Absolutism - chapter 21
Henry IV also known as Henry of Navarre
"Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely" "Heavy is the Head that Wears the Crown
L'état, c'est moi," means
"I am the state."
Sun Tze Art of War
"Keep your friends close but your enemies closer"
Huguenots
1- French Protestants, 2- Henry took another step toward healing France's wounds. He declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities.
Who won the English Civil War?
Puritans
Describe Spanish power under Philip II.
The Spanish collected a lot of silver. The king of Spain claimed between a fourth and a fifth of every shipload of treasure as his royal share. With this amount of wealth, Spain was able to support a large standing army.
Divine Right
The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth. An absolute monarch answered only to God, not to his or her subjects. Absolute monarchs believed in this,
What were the limits placed on William and Mary by Parliament and why might they have been willing to accept the limits placed on their power?
They were drafted a Bill of Rights. They accepted the limits for their royal power.
Glorious Revolution -
bloodless overthrow of King James II
constitutional monarchy -
where law limited the ruler's power
James II
1- James II became king after Charles II died. 2- James offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism. -•Violating English law, he appointed several Catholics to high office. When Parliament protested, James dissolved it. 3- James's wife gave birth to a son. English Protestants worried at the future of a line of Catholic kings.
Who were the two sides in the English Civil War?
1- Royalists or Cavaliers: Those who remained loyal to Charles. VS Puritan supporters of Parliament. Civil war broke out after King Charles refused to agree to a series of demands made by Parliament. • Parliament passed laws to limit royal power. The king's forces (the Royalists or Cavaliers) were decisively defeated by the Parliamentary forces (or Roundheads) at the Battle of Naseby (1645), and an attempt by Charles to regain power in alliance with the Scots was defeated in 1648. Charles himself was tried and executed by Parliament in 1649.
Bill of Rights -
A document listed with many thing that rulers could not do: (1) no suspending of Parliament's law, (2) no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament, (3) no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, (4) no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances
What was the Petition of Right and why was it important even if King Charles simply ignored it?
A document where a King agrees to four points It was important because it set forth the idea that the law was higher than the King. He couldn't put people in prison without due cause, and levy taxes.
James I
Already king of Scotland, James Stuart became King James I of England after the Death of Queen Elizabeth. He inherited the unsettled issues of Elizabeth's reign. His worst struggles with Parliament were over money. In addition, he offended the Puritan members of Parliament. The Puritans hoped he would enact reforms to purify the English church of Catholic practices. Except for agreeing to a new translation of the Bible, however, he refused to make Puritan reforms.
Why might Charles have had more loyalty from the north of England than from London?
Because Charles tried to arrest Parliament's leaders. He started an army in North England,
Why might it be difficult to form a new government after overthrowing the previous regime - even if the population supported the overthrow?
Because people would trust you and want you as a leader. It's hard to put new government systems in place especially after a war because people had different ideas about the government.
Why would Parliament, after so many reforms, continue to support the monarchy?
Because the Parliament could not rule without the consent of the monarch.
Oliver Cromwell -
Cromwell's New Model Army began defeating the Royalists/Cavaliers and the tide turned toward the Puritans. - they held the King Charles prisoner. -they brought Charles to trial for treason. They found him guilty and sentenced him to death.
Charles II
During Charles II's reign: 1- Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom, habeas corpus • this law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner. The judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free. •Because of the Habeas Corpus Act, a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler. Also, prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trials.
Henry IV declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities. What was this declaration of religious toleration was called?
Edict of Nantes
The bloodless overthrow of King James II is called
Glorious Revolution
What were Cromwell's social reforms and how might the English have reacted to them?
He sought to reform society. He did this by abolishing activities he found sinful such as the theater, sporting events, and dancing. The english didn't like it. Puritans were happy that it was so strict.
What are the benefits and drawbacks for society when a ruler monopolizes important decision-making? (Note: Extremely important question. Make sure to answer in detail)
It can weaken their country. Less conflict in the government. One person making decisions.
Why might readers still take an interest in the 400-year-old novel Don Quixote?
It portrays chililry and knighthood.
Why might an artist like El Greco distort human figures rather than paint them realistically?
It shows the significance and shows that it is a Catholic country.
Charles I
James I son, always needed money because he was at war with both Spain & France
Charles I -
James I son, always needed money because he was at war with both Spain & France
William Mary (Glorious Revolution)
James II had an older daughter, Mary, was Protestant. She was married to William of Orange, a prince of the Netherlands. Seven members of Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism. When William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. This bloodless over- throw of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution.
What non-religious factors might have provoked Philip II to send the Armada against England?
Land and a strong navy in the world.
He boasted L'état, c'est moi.
Louis XIV. In Louis's view, he and the state were one and the same.
What measures might Spain have taken to restore its economy?
Spain updated their factories and taxed the rich.
Why might Puritans have looked favorably on King James's translation of the Bible?
They might have looked favorably because they the bible was translated into another language that the Puritans could read.
What laws were passed by Parliament during the Restoration and what factors might have contributed to the success of these laws?
They passed an important guarantee of freedom (Habeas Corpus). This law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner he brought before a judge specify the charges against the prisoner. He passed Habeas Corpus "to have the body."
War of Spanish Succession
Tired of hardship, the French people longed for peace. What they got was another war. In 1700, the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died after promising his throne to Louis XIV's 16-year-old grandson, Philip of Anjou. The two greatest powers in Europe, enemies for so long, were now both ruled by the French Bourbons. Other countries felt threatened by this increase in the Bourbon dynasty's power. In 1701, England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together to pre- vent the union of the French and Spanish thrones. The long struggle that followed
Identify three major figures from the Golden Age of Spanish art or literature.
Two painters named El Greco and Velazquez and a novel called Don Quixote.
What factors might have determined whether a cabinet was loyal to the monarchy or to the Parliament?
Under the cabinet system, the leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister. The cabinet acted in the ruler's name but are working with the Parliament.
Petition of Right -
a document where the king agrees four points: (1) he would not imprison subjects without due cost, (2) he would not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, (3) he would not house soldiers in private homes, (4) he would not impose martial law in peacetime
grand embassy
a long visit to western Europe
English Civil War -
from 1642 to 1649, supporters and opponents of King Charles fought in the English Civil War. Those who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists. At first neither side could gain a lasting advantage.
intendants
government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.
Oliver Cromwell
in 1645, Cromwell's New Model Army began defeating the Royalists and the tide turned toward the Puritans. In 1647, they held the King prisoner. In 1649, they brought Charles to trial for treason. They found him guilty and sentenced him to death.
habeas corpus -
means "to have the body". A law that gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner he brought before a judge specify the charges against the prisoner. • The judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free. •Because of the Habeas Corpus Act, a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler. Also, prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trials.
cabinet -
ministers that acted in the ruler's name but in reality represented the major party of Parliament.
mercantilism:
the economic theory that nations should protect their home industries and export more than they import
Restoration -
the period of which Charles II ruled and restored the monarchy.
Absolutism
was the political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country.
What were the causes of absolutism? What were the effects?
• Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty. • The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops. • Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts.
What are the effects of Absolutism?
• Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas. • Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful. • Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries' economies.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
• minister of finance, assisted Louis XIV • believed in the theory of mercantilism. •Colbert tried to make France self-sufficient. He wanted it to be able to manufacture every- thing it needed instead of relying on imports. -To expand manufacturing, Colbert gave government funds and tax benefits to French companies. -he placed a high tariff on goods from other countries. •Colbert also recognized the importance of colonies, which provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods. The French govern- ment encouraged people to migrate to France's colony in Canada. There the fur trade added to French trade and wealth.
