ACE practice test

Wendy is a 50-year-old woman who has not exercised in 3 years. She has no family history of heart disease and is a non-smoker. What are the exercise testing recommendations according to risk stratification based on her cardiovascular disease risk factors? a. Moderate risk, doctor's supervision needed. b. Low risk, medical exam not necessary. c. Moderate risk, medical exam necessary before vigorous exercise. d. High risk, medical exam before moderate exercise.

B. Low risk, medical exam not necessary.

During the first two weeks of an exercise program, strength gains are typically a result of what adaptation? A. Hypertrophy B. Motor learning C. Increased numbers of Mitochondria D. Transient hypertrophy

B. Motor learning

A new client in forms you she is taking a diuretic. What effect would you expect to see on her heart rate response during exercise? a. Resting heart rate up b. No significant change c. Exercising heart rate down d. Resting heart rate down

B. No significant change

Your new client informs you that she has diabetes and is taking insulin. What is the most important thing to do for this client? TOP a. Make sure she eats a large meal before exercising. b. Refer her to a physician prior to beginning an exercise program. c. Monitor her blood glucose levels throughout the session. d. Have her fill out a waiver of liability prior to exercise.

B. Refer her to a physician prior to beginning an exercise program.

What is considered the natural progression of exercise considerations when working with a new client? a. Performance, fitness, health and function b. Fitness, health, function, performance c. Function, health, fitness, performance d. Health, fitness, performance, function

C. Function, health, fitness, performance

You have observed that a client is exhibiting a muscle imbalance commonly associated with lordosis posture. Which muscle do you suspect is shortened? a. Hip extensors b. Neck flexors c. Lumbar extensors d. Scapular stabilizers

C. Lumbar Extensor

Whats the waist to hip ratio that puts women in risk?

.86 and above

Whats the waist to hip ratio that puts men in risk?

.96 and above

10. Bill is a 50-year-old man with a family history of heart disease. His body mass index is 20 and he has been running 3 miles 3-4 days a week for a year. What are the exercise testing recommendations according to risk stratification based on his cardiovascular disease risk factors? a. Moderate risk, doctor's supervision needed. b. Low risk, medical exam not necessary. c. Moderate risk, medical exam necessary before vigorous exercise. d. High risk, medical exam before moderate exercise.

C. Moderate risk, medical exam necessary before vigorous exercise.

. What three sites are suggested for skinfold measurement in women? A. Triceps, chest and thigh B. Biceps, thigh and suprailium C. Triceps, thigh and suprailium D. Chest, thigh and abdominal

C. Triceps, thigh and suprailium

13. What information does the Health History Questionnaire collect? a. Evidence of disclosure. b. Previous exercise history including adherence experience. c. Detailed medical and health information. d. Fitness measurement data.

C. detailed medical information

According to the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model, what step in the training process best follows the testing of resting measures such as heart rate and blood pressure? a. Core Function b. Balance c. Static Posture d. Health Related Assessments

C. statics posture

Which of the following assessments does NOT determine body fat percentage? a. Hydrostatic Weighing b. Skinfold Measurement c. Body Mass Index d. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

C.Body Mass Index

Which of the following is a health-related parameter that affects strength development and program design? A.Power B.Balance C.Muscular strength D.Coordination

C.Muscular strength

whats the ranges of blood pressure?

Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal 120 or less and 80 or less Prehypertension: 120-139 or 80 - 89 Hypertension Stage 1 140-159 or 90-99 Stage 2 160 or above or 100 or above

Your client has osteoporosis. When designing her exercise program, you may need to avoid which of the following movements? a. Spinal flexion b. Pulling exercises from behind the head c. Adducting or abducting the legs against resistance d. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which skill-related training parameter involves the stretch-shortening cycle? a. Speed b. Balance c. Reactivity d. Power

D. power

What is the optimal training intensity when resistance training for muscular endurance? a. 60-70% of 1RM b. 70-80% of 1RM c. 50-60% of 1RM d. 90-100% of 1RM

a. 60-70% of 1RM

Moving the leg medially toward the body in a frontal plane is referred to as: a. Adduction b. External Rotation c. Hip Flexion d. Abduction

a. Adduction

There are six external rotators of the hip. Which of the following muscles is not one of them? a. Adductor magnus b. Gluteus minimus c. Gluteus medius d. Quadratus femoris

a. Adductor magnus

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence muscular hypertrophy? a. Amount of lean muscle mass a person has when beginning a resistance program b. Whether the person is male or female c. The muscle fiber types a person has d. The length of a person's muscles

a. Amount of lean muscle mass a person has when beginning a resistance program

Which of the following skill-related assessments evaluates the amount of work performed in a given unit of time? a. Anaerobic Power b. Anaerobic Capacity c. Agility d. Speed

a. Anaerobic Power

Mike is trying to understand how to perform a squat after you have explained the skill to him. In what stage of learning in application to the client-trainer relationship is Mike in? a. Cognitive stage of learning b. Associative stage of learning c. Autonomous stage of learning d. Feedback stage of learning

a. Cognitive stage of learning

. Your client mentions that they have completed a fasting plasma glucose test and have a blood glucose level of 127. Which type of disease could be associated with your client? a. Diabetes b. Dyslipidemia c. Peripheral vascular disease d. Stoke

a. Diabetes

Donisa60-year-oldmanwithhighbloodpressureandcurrentlytakingAngiotensin- converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, as prescribed by his physician. It is important for you to understand that this medication will cause a decrease in blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Which of the following medications also decreases blood pressure? a. Diuretics b. Decongestants c. Antihistamines d. Ibuprofen

a. Diuretics

How often should a trainer have a client complete the Physical Readiness Questionnaire? a. Every 12 months b. After experiencing dizziness and loss of balance c. Once per month d. When the client starts taking new medications for high blood pressure

a. Every 12 months

Muscular Power takes what two performance factors into account? a. Force and Velocity b. Agility and Force c. Strength and Force d. Work and Distance

a. Force and Velocity

Which of the following are utilized for anaerobic energy production? a. Glycogen b. Fatty Acids c. Amino acids d. Oxygen

a. Glycogen

Oxygen is essential to all body tissues for survival. Which of the following is not a problem in the respiratory system that interferes with the body's ability to provide enough oxygen for the increasing demand that occurs during aerobic exercise? a. Lateral epicondylitis b. Bronchitis c. Emphysema d. COPD

a. Lateral epicondylitis

Which of the following compensatory movements is most likely to occur during the downward phase of a single-leg squat? a. Lateral hip shift b. Shifting backward c. Medial hip shift d. Hip extension

a. Lateral hip shift

While conducting a thoracic spine mobility screen, your client is only able to rotate 30 degrees. Which areas could be directly affected as a result of this implication? a. Lumbar spine b. Occipital joint c. Subtalar joint d. Iliotibial band

a. Lumbar spine

Which movement principle ensures that impulses are transmitted to the intended muscles? a. Neural Control b. Force-couple Relationships c. Length-tension Relationships d. Reciprocal Inhibition

a. Neural Control

Susiehasshownup15minuteslatetohersession.Thetrainerendsthesessionontime rather than extending it the 15 minutes Susie was late. Which principal of behavioral change will allow Susie to view the consequence of being tardy and correct her behavior in the future? a. Operant conditioning b. Shaping c. Observational learning d. Cognitions of behavior

a. Operant conditioning

What is the workload of 1 MET associated with? a. Oxygen consumption at rest b. Energy expenditure at rest c. Energy expenditure while performing a low-level task d. Oxygen consumption while performing a low-level task

a. Oxygen consumption at rest

Which of the following is an example of a Muscle Imbalance? a. Poor exercise technique b. Low energy level c. Compromises in the mobility-stability relationship d. Altered neurological properties

a. Poor exercise technique

202. Your client is performing the Sharpened Romberg Test and is only able to sustain the test for 15 seconds. Which of the following is indicative of inadequacy for the inability to reach 30 seconds? (pick two) a. Postural control b. Dynamic balance c. Static balance d. Immobility

a. Postural control c. Static balance

Which component of stability and mobility training should be addressed first? a. Proximal stability of the lumbar spine b. Proximal mobility of the pelvis and thoracic spine c. Proximal mobility of the glenohumeral joint d. Stability of distal extremities

a. Proximal stability of the lumbar spine

You perform a static postural assessment on your client, Kim. You notice she has a lateral spinal curvature. Which postural deviation is Kim experiencing? a. Scoliosis b. Kyphosis c. Lordosis d. Sway back

a. Scoliosis

You are conducting a heart rate assessment to determine the fitness level of your client during rest. Which option would allow for a lower resting heart rate due to an increased amount of blood pumped from the heart? a. Stroke volume b. Hypotension c. Korotkoff sounds d. Cerebrovascular accident

a. Stroke volume

Which of the following exercises is best suited for improving hip mobility for an individual with lumbar stability concerns? a. Supine bent-knee marches b. Pelvic tilts c. Shoulder/glute bridge d. Spinal twists

a. Supine bent-knee marches

A static postural assessment is considered very useful and serves as a starting point from which a personal trainer can identify muscle imbalances. Your client exhibits an increased posterior thoracic curve and a decreased anterior lumbar curve. Which of the following postural deviations is your client experiencing? a. Sway back b. Lordosis c. Kyphosis d. Flat back

a. Sway back

Hydrostaticweightingisconsideredthebenchmarkformeasuringbodycomposition. This concept is based on which of the following equations? a. Mass = Volume/Density b. Density = Mass/Volume c. Residual Volume = Density/Mass d. Density = Residual Volume/Mass

b. Density = Mass/Volume

Your client tells you that they are taking a calcium channel blocker. How would the calcium channel blocker likely affect your client? a. Water and electrolyte imbalances b. Dilates the arteries which lowers blood pressure c. Prevents the formation of a potent hormone d. An antihypertensive agent

b. Dilates the arteries which lowers blood pressure

Achieving efficient movement through opposing and contralateral pulls at joints refers to which movement principle? a. Neural Control b. Force-couple Relationships c. Length-tension Relationships d. Reciprocal Inhibition

b. Force-couple Relationships

Jan just finished her fitness assessment with you. She is 58, has never engaged in physical activities, and tires easily while climbing stairs and walking her dog. Which 2 components of the Function-Health-Fitness-Performance continuum will Jan need to focus on during the beginning of her exercise program? a. Health and Fitness b. Function and Health c. Fitness and Performance d. Function and Performance

b. Function and Health

You are conducting an initial fitness assessment on your new client, Jan, who is 32 years old. After taking her blood pressure, you record her measurement as 146/92. Which classification of blood pressure does Jan represent? a. Normal b. Hypertension Stage 1 c. Prehypertension d. Hypertension Stage 2

b. Hypertension Stage 1

While performing the Thomas test for hip flexion, you observe that your client is able to keep the back and scrum flat. The back of the lowered thigh does not touch the table, but the knee does flex to 80 degrees. What muscles are suspected to be tight? a. Primary hip flexors b. Iliopsoas c. Rectus femoris d. Bothaandc

b. Iliopsoas

Personal trainers use motivational interviewing to help clients build self-confidence and to help them become self-motivated. All of the following are components of motivational interviewing, except: a. Ask probing questions b. Keep the conversation direct and to the point c. Listen effectively d. Provide educational information

b. Keep the conversation direct and to the point

Your new client mentions that she has been following a low-carbohydrate diet that includes lots of fasting. What could be a negative result following this type of diet? a. Diabetes b. Ketosis c. Hypoxia d. Hydrolysates

b. Ketosis

What is the best definition of VO2 max? a. Maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize in one minute per pound of body weight. b. Maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize in one minute per kg of body weight. c. Maximum amount of carbon dioxide a person can expel in one minute per pound of body weight. d. Maximum amount of carbon dioxide a person can expel in one minute per kg of body weight.

b. Maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize in one minute per kg of body weight.

Maggie is a 50-year-old woman who has not participated in an exercise program in 8 years. She had a measurement 70 degrees of movement with a passive straight-leg raise. She exhibits slight femoral internal rotation. What stretching techniques should be utilized before her workout based on her fitness level? a. Myofascial release, AIS and dynamic stretches b. Myofascial release, warm-up and static stretches c. Dynamic and ballistic stretches d. None of the above.

b. Myofascial release, warm-up and static stretches

In what stage of the client-trainer relationship will the trainer first establish understanding and trust by listening to a new clients questions and concerns regarding her anxiety and insecurity of working out in a new environment? a. Investigation Stage b. Rapport Stage c. Action Stage d. Contemplation Stage

b. Rapport Stage

You are using a plumb line to monitor you.r client's static posture when you notice an excessive lordotic curve. In which plane would a lordotic curve be in? a. Transverse b. Sagittal c. Frontal d. Rotational

b. Sagittal

You. are going through an initial consultation with a potential client and he is explaining the struggles he has had with exercising and how it is always difficult sticking with a program. You are eager to get this person signed up for training and so you listen to keywords and hot buttons you can use to get him on-board. What type of listening are you demonstrating? a. Indifferent listening b. Selective listening c. Passive listening d. Active listening

b. Selective listening

What are the correct units of measurement for calculating body mass index (BMI)? a. Weight (lB./Height (in) b. Weight (kg)/Height (m) c. Height (in)/Weight (lB. d. Height (m)/Weight (kg)

b. Weight (kg)/Height (m)

How many days per week should a 13-year-old boy perform resistance training? a. 1-2 days/wk b. 3-4 days/wk c. 2-3 days/wk d. 5-6 days/wk

c. 2-3 days/wk

Which man has a waist to hip ratio that puts him at risk for obesity-related disease? a. Mark with a ratio of 0.82 b. Jim with a ratio of 0.90 c. Alex with a ratio of .96 d. Both Jim and Alex

c. Alex with a ratio of .96

Which woman has a waist to hip ratio that puts her at risk for obesity-related disease? a. Jeanie with a ratio of 0.81 b. Emily with a ratio of 0.60 c. April with a ratio of .87 d. Both Jeanie and April

c. April with a ratio of .87

Crystal has developed a good understanding of how to do a push-up and can perform the movement with little correction or feedback from the personal trainer. Which stage of learning would Crystal fall into? a. Cognitive stage of learning b. Associative stage of learning c. Autonomous stage of learning d. Feedback stage of learning

c. Autonomous stage of learning

Which of the following medications can affect a person's exercising heart rate? a. Diuretics b. Antihistamines c. Cold Medications d. Antidepressants

c. Cold Medication

John has high blood pressure and has not consumed an adequate amount of fluids. He is complaining of dizziness. Which antihypertensive medication can increase blood volume and may predispose a client to dehydration? a. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitors b. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists c. Diuretics d. Bronchodilators

c. Diuretics

98.9 million Americans age 20 and above have total cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl. Which type of lipoprotein is inversely related to CAD and lowers the risk of developing CAD? a. Low-density lipoprotein b. Very low-density protein c. High-density lipoprotein d. Non-HDL cholesterol

c. High-density lipoprotein

Anterior tilting of the pelvis is generally associated with sedentary lifestyles where individuals spend countless hours in seated positions. Which of the following group of tight and shortened muscles is causing this deviation? a. Hamstrings b. Lumbar extensors c. Hip flexors d. Hip extensors

c. Hip flexors

When designing static-balance training programs, which stance is the most appropriate in the beginning stage of progression? a. Split-stance b. Staggered Stance c. Hip-width stance d. Single-leg stance

c. Hip-width stance

When performing a risk stratification prior to engaging in physical-activity, what is the first step that should be followed? a. Performing a risk stratification based on CAD risk factors b. Determining the need for a medical exam/clearance and medical supervision c. Identifying coronary artery disease risk factors d. Begin assessments

c. Identifying coronary artery disease risk factors

The force generating capacity of a muscle based on the relationship between the contractile proteins of a sarcomere refers to which movement principle? a. Neural Control b. Force-couple Relationships c. Length-tension Relationships d. Reciprocal Inhibition

c. Length-tension Relationships

Jeff has recently begun regular physical activity, but is still surrounded by inactive family members that do not understand the importance of physical activity. Which principle of behavior may influence Jeff enough to affect his likelihood of success? a. Operant conditioning b. Shaping c. Observational learning d. Cognitions of behavior

c. Observational learning

How often should Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) be taken throughout a cardiorespiratory assessment? a. Once every 3 minutes b. Once every 30 seconds c. Once every minute d. Once every 2 minutes

c. Once every minute

A trainer who wishes to further develop his or her active listening skills should consider an action plan that consists of all the following options, except: a. Identifying areas that need improvement b. Measuring improvements in specific ways c. Remaining passive to achieve the improvements d. Taking active steps to achieve the improvements

c. Remaining passive to achieve the improvements

What is the purpose of the Rockport fitness walking test? a. To estimate VO2 max from a client's pre-exercise heart rate b. To determine the client's muscular endurance c. To estimate VO2 max from a client's immediate post-exercise heart rate d. To determine VO2 max from a client's exercise heart rate

c. To estimate VO2 max from a client's immediate post-exercise heart rate

Which of the following is NOT a myth about resistance training? a. Specific resistance training can target fat deposits in certain areas. b. Children are too young to lift weights. c. Training with very light resistance that can be performed for more than two minutes is not beneficial for muscle development. d. Light weight and high repetitions will improve muscle tone, while heavy weight and low repetitions will increase muscle mass.

c. Training with very light resistance that can be performed for more than two minutes is not beneficial for muscle development.

Which of the following adaptations to exercise is caused by general fluid accumulation in the spaces between muscle cells? a. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy b. Myofibrillar hypertrophy c. Transient hypertrophy d. Catabolic Hypertrophy

c. Transient hypertrophy

At what times should heart rate be monitored throughout a cardiorespiratory assessment? a. Every 30 seconds b. Every minute c. Every 3 minutes d. Continuously

continuously

Which of the following statements is true based on a one inch increase in a man's waist circumference and his risk level? a. His blood pressure increases by 10% b. His risk for metabolic syndrome increases by 18% c. His triglycerides increase by 18% d. All of the Above e. Onlyaandb

d. All of the Above

What is an example of non-verbal communication? TOP a. Tone of voice. b. Facial expression. c. Body language. d. All of the above. e. Both B and C only

d. All of the above.

You are watching your client's heart rate during moderate aerobic exercise and notice that her heart rate is not increasing. Which antihypertensive medication could be preventing your client's heart rate to rise even though she is exercising? a. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitors b. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists c. Diuretics d. Beta blockers

d. Beta blockers

Which form of body fat testing measures electrical signals as they pass through the body? a. Hydrostatic Weighing b. Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP) c. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) d. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

d. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

What three sites are suggested for skinfold measurement in men? a. Triceps, chest and thigh b. Biceps, thigh and suprailium c. Triceps, thigh and suprailium d. Chest, thigh and abdominal

d. Chest, thigh and abdominal

ill has been in a regular exercise regime with you for a while now, but has experienced a lapse and has developed negative feelings towards exercise. Which principal of behavioral change would be affected with his negative thoughts? a. Operant conditioning b. Shaping c. Observational learning d. Cognitions of behavior

d. Cognitions of behavior

Zack is a 22-year-old athlete who needs to increase his power for football. Which of the following equations would be used to manipulate his training to help increase his ability to produce power? a. Mass x Acceleration b. Force x Distance c. Power x Time d. Force x Velocity

d. Force x Velocity

Joel has been working out with you regularly and has been able to stay active on his off days by picking up biking. Which of the following would be another intervention during the preparation stage that you could introduce to develop healthy behaviors? a. Identify early signs of staleness to prevent burnout. b. Provide continued education about barrier identification. c. Keep the exercise environment enjoyable and switch it up to fight boredom. d. Giving knowledge of someone else who is successfully participating in a similar program.

d. Giving knowledge of someone else who is successfully participating in a similar program.

You are conducting the shoulder flexion assessment on your client .In the supine position, the client is able to flex her shoulders and touch the floor, but only if the lower back is raised. Which muscle is most likely contributing the lower back having to be raised? a. Pectoralis major b. Teres major c. Rhomboids d. Latissimus dorsi

d. Latissimus dorsi

You have performed the Thomas test with Mary and have observed that her lower thigh does not touch the table and her knee does not flex to 80 degrees. What muscles do you suspect to be tight? a. Hamstrings b. Rectus femoris c. Iliopsoas d. Primary hip flexor muscles

d. Primary hip flexor muscles

Which of the following is an example of an eccentric contraction? a. Quadriceps in a leg extension b. Biceps in a bicep curl c. Rectus abdominis in the upward motion of an abdominal crunch d. Quadriceps in a leg curl

d. Quadriceps in a leg curl

When referring to the body's"core"muscles, which of the following is not a part of this group? a. Latissimus dorsi b. Iliopsoas c. External obliques d. Rectus femoris

d. Rectus femoris

Which of the following is a skill-related parameter that affects strength development and program design? a. Aerobic capacity b. Muscular endurance c. Flexibility d. Speed

d. Speed

Which component represents the final stage of stability and mobility training? a. Proximal mobility of the pelvis and thoracic spine b. Proximal stability of the scapulothoracic spine c. Proximal mobility of the glenohumeral joint d. Static balance

d. Static balance

Which comes first in the sequence of dysfunctional movement? A. Muscle Imbalance B. Altered Neurological C. Properties Dysfunctional Movement d. Mobility and Stability are Compromised

A. Muscle Imbalance

When performing a Static Postural Assessment on your client, you determine that your client has a slight posterior pelvic tilt. This means that the line of symmetry is __________________. a. Tilted Posteriorly b. Tilted Anteriorly c. Neutral d. Tilted to one side of the body

A. Posteriorly tilted

In the sagittal plane, which fundamental movements occur? a. Flexion and extension b. Circumduction and opposition c. Rotation and supination d. Adduction and abduction

A. flexion and extension

What muscle could be hypertonic causing an imbalance and associating with a flat-back posture? A.Rectus abdominis B. Internal oblique C. Lumbar extensors D. Neck flexors

A.Rectus abdominis

Which movement screen can be utilized to test for tight plantarflexor muscles? a. Hurdle Step Screen b. Bend and Lift Screen c. Thoracic Spine Mobility Screen d. Shoulder Pull Stabilization Screen

B. Bend and Lift Screen

Helping clients successfully adopt and adhere to exercise programs is an integral part of a personal trainer's job. Therefore, personal trainers must be able to incorporate behavior-change strategies. One effective behavior-change is stimulus control. Which of the following is an example of a simple and effective stimulus-control strategy? a. The trainer guides the client through the goal-setting process and helps them understand how to set effective and appropriate goals. b. The trainer and client outline a system of rewards for maintaining the program and maximizing adherence. c. The trainer continuously educates the client on everything from the principles of behavioral change to exercise techniques. d. The trainer recommends that the client write down workout times as part of a weekly schedule.

d. The trainer recommends that the client write down workout times as part of a weekly schedule.

What is the optimal training intensity when resistance training for hypertrophy? a. 60-75% of 1RM b. 70-80% of 1RM c. 50-60% of 1RM d. 90-100% of 1RM

b. 70-80% of 1RM

Tim is training to increase muscular strength. What percent of his 1 repetition maximum should he be training at to accomplish this goal? a. 60-75% of 1RM b. 70-90% of 1RM c. 50-60% of 1RM d. 90-100% of 1RM

b. 70-90% of 1RM

Which of the following is typically considered by clients to be the most important factor in creating a positive first impression? a. A trainer who is in good shape. b. A trainer who communicates well. c. A trainer who offers to listen to his or her home-life problems. d. A trainer who has good posture and appears sure of themselves.

b. A trainer who communicates well.

Clients on beta blocker medication during exercise will experience which of the following during a cardiorespiratory fitness test? a. An increase of contractility of the heart with exercise b. An inadequate heart-rate response to exercise c. A significant increase in blood pressure with exercise d. A reduction in heart-rate of 12 bpm at one-minute post-exercise

b. An inadequate heart-rate response to exercise

. Which stage of learning allows the client to master the basics and handle more specific feedback to refine the motor skill? a. Cognitive stage of learning b. Associative stage of learning c. Autonomous stage of learning d. Feedback stage of learning

b. Associative stage of learning

Which type of body- composition assessment technique measures the amount of resistance to electric current flow as it passes through the body? a. Body Density (BD) b. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) c. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) d. Body mass index (BMI)

b. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Which of the following demographic factors does not affect adherence to physical activity programs? a. Age b. Income c. Gender d. Education

a. age