Acid Base Determinations

pH alteration of normal blood in a closed vessel standing at 37oC for 1 hour is approximately: A. 0.01 to 0.02 pH units B. 0.02 to 0.04 pH units C. 0.04 to 0.08 pH units D. 0.08 to 0.12 pH units

C. 0.04 to 0.08 pH units

When the body compensates for a respiratory or metabolic disorder, the MAIN goal is to achieve: A. Correct carbonic acid level, since it is the most important system in the body B. A normal pH C. Normal pO2 and pCO2 for normal respiration D. Correct bicarbonate level, since it is the most important system in the body

B. A normal pH

What is the term used to describe chest pain caused by inadequate supply of oxygen to heart myocardium? A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) B. Angina C. Congestive heart failure (CHF) D. Myocardial ischemia

B. Angina

A 14-year-old male was taken to the emergency room in a coma by his school nurse. He had lost 15 pounds in 3 months. His teacher said he was always thirsty and that was he spent a lot of time running between the water fountain and the bathroom. Considering the patient's results and symptoms, what could be the cause for the osmolality result, and increased thirst? Results: pH = 7.11 (7.35-7.45) pCO2 = 20 mm Hg (35-45 mm Hg) Glucose 1050 mg/dL (60-110 mg/dL) Serum osmolality 385 mOsm/Kg (275-295 mOsm/Kg) Urine ketone strongly positive (negative) Urine glucose strongly positive (negative) *Reference ranges in ( ) A. Because the patient is in a coma, it has been a prolonged period since he has eaten or drank water. B. The increased glucose level causes a more concentrated extracellular solution, stimulating the thirst center of the hypothalamus. C. The increased glucose level causes water to go inside the cell to equilibrate with the extracellular fluid. D. None of the above

B. The increased glucose level causes a more concentrated extracellular solution, stimulating the thirst center of the hypothalamus.

What is the term used to describe a clinical syndrome caused by heart disease, represented by abnormal sodium and water retention and breathlessness, usually resulting in edema? A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) B. Angina C. Congestive heart failure (CHF) D. Myocardial ischemia

C. Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by: A. Increased pCO2 B. Hypoventilation C. Low pH D. High pH

C. Low pH

The following results were obtained on arterial blood: pH = 7.51 pCO2= 49 mm Hg HCO3- = 38.7 mmol/L pO2= 85 mm Hg These results are compatible with: A. Metabolic acidosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

C. Metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis? A. Late stage of Salicylate poisoning B. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus C. Renal failure D. Excessive vomiting

D. Excessive vomiting

Select the equation which is used to determine the pH of a solution containing a weak acid and its salt. A. Van Deemter equation B. Van Slyke equation C. Nernst equation D. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

D. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A young man is experiencing difficult breathing after fainting. The physician orders an arterial blood gas analysis which shows the following results: pH = 7.25 pCO2 = 62 mmHg pO2 = 70 mmHg HCO3- = 23 mmol/L Which condition is most likely afflicting this patient? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following is TRUE of a fully compensated metabolic acidosis? A. pH will be decreased without a decrease in pCO2 B. pH will be decreased with a decrease in pCO2 C. pH will be decreased with an increase in pCO2 D. pH will be normal with a decrease in pCO2

D. pH will be normal with a decrease in pCO2

What is the term used to describe cardiac tissue death (necrosis) due to lack of oxygen caused by obstruction of circulation? A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) B. Angina C. Congestive heart failure (CHF) D. Myocardial ischemia

A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

MOST of the carbon dioxide present in the blood is in the form of: A. Bicarbonate B. Carbonate C. Carbonic acid D. Dissolved CO2

A. Bicarbonate

Which values would be expected with metabolic alkalosis? A. Elevated pH, increased bicarbonate, normal PCO2 B. Elevated pH, decreased bicarbonate, normal PCO2 C. Lowered pH, normal bicarbonate, decreased PCO2 D. Increased pH, normal bicarbonate, increased PCO2

A. Elevated pH, increased bicarbonate, normal PCO2

Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? A. pH will be elevated without an elevation of pCO2 B. pH will be elevated with an elevation of pCO2 C. pH will be elevated with a decrease in pCO2 D. pH will be normal with an elevation of pCO2

A. pH will be elevated without an elevation of pCO2

A 56-year old female was taken to the emergency room in a coma by her employer's nurse. She had lost 35 pounds in 3 months; she was always thirsty; drinking a lot of water and running to the bathroom. The following are her laboratory results: Results: (indicates reference range) pH: 7.11 (7.35-7.45) pCO2: 21 mm Hg (35-45 mm Hg) Glucose: 950 mg/dL (60-110 mg/dL) Serum osmolality: 365 mOsm/Kg (275-295 mOsm/Kg) Urine ketone: strongly positive (negative) Urine glucose: strongly positive (negative) What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's symptoms? A. Gestational diabetes B. Diabetes insipidus C. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus D. Type II diabetes mellitus

C. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

A 46-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital through the emergency room after having a bout of severe diarrhea for 3 days along with headaches, muscle aches, shortness of breath, and an increased heart rate. Blood gas measurements were ordered by her concerned physician. The results showed the following: pH = 7.30 pCO2 = 32 mm Hg HCO3- = 15 mmol/L pO2 = 93 mmol/L What acid base disorder is most consistent with this patient's results and symptoms? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis

C. Metabolic acidosis

A three-year-old boy was brought unconscious to the emergency room. Arterial blood gas results were as follows: pH = 7.07 pCO2 = 90 mm Hg HCO3- = 23 mmol/L This patient is most likely suffering from: A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

C. Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following additives should be used for the collection of a sample for blood gas analysis? A. Sodium citrate B. EDTA C. Sodium oxalate D. Heparin

D. Heparin

Respiratory acidosis is associated with: A. Normal pH B. High pH C. Decreased pCO2 D. Increased pCO2

D. Increased pCO2

What is the term used to describe inadequate blood supply that decreases availability of oxygen to the myocardium? A. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) B. Angina C. Congestive heart failure (CHF) D. Myocardial ischemia

D. Myocardial ischemia

What condition is indicated by the following arterial blood gas results? Bicarbonate = 32 mmol/L (Normal = 22 - 29 mmol/L) pCO2 = 65 mm Hg (Normal = 35 - 45 mmHg) pH = 7.28 (normal = 7.35 - 7.45) A. Healthy condition B. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis C. Compensated metabolic acidosis D. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis

D. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis