. hypothalamus b. caudate nuclei c. cerebral cortex d. temporal lobe

b. caudate nuclei

The process of evaluating a person's progress after he or she has been in treatment is called a: a. nomothetic approach. b. clinical assessment. c. behavioral diagnosis. d. functional analysis.

b. clinical assessment.

A procedure that DSM-5 developers relied on to improve validity was: a. conducting field trials for existing criteria and categories. b. conducting extensive research reviews. c. consulting with insurance providers. d. decreasing the number of diagnostic categories and criteria.

b. conducting extensive research reviews.

The degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other is described as: a. matching. b. correlation. c. multivariable. d. clinical significance.

b. correlation

People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing: a. dissociative identity disorder. b. dissociative amnesia. c. body dysmorphic disorder. d. depersonalization-derealization disorder.

b. dissociative amnesia.

Barbara thought she was taking an aspirin, but became very nauseated later after drinking a glass of wine. It was then that she realized the pill was: a. naloxone. b. disulfiram. c. naltrexone. d. methadone.

b. disulfiram.

A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists. Which type of study design would prevent this problem? a. longitudinal b. double-masked c. epidemiological d. experimental

b. double-masked

Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed? a. odd b. dramatic c. anxious d. strange

b. dramatic

Robert has just taken marijuana. Almost half an hour passes before he begins to experience the drug high. Robert has most likely _____ the marijuana. a. smoked b. eaten c. intramuscularly injected d. intravenously injected

b. eaten

In some cases, society has little control over those who commit suicide, and these same people who commit suicide are not concerned with the norms and rules of society. What did Emile Durkheim call these? a. anomic suicides b. egoistic suicides c. imitative suicides d. altruistic suicides

b. egoistic suicides

In the middle of a calm conversation, a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting and follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called: a. blunted and flat affect. b. inappropriate affect. c. poverty of speech. d. loss of volition.

b. inappropriate affect.

Melanie has been out with friends and using drugs. Despite being obviously uncoordinated and under the influence, she wants to drive her car. Her condition is an example of: a. addiction. b. intoxication. c. hallucinosis. d. physical dependence.

b. intoxication.

The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. b. map, or sequence, genes. c. insert RNA into genes. d. create an "ideal" set of genes.

b. map, or sequence, genes.

"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the MOST appropriate diagnosis would be: a. histrionic personality disorder. b. narcissistic personality disorder. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. impulse-control personality disorder.

b. narcissistic personality disorder.

A present-day clinician uses terms like dementia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. That clinician is using terms: a. common to both DSM-5 and previous forms of the DSM. b. not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM. c. used in DSM-5 but not used in previous forms of the DSM. d. not used in either DSM-5 or in previous forms of the DSM

b. not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM.

In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient: a. in a mental hospital. b. on the street or in jail. c. receiving drug counseling in a shelter. d. in private therapy paid for by the state.

b. on the street or in jail.

The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of: a. psychoticism disorder. b. personality disorder—trait specified. c. negative affectivity disorder. d. detachment disorder.

b. personality disorder—trait specified.

If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to: a. mental health prevention programs. b. positive psychology programs. c. deinstitutionalization programs. d. outpatient therapy.

b. positive psychology programs.

What is the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis called? a. stress inoculation training b. rational-emotive therapy c. self-instruction training d. behavior modification

b. rational-emotive therapy

Rhoda's fear of attending a party is debilitating. To treat this fear, her therapist has Rhoda rehearse introducing herself. This is called: a. modeling. b. role-play. c. covert desensitization. d. systematic desensitization

b. role-play.

You are asked to speak before a local elementary school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) about suicide attempts by the very young. You should mention that suicide attempts by the very young often occur when they have: a. shown a sudden drop in interest in death in general. b. run away from home. c. experienced the birth of a sibling. d. begun to ignore criticism from others.

b. run away from home.

Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder because of the specific circumstances present in his or her life? a. someone whose mother was depressed b. someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane c. someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance d. someone who also had an alcohol use disorder

b. someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Fiona emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in: a. avoidant dysmorphia. b. state-dependent learning. c. convergent variable learning. d. neurobiological concordance.

b. state-dependent learning

During a session, a client views several photos that depict people in different social scenarios. As the client views the pictures, the clinician asks the client to fabricate a story to explain what is happening in each picture. The patient is taking: a. the Rorschach test. b. the Thematic Apperception Test. c. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). d. an intelligence test.

b. the Thematic Apperception Test.

A combat veteran says, "The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" The BEST response is: a. "That really can't help you. The best thing to do is suppress your fear, control it." b. "Your therapist is suggesting something called virtual exposure, but no one knows if it helps." c. "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding." d. "You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy."

c. "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding."

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for at least how many months? a. 1 month b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 12 months

c. 6 months

Which is the MOST likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide? a. There is a chemical in alcohol that triggers a suicide response in the brain. b. Alcohol is less well metabolized by those individuals who are depressed. c. Alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment. d. Pound for pound, women get drunk on less alcohol than do men

c. Alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment.

Of the following, which has the LOWEST risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change? a. Amphetamines b. Alcohol c. Cannabis d. Barbiturates

c. Cannabis

Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? a. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. b. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder.

c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders.

Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? a. Married couples b. Any two individuals who live together c. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship d. Individuals in a romantic relationship who live together

c. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between gender and eating disorders? a. Most cases of eating disorders occur in males. b. Most cases of eating disorders begin in females over the age of 18 years. c. Most cases of eating disorders occur in females. d. Most cases of eating disorders occur in females in Asian countries.

c. Most cases of eating disorders occur in females.

Arvind is feeling overwhelmed at work and has been having anxiety episodes for a few weeks. Acting on the advice of a friend, Arvind takes a vacation and subsequently feels less distress. Is this an example of therapy? a. Yes, a person in distress took action and felt relief. b. Yes, a person sought relief, obtained advice, and acted upon that advice. c. No, there is no trained healer in this scenario. d. No, the sufferer felt some relief, but there is no mention of the episodes resolving the problem permanently.

c. No, there is no trained healer in this scenario.

Which of these was Philippe Pinel's argument for his asylum reform? a. Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication. b. Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms. c. Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy. d. Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.

c. Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.

Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? a. Starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. Passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. Advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals' mental health in the workplace

c. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed

A young man commits suicide. His father and uncle committed suicide at about his age as well. Which explanation of suicide MOST easily explains the young man's suicide? a. a psychodynamic explanation b. a sociocultural explanation c. a biological explanation d. an immediate trigger explanation

c. a biological explanation

An assessor misinterprets a cultural response about spiritualism as pathological delusion. Who is MOST at risk for making this misinterpretation? a. a male assessor b. a female assessor c. a dominant-culture assessor d. an ethnic-minority assessor

c. a dominant-culture assessor

People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increased heart rate, and subsequently interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: a. a biological challenge. b. behavioral inhibition. c. anxiety sensitivity. d. an exposure relapse.

c. anxiety sensitivity.

The "high" produced by using narcotics is due to the drug: a. causing an increased release of serotonin. b. blocking GABA activity. c. attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. d. flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.

c. attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins.

What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum? a. mainstreaming and being in a typical classroom with other children b. being in special classes that operate in the school district's own facilities c. being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education d. being home-schooled

c. being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education

Colton has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as: a. self-reliant. b. co-occurring. c. coconscious. d. mutually cognizant.

c. coconscious.

If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: a. predictive validity. b. standardization criteria. c. concurrent validity. d. interjudge reliability.

c. concurrent validity.

When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Ever since then, Marianela has been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the: a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned stimulus.

c. conditioned stimulus

A child has repeatedly engaged in shoplifting and in hitting neighborhood pets with rocks. The child frequently is aggressive and has engaged in an increasing number of fights. The MOST appropriate diagnosis for this child is: a. oppositional defiant disorder. b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). c. conduct disorder. d. antisocial personality disorder.

c. conduct disorder

Nate has borderline personality disorder. He goes to weekly individual and group therapy skills-building sessions that will last for around a year. The sessions place special emphasis on dealing with self-harm and/or suicide. Nate is receiving: a. traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. gestalt therapy. c. dialectical behavior therapy. d. humanistic therapy.

c. dialectical behavior therapy.

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to do so as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely present is: a. dissociative fugue. b. dissociative amnesia. c. dissociative identity. d. depersonalization-derealization disorder.

c. dissociative identity.

Which of these would provide the strongest evidence to support the theory that schizophrenia is due to socioeconomic factors? a. evidence showing that people of lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of schizophrenia than those of higher socioeconomic status b. evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is positively correlated with the number of life stressors one has experienced c. evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher socioeconomic status d. evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is negatively correlated with one's annual income

c. evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher socioeconomic status

A campus newspaper publishes an Exam Anxiety test that newspaper staffers put together one evening just before their publishing deadline. Despite its hasty construction, the test MOST likely has: a. standardization. b. predictive validity. c. face validity. d. concurrent validity.

c. face validity.

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is: a. higher in developed countries than in developing countries, possibly because of better access to powerful antipsychotic drugs. b. higher in developed countries than in developing countries, possibly because of better access to hospitalization. c. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support. d. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of decreased societal tolerance of positive symptoms.

c. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

In which case is someone MOST likely to develop an eating disorder? a. if the person has a fraternal twin with anorexia nervosa b. if the person has a fraternal twin with bulimia nervosa c. if the person has an identical twin with anorexia nervosa d. if the person has an identical twin with bulimia nervosa

c. if the person has an identical twin with anorexia nervosa

When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. She struggles very hard to do things that others would approve of and to have people like her. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannah's depression results in large part from: a. modeling. b. early childhood trauma. c. illogical thinking. d. unconscious feelings of loss.

c. illogical thinking.

One longitudinal study found that men who develop alcoholism were initially MORE: a. antisocial as adolescents. b. aggressive as children. c. impulsive as teenagers. d. depressed as teenagers.

c. impulsive as teenagers.

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing: a. cognitive distortion. b. delusions of control. c. inappropriate affect. d. olfactory hallucination.

c. inappropriate affect.

A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly

c. large; openly

If instruments such as the Big Five are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become: a. more categorical as well as more a matter of degree. b. more categorical and less a matter of degree. c. less categorical and more a matter of degree. d. less categorical as well as less a matter of degree.

c. less categorical and more a matter of degree.

What is the dark triad? a. traits that are present in the prison population b. the three personality clusters c. malicious traits that work together to produce offensive behavior d. personality disorder clusters that are quite distinct from one another

c. malicious traits that work together to produce offensive behavior

Alcohol is a factor in approximately _____ of all college dropouts. a. half b. one-third c. one-fourth d. one-tenth

c. one-fourth

A child is openly hostile toward his parents. He argues with them constantly and will not do anything they say. They cannot control him. The diagnosis he is MOST likely to receive is: a. conduct disorder. b. juvenile delinquency. c. oppositional defiant disorder. d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

c. oppositional defiant disorder.

Ruminative responses are defined as: a. one's losing the ability to make rational decisions. b. failing to act because a person perceives no control over the outcomes that follow his or her actions. c. repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it. d. behaviors that occur frequently for a period of several months.

c. repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking which kind of antidepressant medication? a. MAO inhibitors b. tricyclics c. second-generation antidepressants d. vagus nerve stimulators

c. second-generation antidepressants

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? a. the biological position b. the sociocultural position c. the behavioral position d. the psychodynamic position

c. the behavioral position

The clinical interview can be used as an assessment tool, but it is limited by: a. a lack of validity in minority groups. b. a rigid approach. c. the clinician's possible overreliance on first impressions. d. the time gap between client sessions.

c. the clinician's possible overreliance on first impressions.

Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold? a. the multicultural perspective b. the family-social perspective c. the developmental psychopathology perspective d. the psychodynamic perspective

c. the developmental psychopathology perspective

You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron? a. the gap between neurons b. the firing of the sending neuron c. the firing of the receiving neuron d. the reception of the neurotransmitter by the receiving neuron

c. the firing of the receiving neuron

What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression? a. social rewards theory and object relations theory b. object relations theory and the theory of negative thinking c. the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness d. the theory of learned helplessness and psychodynamic theory.

c. the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness

In an enmeshed family, the push for independence at adolescence threatens the apparent family harmony. As a result, the family may subtly force the child to take on a "sick" role. Why is this done? a. to make the child less affected by societal pressures b. to increase bonding among all family members c. to ensure the child maintains dependence on the family d. to punish the child for abandoning family responsibilities

c. to ensure the child maintains dependence on the family

Which is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists? a. repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred b. thinking one has social flaws, which leads to anxiety c. underestimating how badly a social event actually went d. overestimating how badly things might go during a social event

c. underestimating how badly a social event actually went

A clinical psychologist who is asked how he decides on the best treatment says "Simple: I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy and follow their advice." This clinical psychologist is: a. typical; almost all therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. b. common; most therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. c. unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something other than what they can read in research journals. d. rare; almost all therapists make treatment decisions based on what is available on Web sites.

c. unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something other than what they can read in research journals.

Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have the most difficulty in explaining: a. why there are racial and ethnic disparities in the rate of schizophrenia. b. why African Americans have higher rates of schizophrenia than non-Hispanic whites. c. what causes schizophrenia. d. what is correlated with schizophrenia.

c. what causes schizophrenia.

A person with bulimia nervosa just binge ate a large assortment of desserts. If the person were to verbalize his or her feelings immediately after the binge, what would the person MOST likely say? a. "I know I shouldn't eat that much in one sitting, but since I barely ate yesterday, it's okay." b. "I have so much energy. I'm ready to tackle that new project I've been putting off." c. "I should probably exercise for an extra 30 minutes tonight." d. "I can't believe I just did that. I'm disgusting and hopeless."

d. "I can't believe I just did that. I'm disgusting and hopeless."

Around the world, _____ deaths occur by suicide each year. a. 100,000 b. 250,000 c. 500,000 d. 1 million

d. 1 million

Approximately how many mental disorders does the DSM-5 list? a. 200 b. 300 c. 400 d. 500

d. 500

_____ is(are) viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms. a. Didactic perspectives b. Irrational thinking c. Hopelessness d. Dichotomous thinking

d. Dichotomous thinking

What is the most effective ADHD treatment program? a. Psychodynamic therapy works best, with or without drugs. b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy outperforms even methylphenidate. c. Dietary changes work best in the long term. d. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.

d. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.

A person wonders how likely he is to qualify for a DSM diagnosis in his lifetime. Assuming that this person is "typical," the MOST accurate answer (based on survey results) would be: a. Unlikely; only approximately 10 percent of all people will ever qualify for a DSM diagnosis. b. Somewhat unlikely; approximately 20 percent of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis. c. Pretty likely; approximately one-third of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis. d. Likely; almost half of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis.

d. Likely; almost half of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis.

What statement BEST explains why eating disorders are less common in males than in females? a. Compared with females, males are less concerned with how they are judged by others. b. Eating disorders are over diagnosed in females. c. Males are less susceptible to brain chemistry changes than females are. d. Males are more likely to achieve weight loss through exercise than through dieting.

d. Males are more likely to achieve weight loss through exercise than through dieting.

What is a factor that might inhibit the use of effective assessment tools? a. Too few clinicians are sufficiently trained to use these tools. b. Many tools are simplistic in their design, allowing clients to figure out the "right" answer. c. There are an incredibly large number of assessments to select from. d. Most assessment tools are expensive to administer and evaluate.

d. Most assessment tools are expensive to administer and evaluate.

Parents of a child recently diagnosed with ADHD ask what caused it. Based on current research, the BEST response is: a. It is probably due to a brain malformation that can be corrected with surgery. b. Family dysfunction and high levels of family stress cause ADHD. c. It results from the reactions of others to a child who is just an active child. d. Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of several factors.

d. Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of several factors.

Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages? a. The power of the clergy increased greatly. b. The Church rejected scientific forms of investigation. c. The Church controlled education. d. Overall health during this period was slowly improving.

d. Overall health during this period was slowly improving.

A woman with anorexia has lanugo. What has happened? a. She has lost body hair. b. She has developed double vision. c. Her menstrual cycle has become irregular. d. She has grown fine silky hair on her body.

d. She has grown fine silky hair on her body.

Which statement is TRUE regarding suicide as a mental disorder? a. To be diagnosed with suicidal behavior disorder, a person must have attempted suicide. b. The category called suicidal behavior disorder was added to the DSM in the most recent edition. c. Suicidal ideation is classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5 but not the act of attempting suicide. d. Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.

d. Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.

A person asks, "What's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" What is the BEST research-based answer? a. Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster than, and for at least as long as, the best psychotherapy. b. Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy. c. The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy. d. The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as, and longer than, the best drug therapy.

d. The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as, and longer than, the best drug therapy.

According to the principles of operant conditioning, if others consistently ignore a person's appropriate response to their social cues, what will happen? a. The person will develop delusions. b. The person will begin to experience auditory hallucinations. c. The person will regress to an earlier stage of development. d. The person will stop attending to social cues.

d. The person will stop attending to social cues.

Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Which kind of theorist would offer the preceding explanation for anxiety disorders? a. a biological theorist b. a cognitive-behavioral theorist c. a sociocultural theorist d. a humanistic theorist

d. a humanistic theorist

When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat? a. after World War I b. after World War II c. after the Korean War d. after the Vietnam War

d. after the Vietnam War

A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused

d. behavior-focused

A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered by parents at home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a confounding variable? a. the treatment b. the children c. the diagnosis d. differences between the parents and teachers

d. differences between the parents and teachers

Jacquie developed PTSD after being held in captivity for years. She is upset by what she had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving. This is an example of: a. reexperiencing the traumatic event. b. experiencing avoidance. c. experiencing reduced responsiveness. d. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

d. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Critics of managed care programs for mental health services state that these programs: a. promote long-term dependence on therapists. b. do not support drug therapy as a form of treatment. c. focus too heavily on psychogenic causes of abnormalities. d. favor treatments whose results are typically shorter lasting

d. favor treatments whose results are typically shorter lasting

Which of the following is NOT a physical symptom of depression? a. sleeping poorly b. eating less frequently c. experiencing frequent headaches d. feeling sad and dejected

d. feeling sad and dejected

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system pathway and the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway are termed the: a. conditioned stress response. b. stressor-stress response. c. autonomic stress response. d. fight-or-flight response.

d. fight-or-flight response.

An individual who receives a DSM diagnosis is MOST likely to: a. move into a residential treatment facility. b. share his or her diagnosis freely with others. c. experience a feeling of relief after the diagnosis. d. find it more difficult to get a job if the diagnosis is shared.

d. find it more difficult to get a job if the diagnosis is shared.

Anna is pessimistic and believes that her life will never get better and her problems will only get worse. She is experiencing: a. suicidal ideation. b. a mood disorder. c. depression. d. hopelessness.

d. hopelessness.

The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n): a. variable. b. experiment. c. correlation. d. hypothesis.

d. hypothesis.

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral

d. integrative behavioral

What are the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems called? a. moral anxiety b. conditions of worth c. existential anxiety d. irrational assumptions

d. irrational assumptions

The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the client's interactions with others. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. d. modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking.

d. modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking.

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi, either. This is called a: a. coconscious relationship. b. mutually cognizant pattern. c. one-way amnesic relationship. d. mutually amnesic relationship.

d. mutually amnesic relationship.

If someone opposes the medical use of THC, that person MOST likely feels that way because: a. scientific research shows no legitimate medical applications of THC. b. the physiological side effects substantially outweigh the known medical benefits. c. medical use is just another way of saying legalized marijuana. d. of legal reasons.

d. of legal reasons.

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

The metabolic disorder that most commonly causes intellectual disability is: a. fetal alcohol syndrome. b. Down syndrome. c. fragile X syndrome. d. phenylketonuria (PKU).

d. phenylketonuria (PKU).

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a traumatic event BEST describes: a. hysteria. b. acute stress disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to objects such as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: a. modeling. b. stimulus generalization. c. conditioning. d. preparedness.

d. preparedness

What is mentalization? a. psychoanalysis b. social skills training and other therapy that improves symptoms c. a form of inpatient hospitalization d. the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

d. the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

Which example would you expect to negatively influence an adolescent girl's body image? a. Snapchat filters that give people cartoon features b. the overabundance of selfies posted to social media sites c. the large number of fake quotations regarding weight loss that are shared online d. the photo manipulation of images that make women look thinner than they are in real life

d. the photo manipulation of images that make women look thinner than they are in real life

All of these structures are part of a brain circuit that is linked to schizophrenia EXCEPT: a. the prefrontal cortex. b. the amygdala. c. the substantia nigra. d. the superior colliculus.

d. the superior colliculus.

Which statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior? a. Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking. b. Alcoholism tends to run in families. c. People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms. d. Most people with depression are helped with medication.

a. Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.

_____ is a disorder that consists of repeatedly soiling oneself after four years of age. a. Enuresis b. Encopresis c. Oppositional defiant disorder d. Conduct disorder

b. Encopresis

Which test is NOT a projective test? a. Rorschach test b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. Draw-a-Person test d. Thematic Apperception Test

b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: a. Perls. b. Rogers. c. Beck. d. Freud.

b. Rogers.

The fact that children may learn antisocial behavior by modeling parental conflict and aggressiveness provides support for: a. psychodynamic theory. b. behavioral theory. c. both psychodynamic and behavioral theories. d. neither psychodynamic nor behavioral theories.

b. behavioral theory.

The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: a. psychiatry. b. clinical social work. c. psychology. d. counseling.

b. clinical social work.

Which is NOT a compensatory behavior for someone with bulimia? a. excessive exercise b. liquid-only diet c. forced vomiting d. use of diuretics

b. liquid-only diet

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is MOST common among: a. unemployed women. b. women with jobs. c. unemployed men. d. men with jobs.

d. men with jobs.

Of people who use alcohol just before committing suicide, what percentage are legally intoxicated? a. 10 percent b. 15 percent c. 25 percent d. 35 percent

c. 25 percent