ACES mod 1
leading cause of death in teens are
1. car accidents 2. prescription drugs
rank priorities of CNS
1. keep CNS unimpaired 2. keep eyes level 3. respond to external stimuli 4. respond to internal stimuli
horse normal temp
100.5
dog normal temp
101.5
goat normal temp
102
most birds have ___ cervical vertebra
14
most animals have 7 cervicals except these 3
3 toes sloth, duck billed platypus, manatee
true about wobblers
3:1 males type 1 in 2 month old horse type 2 after 5 yrs
hyoid bone is made up of
6 or 7 bones that attach to muscles of the tongue and neck
when the SI joint is PI, the coxofemoral joint moves
AS
in chiro terms, the ischium is the contact point for
AS ilium
name of IT guy
Don
who to contact if unable to listen to videos
Don
T/F it is always preferred that the owner of the animal is used for handling/stabilizing, as it comforts the animal
F
t/f faye developed the vertebral sublux complex in 1837
FALSE
t/f vomer is easy to see in live horse
FALSE
type of phasic receptor, one that is quickly adapting and where firing decreases with steady stimulus
Merckles discs
first vet chiro
Miller of illinois
components of VSC
Neuropathology Kinesiopathology Pathophysiology histopathology myopathology
horses tail clumped as if sat in mud. owner states horse has had diarrhea despite worming upon exam yo may find
S3,4,5 subluxated and poor anal tone
pelvic limb on a quadruped starts at
SI joint
NOT the purpose of chiro adj
Treat disease treat lameness relieve pain
lack of shoulder rotation causes
a REDUCED swing time of the affected limb
which cranial nerve, when damaged, can result in an animal developing a "larger" eye on one side
abducens
neurotransmitters involved in the parasymp nervous system includes
acetylcholine only
obturator nerve produces what motion in the hind limb
adduct the thigh flex the hip
in a base posterior sacrum, the chiro would
adjust P to A feel if ilia have moved A and S on both sides palp would reveal sacral base does not move anterior
to correct a PI ilium, one would
adjust P-A and I-S find the ilium to be fixed posterior and inferior would find in palp that the ilium does not move anterior and superior LOC would be P-A and I-S
horse slipped on ice. noticeable difference in tuber sacrales. vet diaged sprained SI. when you palp the right, he leans into you. when palp left, just stands there. what do you do?
adjust the AS and begin light exercise. Recheck in a week
good to know mm insertion and origin for
all of the above so you dont fail see how mm work and to be able to diag when they arent we are receptor therapists
oldest vet group to develop guidelines concerning chiro care
american holistic veterinary medical association (AHVMA)
when adj a dog, the appropriate distance from the animal would be best described as
as close or as far as possible
contact point is best described as
as close to misalignment as possible, maximizing specificity a bony protuberance or prominence on the animal
not a symptom of SI joint problems in a quadruped
braided walking with hind limbs
a sublux
can create DIS-ease which leads to disease can cause changes in blood chemistry the shows up on bloodwork can create pain, gait abnorms and lameness is a condition of a vertebra that has lost its proper juxstaposition with the one above or below, or both, which impinges the nerve and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses
untrue of innate intelligence
can make mistakes can be out of balance and needs the help of drugs to work properly
synchondrosis joints are synonymous with
cartilaginous joints
nerve that supplies skin area around the caudal and lateral thigh along with the anus is
caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
dog rolled by golf cart, cant ext hock or stifle which segment is most likely affected
caudal gluteal nerve allows for ext of the hock and stifle. it exits at L7/S1
head tilt, nystagmus, hypometric gait. depressed and weak. diag?
central vestibular syndrome. adjust
CAD refers to
cervical accel/decel
wobblers is common term for
cervical vertebral instability
angle of facet joints
change along spine correspond to the facet joint in the segment in front of the one being observed.
false about wobblers
common in arabs
cauda equina syndrome is not caused by which two etiologies
congenital in large breen dogs and trauma to lumbar vert
true of a tail thrust
corrects the first coccygeal vert anterior in the dog.
rear leg length is determined by the postion of the
coxofemoral joint
superior = inferior= ventral =
cranial caudal anterior
the piriformis, glute super and glute med are all supplied by
cranial gluteal nerve which also supplies the tensor fascia lata
down cow just recently gave birth to very large calf that was born dead. area around vagina and rectum look swollen and dark. probable reason for paralysis is
damage to obturator nerve
earliest proponent of animal adjusting
dd palmer
parker jensen, 12 yr old boy in movie is NOT
dead
proper stride length in the quadruped
deceases degenerative joint forces that the limb is exposed to allows for the most energy efficient movement of that animal decreases chances of the joint injury and fatigue
motion palp is best described by the following
defined as motion, or lack thereof, felt by hand primary method by which a chiro finds sublux (also supposed to include is an art that takes time to master but they left it out)
3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3 adult 3-1-3/3-1-3 infant
dental formula for DOG
3-0-3/3-0-3 3-1-3(4)(wolf)-3(pre and molars)/ 3-1-3-3-pre and molars
dental formula for HORSE
fxn of thalamus
determine whether to send info to the level on conscious awareness
used in conjunction with the occipitomandibularis to DEPRESS jaw in horse
digastricus
cauda equina caused by
disc disease subluxations congenital in SMALL dogs spondys
lumbosacral plexus exits the spine for the dog and the horse at
dog L6,L7, S1,S2,S3 horse L5,L6, S1, S2
lig creates the dorsal floor fo the vertebral body and connects with the intervertebral disc.
dorsal longitudinal lig.
where are cell bodes of the primary sensory neurons of the body located
dorsal root ganglion
zygomaticus mm
draw the mouth caudally allow animal to smile innervated by facial nerve
orbicularis oris
encircles MOUTH has several other mm that insert on it
receptors transmit information and change it from what to what
environmental stimulus to electrical potential
lissencephaly is reversible
false
puppy sitting is normal in a horse
false
t/f BJ palmer thinks that there are contagious diseases
false
t/f at the walk there will be times when all 4 limbs are off of the ground
false
t/f dogs that swim should have a good trot
false
t/f front legs are used from exceleration
false
t/f head tilt will be away from lesion in vestibular syndrome
false
t/f hunters bump occurs in retrieving dogs that jump out of the dog box too often
false
t/f in singing leg lameness, the animal is lame during weight bearing phase of the affected limb
false
t/f nervous system is a complex of confusion
false
t/f normal temp for cat is 98.6
false
t/f shortened cranial increases the ability of animal to convert kinetic energy to potential energy. this reduces the likelihood of fatigue
false
t/f swinging leg lameness is most noticable lameness
false
t/f swinging leg lameness is not usually helped with chiro care
false
t/f the hind limbs are used for slowing the animal down
false
t/f the trot give less chance for distraction
false
t/f the trot removes the influence of the rider
false
t/f trotting makes a lesion in neck and back more evident
false
true about CV1
fast growing large breed dogs horses growing faster than peers maybe due to overfeeding of protein and energy
medical moussolini
fishbein
when palpation one must NOT
force motion palp every single segment get to the anatomical limit
the efficiency of the fxn of building protein within the cell, making ATP and synthesizing neurotransmitters in the cell are dependent on
frequency of firing of the pre synaptic neuronal pools the amount of sensory stimulation the neuron gets how enriched the environment is for the animal (all of the above)
if the animal stands with crossed front legs, it means that there is a problem with the
front leg ABductors
if animal does not bring back a front leg that you have placed in wide stance, theres a good chance the problem is with the
front leg ADductors
midline just over the eyes (bone)
frontal
inhibitory cells open up chloride channels in the cells. this helps to
further stabilize the cell to keep it from firing
changes in mm spindle cell fxn can be measured by looking at
gait, palp, passive ROM
the one receptor that sends the most info to the brain regarding space and location is the mm spindle cell. it has efferent fibers called
gamma efferent fibers from the ventral horn cells
the one receptor that sends the most information to the brain regarding space and location is the muscle spindle cell. it has efferent fibers called
gamma efferent fibers from the ventral horn cells
when palp, one must
get to the end of passive motion create a wave like motion reach the paraphysiological space
damaged nerve can cause dry mouth
glossopharyngeal
ABducting the limb and extending the hip are the actions of which muscle or mm group
glut super
greatest sensory input contributing to the development o the brain and spinal cord is
gravity
first to describe spinal manipulation
hippocrates
strictly single hand contact points
hooked fingers web contact metacarpal/phalangeal joint of index finger guarded thumb
shivers results in ___ type of motion
hyperflexion
stringhault is due to
hyperflexion of the STIFLE
walks with C shaped bend, has difficulty placing feet, doesnt know how far away the ground is
hypoglossal nerve damage
glute med is a major mm attachment to which area of the pelvis
ilium
nystagmus is
imbalance of reflex firing of the mm of the orbit
which ligament is absent from the lumbar region to the sacrum
in equine, the supraspinous lig allows for more movement in the lumbosacral joint
when you finish, certificate is located
in feedback unit
golgi tendon organ are found in what structure
in the attachment of mm insertion
glyceine and GABA are important neurotransmitters bcuz of their roles in
inhibition
ligament connects the spinous processes alonf their length and limits flexion
interspinal ligament
contents of IVF
intervertebral veins, connective tissue recurrent meningeal nerve
paresis is frequently due to
ipsilateral peripheral lesions
when one type of receptor is lost, such as vision, what happens to the sensory cortex
it becomes sensitive to another type of sensory input
what happens at the trot
it increases forces in the lower limb by 2 fold
true about swinging leg lameness
it usually indicates a neurological component
this lig is a part of the most important info that stimulates receptors and can change brain fx,. it is full of pain fibers and more loose in the cervical region than thoracic and lumbar regions
joint capsule
inhibitory influences of the golgi tendon organ respond to
joint mechanoreceptor stretch
components of VSC
kinesiopath neuropath myopath histopath inflam response
first to use sublux
langworthy
the peroneal nerve helps when ext the digits. what are the names of the mm it innervates
lateral digital ext long digital ext ext brevis
which mm allows dogs to seemingly have different size eyes
levator labii max caninus incisive max and mand (all of the above)
which is NOT a zoonotic disease
lice
allows head and neck movement has two portions, lamellar and funicular portion supports and raises the head and neck
lig nuchae
Meissners corpuscles are found just beneath the skin. they are sensitive to
light touch
Meissners corpuscles are found just beneath the skin. they are sensitive to what
light touch
several dogs. one with diabetes, another with renal dx, one has heart dx, one has mm wasting in hind end. what should you do?
listen patiently, adj each animal as they are brought to you. realize that the sympathetic stress response in the household is high and ask about what could be stressing these animals
asymmetrical gaits
lope, gallop, extended gallop
the intertransverse lig can be found at what level of the spine
lumbar
innervation of digrastricus
mandibular nerve and facial nerve
false about CV1
may be due to copper toxicity (due to copper deficiency)
cervical dorsiflexion would cause the front limbs to flex without the presence of
mechanoreceptors in the neck
alpha receptors found in the symp nervous system react to norepi. they can be found on these areas and are affected by ingredients found in these
mm cells, cutaneous and visceral surfaces, food, herbs and drugs.
the tail should
move away from the rear limb that is going to be picked up next
the ab muscles
move the ab organs and ribs AWAY the rear leg moving forward
does NOT require a chiro adj
muscular fixation
true about chiro
nerve interference can exist without pain chiro is to restore correct biomechanics and neurological soundness is a philosophy, science and art of natural things
athletic tasks challenge the ___ system to its limits, leaving no tolerance for error in the __- system
neuromuscularskeletal postural control
thermoreceptors are sensitive to changes in temp. they are found all over the body but in high concentrations in the skin. what other classification can they fit under
nociceptors
what class of receptors can encompass almost all types of receptors at one time or another
nociceptors because any damaging stimuli will evoke a pain response.
sequence of whiplash
normal ext dorsoflexion 2nd dorsoflexion normal
insert on occiput
oblique capitis cranialis rectus capitis ventralis rectus dorsalis longus capitus (NOT oblique capitus ventralis)
blinking/squinting. pupil doesnt contract with light. horse is fine. which cranial nerve
occulomotor nerve for iris sphincter mm
a sublux is NOT
only found on an xray a luxation or dislocation
stretch reflexes are a part of what area of the nervous system
only the lower motor neuron
one rear fetlock drops down more than the other fetlocks as they move side to side in front of you. you determine the primary lameness is in the
opposite rear leg
which is NOT a component of the VSC
organopathophysiology
3 elements upon which neurons depend for health include
oxygen, glucose, frequency of firing of their presynaptic pools
proprioception changes in mm as a result of sublux
pain fibers fire continually, chemical and fluid build up increase pain, and removal of waste products is reduced
most economical way to diag a fractured pelvis in a horse
palpation
____ fibers may be injured by sublux in the cervical and sacral regions
parasymp
diabetes, renal disease, allergies, and musculoskeletal disease may all be symptoms of
parasymp stress response
forms the larger part of the roof of the canine skull
parietal bone
___ form the sides of the IVF
pedicles
in quadruped, which movement shortens leg
posterior
main fxn of ANS is to
preserve life
changes in this boney structure can result in changes in vision
presphenoid bone (NOT occipital)
reasons for proper stance
protect the drs joints and structure achieve a strong base to thrust from enable the dr to obtain a biomechanical advantage ensure safety of the dr
NOT a strictly single hand contact point
protected hypothenar
pelvic bones are fused combo of
pubis, ischium and ilium
trochelar nerve named for
pulley
test for hypoglossal nerve function invovles
pulling tongue in several directions
the stretch of ligaments fires ___ into the ___ to change the neuro axis of our pts.
receptors brain
3 rectus ab mm
rectus ab, internal ab oblique, external ab oblique
collection does NOT require
relaxation of ab muscles
collection requires
relaxation of back, neck and jaw
fxn of mm spindle cell is to
report to the brain what the mm is doing
origin of the rectus abdominus is ___ and the insertion is ___
ribs and sternum pubis
NOT a common listing in a quadruped sacrum
sacral base posterior
sciatic nerve innervates which fo the following
semimembranosus semitendinosus bicep femoris
ext hip and hock flexes stifle inserts on the cranial tibia
semitendinosus
lateral to the semimembranosus
semitendinosus
3 overlapping functions of nervous system
sensory input, integration and motor response
symptoms of disc disease include
shaking, panting, hiding flexion lameness lick granulomas (NOT loss of mm tone in glutes)
boundaries of the intervertebral foramen are defined by the two notches
shallow on cranial deep caudally
__- is NOT a muscular problem, occurs in ponies ever helped by chiro care
shivers
symptoms of SI joint problems in a quadruped
short stride lack of impulsion dragging or scuffing of hind limbs stiff back
stenosis causes pressure on cord in Wobblers due to
spondy congenital malformation hyperplasia of lig flavum sublux
draft horse that pulls carriage uses this mm stress
strength
requires a chiro adj
sublux ligamentous fixation articular fixation
low oxygen content in a muscle might mean
sublux causing reduced mm O2 perfusion
in the bipedal stance, which of the following movements will shorten leg length
superior
which lig connects the first thoracic spinous process to the coccyx
supraspinous lig
___ fibers are located in the cervical region
symp
___ fibers are located in the thoracolumbar trunk
symp
a joint that contains fluid, has a membrane made of aminoglycans and glycoaminoglycans and is anervic is
synovial joint
T/F less than 10% of the nervous system can perceive pain
t
t/f jumpers bump occurs in horses that jump and have a lumbar subluxations
t
t/f kyphosis may be due to a sacral base sublux
t
t/f scoliosis may be caused by a sublux
t
poor xrays of dog show severe hip dysplasia. owner is sure chiro will help the dog feel better. what do you do
tell owner xrays feel no pain. if their dogs pain is from the hip joints, chiro care will help some but not much. adjust and see how the dog does.
consideration for stance of dr should include
temperament of dog size of adjuster
mm of mastication and innervation
temporalis, masseter, pterygoids TRIGEMINAL
fastest way to get quiz reset
text
an example of modulation, which is the coordination of information from many input areas, might be
the Perkinje fibers
if the symp nervous system is turned on all the time what fxn will be reduced that is detrimental to health.
the guy is inhibited and food will not be moved through the alimentary canal
internal environment of the cell has more stable central integrative state when
the intracellular polarization is more negatively charged than the extracellular
pts may have an increase in bad behavior while they are undergoing treatment because
the neuroaxis has to rid itself of waste products before it can heal.
most concentration of miessners corpuscles in an animal
the nose of a horse
summation of neuronal firing is defines as
the number of branches produced when the neuron fires
ant longitudinal lig, dorsal spinal lig, interspinal lig all part of
the ten common ligaments
support the spinal column allow for support with movement connect the vertebral segments
the ten common ligaments
two types of receptor responses
tonic and slowly adapting
receptor that responds to increased intensity of stimulus is the
tonic receptor
symmetrical gaits
trot
T/F pudendal nerve supplies the area around the external genitalia
true
by the age of 4 all of the incisors of the horse are in wear
true
important to make sure that there are no distractions for the animal
true
t/f cells must have active sodium/potassium pumps to repolarize adequately
true
t/f dog breeds that are meant to be guard dogs will have more body mass
true
t/f dogs bred for speed will have more back flexibility than a dog bred for long slow work
true
t/f long bodied, short legged dogs will have more forward ROM and reduced backwards ext compared to dogs with longer legs
true
t/f testing for gag reflex will help in determining the fxn of the glossopharyngeal nerve
true
t/f the front limbs are shock absorbers
true
t/f the function of the parasymp nervous system is to reduce the rate and force of the heart beat
true
t/f using smaller, fine motor muscles for rehab is a good idea
true
t/f distance traveled by front legs must equal distance traveled by back legs of a quadruped in motion
true- very important
stenosis causes pressure on cord in Wobblers NOT due to
tumor
this supplies efferent and afferent fibers to the pharynx and larynx and communicates with the sympathetic ganglion
vagus
this nerve can be damaged by trauma, drugs, or noise exposure
vestibulocochlear
we affect the animals brain by
walking into the room adjusting the neck petting the animal (all of the above)
LOC is described as
way sublux is referenced in space a dynamic direction that the vertebrae or seg is fixed the listing the line of direction to correct the sublux
in our animal patients, how can we determine that they are receiving sensory input that is from another area
we see changes in behavior such as stall weaving, fly catching, or sudden aggression
dogs with hip dysplasia
will require a xray for definitive diag
small vestigial tooth found in ROSTRAL to the first premolar
wolf tooth