Adol Dev (Chap 4-8)

Which of the following is a common message that the media conveys about sex? Sex is a defining aspect of femininity. Sex is appropriate in a loving, respectful relationship. Unprotected sex can have serious consequences. Women are sex objects.

Women are sex objects.

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does competence mean? respect for societal and cultural rules a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is true?: a. Adolescents have more negativity in their sibling relationships than in their peer relationships. b. Sibling relationships do not ameliorate the negative effects of family stress. c. Siblings are generally not good role models or sources of advice. d. Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

a. Adolescents have more negativity in their sibling relationships than in their peer relationships.

Which of the following writers suggested that the speed at which society changes affects the socialization of adolescents?: a. Margaret Mead b. Eleanor Maccoby c. Brad Brown d. James Coleman

a. Margaret Mead

Close to ____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families.: a. 30% b. 20% c. 40% d. 15%

c. 40%

In general, students perform best when their teachers emphasize: competition. obedience. memorization. cooperation.

cooperation.

Research studies have found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image happen during the transition from late adolescence to adulthood. during the transition into adolescence. over the course of late adolescence. during middle adolescence.

during the transition into adolescence.

Problems in identity development can result when an adolescent's environment does not allow for a period of foreclosure. earlier crises have not been resolved. the adolescent has not yet experienced the crisis of generativity. the adolescent has to endure a period of moratorium.

earlier crises have not been resolved. (explanation: an adolescent's environment does not allow for a period of moratorium)

During adolescence, how much time of the typical American individual's time is spent with peers versus with adults?:

More than half is spent with peers versus 15 percent with adults

Have attempts to speed up the identity development process by training individuals to think more about how specific life events have played a role in their development been effective?

No, these training programs have not been effective.

Which of the following accurately states the expectations of a modern society about norms?:

Norms should be universal across society.

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporarily increases during early adolescence is called the ________ hypothesis. self-image stability gender intensification sex-role stereotyping androgyny

gender intensification

What proportion of American households has at least one television? Virtually all American households have at least one TV. More than 50% of American households have at least one TV. Except for adolescents who live in low-income homes, the majority of American households have at least one TV. Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have a TV, and about 50% of lower-income families have a TV.

Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

Which characteristic is predictive of identity achievement across ethnic and socioeconomic groups? seeing oneself as an adult low need for social approval strong sense of agency high level of confidence

strong sense of agency

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that: small schools have more material resources. small schools offer more varied curricula. students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities. students in large schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

Which of these would you expect to find in a cofigurative society?:

study groups in which young people and adults work together to learn technology skills

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does connection mean? a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges respect for societal and cultural rules

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

Which of the following classroom climates is related to increased student achievement?: one that promotes competition between students one that values order and discipline above all else one that has classrooms with wide age groupings one that promotes cooperation between students

one that promotes cooperation between students

Adolescents who work long hours are less likely than their peers to drop out of high school. be absent from school. be disengaged from school. participate in extracurricular activities.

participate in extracurricular activities.

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of an individual's overall self-esteem? academic ability moral behavior and development athletic ability physical appearance self-esteem

physical appearance self-esteem

Among adolescents, which of the following activities often combines high levels of both concentration and motivation?: watching TV attending classes socializing with friends playing a musical instrument

playing a musical instrument

Monica believes that people from other ethnic groups dislike and distrust her and other members of the ethnic group that she identifies with. What term would a researcher use to describe this belief? racial centrality private regard public regard racial disaggregation

public regard

Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development? a. Kenji, whose parents encourage freedom and spontaneity b. Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take c. Bernie, whose parents encourage autonomy and personal distance d. Sanjay, whose parents encourage dependence and obedience

Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity foreclosure state? Francisco, who has established a coherent sense of identity, but only after a period of exploration Brandon, who is in the middle of a period of exploration Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration

Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration

Sean is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and has low self-esteem. What would a modern researcher most likely say about the connection between these two conditions? False-front behavior may cause low self-esteem or vice versa. Low self-esteem often triggers false-self behavior in adolescents. There is no relation between false-self behavior and low self-esteem. False-self behavior generally leads to low self-esteem.

False-front behavior may cause low self-esteem or vice versa.

What is the immigrant paradox?

Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

Which of the following is recommended for parents who leave their adolescents in self-care after school? Have their adolescent spend time out in public, rather than at home. Allow their adolescent free, unstructured time after school. Encourage their adolescent to have friends come over for study sessions. Have their adolescent check in with an adult as soon as they get home.

Have their adolescent check in with an adult as soon as they get home.

How does crowd structure change over the course of adolescence?:

It becomes less hierarchical.

Which adolescent is most likely to form a close online relationship with a stranger?: Momoko, who keeps in touch with her friends mainly through social media Arthur, who frequently watches online pornography Ayanna, who spends the majority of her free time on her computer or smartphone Jeannette, who fights with her parents frequently and has high levels of anxiety

Jeannette, who fights with her parents frequently and has high levels of anxiety

Which of the following adolescents is at risk of developing compulsive Internet use? Jonas, who is aggressive with his peers and plays online video games as an escape Charlotte, who plays sports video games on her PlayStation for two hours every day Paola, who does well socially and academically, but plays violent video games on her Xbox for fun Nayath, who plays problem-solving games online for an hour every day

Jonas, who is aggressive with his peers and plays online video games as an escape

Alice has high academic self-esteem, whereas Loriann has high physical appearance self-esteem. According to researchers, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem? Loriann and Alice will most likely have equally high self-esteem. Alice Loriann

Loriann

Which of the following statements regarding transgender adolescents is true? Transgender youths have about the same levels of self-reported eating disorders as other teenagers. Transgender youth who have transitioned socially report high levels of suicidal ideation. It is more common for youth labeled as women to identify as being transsexual men than for youth labeled as men to identify as being transsexual women. Relatively little research has been conducted into the psychological development and mental health of transgender adolescents.

Relatively little research has been conducted into the psychological development and mental health of transgender adolescents.

Which of these approaches could counteract some experts' criticisms of No Child Left Behind?: Devote more time to training students on how to pass standardized exams. Require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple-choice tests. Penalize underperforming schools by denying them funds or even closing them. Hold school districts and states accountable for student performance.

Require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple-choice tests.

According to research, how has school desegregation affected students' achievement levels?: White and Asian students' achievement levels have declined, while Latinx and Black students' achievement levels have risen. Students of all ages have seen significant improvements in achievement levels. White and Asian students' achievement levels have risen, while Latinx and Black students' achievement levels have declined. School desegregation has had little effect on students' academic achievement.

School desegregation has had little effect on students' academic achievement.

Which of the following accurately describes most other industrialized nations? Postsecondary education systems are monopolized by vocational training. The government separates most students into college-bound and non-college-bound groups based on national exams. Postsecondary education is monopolized by small, private universities with a religious orientation. Almost all high school students attend comprehensive high schools.

The government separates most students into college-bound and non-college-bound groups based on national exams.

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development? Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on the nature of the job. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the transition to adulthood. Working interferes with other activities, such as school.

The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on the nature of the job.

Your professor has asked you to take part in a study that will examine moral development in male and female adolescents. Based on previous research, which of these conclusions would you expect to see in this new research? Moral development will probably become more complex in boys over time and less complex in girls over time. Moral development will probably become less complex in boys over time and more complex in girls over time. There will probably be more differences in moral development within groups of boys and groups of girls than there will be between boys-only groups and girls-only groups. There will probably be more differences in moral development between boys-only groups and girls-only groups than there will be within groups of boys and groups of girls.

There will probably be more differences in moral development within groups of boys and groups of girls than there will be between boys-only groups and girls-only groups.

In general, how much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence? They are usually quite different. They usually remain about the same. There tend to be a few major changes. There is no general pattern.

They usually remain about the same.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a recording of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled: a. a crowd. b. a clique. c. a gang. d. a crew.

a. a crowd.

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as: a. a reference group b. a clique c. a fraternity d. a crew

a. a reference group

Studies of immigrant families suggest that parental effectiveness is greatest in households in which: a. adolescents and their parents prefer communicating in the same language. b. parents communicate in English as much as possible. c. parents have adjusted to living in the United States. d. adolescents use English to communicate, and the parents use their native language.

a. adolescents and their parents prefer communicating in the same language.

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that: a. authoritative parenting is less common in ethnic minority families, but its effects are beneficial in all ethnic groups. b. authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups. c. ethnic minority families are more likely than White families to use an authoritative parenting style. d. authoritarian parenting is most likely to be used by Black, Asian, and Latinx families.

a. authoritative parenting is less common in ethnic minority families, but its effects are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

The local library offers "write your first resume" classes for teens, which are taught by an adult volunteer, and "understand how your phone's camera works" classes for adults, which are taught by teen volunteers. What word would Margaret Mead use to describe this society?: a. cofigurative b. postfigurative c. prefigurative d. antifigurative

a. cofigurative

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents, such as athletes and artists, to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying: a. crowds. b. cliques. c. dyads. d. peer collectives.

a. crowds.

Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following?: a. domestic violence b. shared environmental influences c. a parent's remarriage d. authoritative parenting

a. domestic violence

At school, Jamila is perceived as high-status, yet rude and abrupt. A psychologist would say that she: a. has perceived popularity but not sociometric popularity. b. is not popular. c. has both perceived and sociometric popularity. d. has sociometric popularity but not perceived popularity.

a. has perceived popularity but not sociometric popularity.

Viktor feels like his parents do not care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Viktor's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles?: a. indifferent b. authoritative c. indulgent d. authoritarian

a. indifferent

Crowds serve which of the following purposes?: a. locate adolescents within the social structure of the school b. provide a setting for intimate interaction c. set universal behavior norms d. provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles without disparaging others

a. locate adolescents within the social structure of the school

Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is: a. not likely. b. highly likely. c. not easily predicted. d. average.

a. not likely.

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as: a. relational aggression. b. friendly fire aggression. c. reactive aggression. d. relative aggression.

a. relational aggression.

Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that: a. those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices. b. parents do not understand their teenagers' tastes and personal preferences very well. c. Alesandro's values have changed, and his father does not approve of his life choices. d. Alesandro and his father experienced a lot of conflict during Alesandro's childhood

a. those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices.

Which identity status is associated with a coherent sense of identity? diffusion moratorium foreclosure achievement

achievement

Although research indicates that physical appearance self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' overall self-esteem, adolescents say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves. young boys appear to be more concerned than girls about their own physical attractiveness. adolescents who are not conventionally attractive instead base their self-esteem on other factors. older adolescents tend to make issues of moral development and independence the most important factor.

adolescents say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves.

The school year is longer than it was in the past,: but adolescents have more absences (both excused and unexcused) than before. and adolescents remain in school for more years than they used to. but adolescents remain in school for fewer years than they used to. Incorrect and a smaller percentage of adolescents actually complete compulsory education.

and adolescents remain in school for more years than they used to.

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs provide opportunities to exercise responsibility. pay a satisfactory amount. offer good learning experiences. are tedious.

are tedious.

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of?: authoritative autocratic permissive authoritarian

authoritative

Which of the following teenagers is statistically most likely to be homeless?: a. Zarif, an 16-year-old boy from a poor neighborhood b. Desiree, a 14-year-old Black, transgender girl c. Alexa, a 15-year-old Latinx girl whose parents are divorced d. Bryn, an 18-year-old White boy who is gay

b. Desiree, a 14-year-old Black, transgender girl

Most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves: globally, in terms of their overall personalities. in constant comparison to their peers and their ideal self. both globally and along several distinct dimensions. along several distinct dimensions, such as academics, athletics, and moral behavior.

both globally and along several distinct dimensions.

George and Ryan both live in different single-parent households. George is considered a well behaved adolescent, but Ryan frequently engages in delinquent behavior. Which of the following statements about George and Ryan is most likely to be true?: a. Ryan lives with his father; George lives with his mother. b. George has a strong relationship with his grandparents; Ryan does not. c. Ryan has a strong relationship with his grandparents; George does not. d. George lives with his father; Ryan lives with his mother.

b. George has a strong relationship with his grandparents; Ryan does not.

Which of these is the most accurate way to describe the psychosocial impact of a peer group on adolescents?: a. teenagers' psychological problems are fully formed before any interaction with peer groups, so these groups do not cause psychological problems. b. Teenagers' psychological problems can come from problems with peers and can cause problems with peers. c. Teenagers' psychological problems come from interactions with peers rather than from other sources. d. Teenagers' psychological problems can cause problems when interacting with peers, but the problems do not come from peer interaction.

b. Teenagers' psychological problems can come from problems with peers and can cause problems with peers.

You want to design a study that examines friendships between 10-year-olds and 15-year-olds in contemporary American society. Your advisor tells you that these friendships will be difficult to find and track. Why is that?: a. youth culture b. age grading c. cyberbullying d. peer dynamics

b. age grading

Settings for intimate interactions and friendships are called ______, whereas ______ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.: a. crowds; reference groups b. cliques; crowds c. crowds; cliques d. reference groups; cliques

b. cliques; crowds

Which of the following is one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence?: a. gender of the adolescent b. pubertal maturation c. the parents' mental health d. the adolescent's peer group

b. pubertal maturation

Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are: a. indulgent and submissive. b. responsive and demanding. c. lenient and supportive. d. authoritarian and understanding.

b. responsive and demanding.

Although Suyin's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Suyin's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the: a. generation gap between adolescents and parents b. sleeper effect of divorce c. deferred effect of divorce d. gradual adjustment of adolescence

b. sleeper effect of divorce

What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have? babysitting store clerk or salesperson fast-food worker a farm or agricultural job

babysitting

You are a high school teacher. Your principal announces plans to create an anti-bullying program. Which of the following is the best advice you could give her?: a. Make sure that sessions are segregated by sex so that girls learn with girls and boys learn with boys. b. Ask parents to participate as well. c. Do not create an anti-bullying program at the high school level. d. Make sure the program addresses victimization outside of school as well as in school.

c. Do not create an anti-bullying program at the high school level.

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is supported by research?: a. Adolescents and their parents do not tend to conflict over everyday issues, such as chores. b. Less conflict resulting from the generation gap is seen outside the United States. c. Ethnic minority adolescents are less likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. d. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.

c. Ethnic minority adolescents are less likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?: a. Justin will gain more respect for his parents. b. Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school. c. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers. d. Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity.

c. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys would be called: a. a crowd. b. a reference group. c. a clique. d. a youth culture.

c. a clique.

Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's parents are likely to do which of the following?: a. develop a stronger, more loving relationship with each other b. be more indulgent than they were in the past c. argue more with Denise d. be more involved in Denise's life

c. argue more with Denise

Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father, and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?: a. authoritative b. indulgent c. authoritarian d. indifferent

c. authoritarian

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: a. preadolescence. b. childhood. c. middle adolescence. d. late adolescence.

c. middle adolescence.

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?: a. two-thirds b. one-half c. one-sixth d. one-third

c. one-sixth

Benjamin's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. This is an example of an adolescent-parent disagreement over which kind of issue?: a. compromise b. familism c. parental control d. emotional distress

c. parental control

Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if: a. her parents attempt to keep their relationship with her positive. b. her parents keep her out of their arguments. c. she blames herself for her parents' problems. d. the conflict between her parents is covert.

c. she blames herself for her parents' problems.

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others? competence caring/compassion character connection

caring/compassion

During the 1920s in the United States, the ________Blank was specially designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.: comprehensive high school parochial school vocational and technical school middle school

comprehensive high school

Nevaeh and Abigail are eleventh graders. Both belong to several of the same academic clubs and study groups. Most of the members of these groups concentrate on their studies and are known for making good grades in their classes. Nevaeh and Abigail, along with others in these groups, could be regarded collectively as a:

crowd

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world? routine activity theory media practice model uses and gratifications approach cultivation theory

cultivation theory

What have studies shown to be true of antisocial youth?: a. Many adolescents who are considered antisocial have lasting friendships with their well-adjusted peers. b. Groups of antisocial adolescents report more feelings of isolation than do friendless adolescents. c. Most antisocial adolescents have few or no friends. d. Antisocial adolescents usually have antisocial friends.

d. Antisocial adolescents usually have antisocial friends.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about stereotyping adolescents?: a. Parents' belief in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult has little effect on their interactions with their own adolescents. b. If parents avoid believing the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, then their relationship with their own adolescents will not have difficulties. c. The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the less they expect their child to conform to it. d. The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the more they expect their child to conform to it.

d. The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the more they expect their child to conform to it.

Before making weekend plans with his friend, 15-year-old Adithan considers his family's schedule and checks with his parents to see if they need his help with anything. He also offers to bring along his 13-year-old sister, so that his parents can have time to relax. Adithan's attitude toward the importance of his family's needs is an example of: a. generational dissonance. b. prosocial values. c. obligation. d. familism.

d. familism.

Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience ______ than non-poor adolescents: a. stronger ties to religious insitutions b. greater family cohesiveness c. more consistent parenting d. greater alienation from school

d. greater alienation from school

Social skills and friendliness contribute most to which form of popularity?: a. perceived b. proto-variable c. attributional d. sociometric

d. sociometric

Tony belongs to a group called "the partyers." We would expect that Tony is very involved with: a. sports b. adult institutions c. school clubs d. the peer culture

d. the peer culture

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became angry at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias.

Adolescents who are in which identity state are most psychologically healthy, according to researchers? identity foreclosure identity achievement identity maximization identity moratorium

identity achievement

Julianna is 15 years old and spends considerable energy wondering who she is and what kind of person she will become. Erikson would describe her as facing the crisis called basic trust vs mistrust. identity vs identity diffusion. industry vs inferiority. autonomy vs shame and doubt.

identity vs identity diffusion.

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools can be associated with which of these outcomes?: inadvertently creating "schools" with the same level of educational quality fewer incidents of victimization inadvertently creating "schools" that differ in their educational quality more incidents of victimization

inadvertently creating "schools" that differ in their educational quality

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is interactions with others. family relationships. identity achievement. peer relationships.

interactions with others.

According to an analysis of national data, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in: average-track math and science classes but lower-track English classes. lower-track math classes in schools in which students are required to take placement exams. lower-track English classes, even after taking into account students' socioeconomic status and standardized test scores. lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications.

lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications.

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and also that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact? media practice model uses and gratifications approach routine activity theory cultivation theory

media practice model

According to one study, how many biracial adolescents changed their racial self-identification within a four-year period? nearly 25% nearly 50% nearly 100% nearly 75%

nearly 75%

Based on research, which of these labels best describes the psychological differences between men and women? relatively minor mostly unstudied wide-ranging and dramatic surprisingly persistent

relatively minor

During early adolescence, Catrina had a relatively stable self-image. As she enters late adolescence, Catrina's self-image is likely to remain stable. change dramatically, then continue to fluctuate. fluctuate greatly from one day to the next. change dramatically, then stabilize.

remain stable.

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that although their attitudes may differ, adolescents and adults have similar interpretations of these messages. repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs. although the messages may be somewhat negative, they tend to be relatively accurate. these messages have a strong impact on adolescents' behavior.

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?: school size Neither significantly affects student achievement. class size Both are equally important.

school size

Researchers believe that some adolescents forge a sense of self-definition in a difficult environment by engaging in identity foreclosure. engaging in identity moratorium. selecting a negative identity. staying away from drugs and alcohol.

selecting a negative identity.

Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of self-esteem. self-conception. self-attribution. self-control.

self-conception.

Researchers have identified which of the following factors as a critical component of the development of identity during adolescence? self-regulation self-censorship self-determinism self-esteem

self-esteem

Sophia and Emma believe that being attractive to boys and men is an important part of a teenage girl's identity. Which of these terms would a researcher most likely use to describe Sophia and Emma? hyperfeminine divergent sexualized gender-aware

sexualized

What did President Obama's education secretary suggest as a way to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act?: the need to have higher standards for higher-achieving students the need for two sets of standards for each state (one for higher achievers and one for lower achievers) the need for some students to be granted extended periods of time to complete standardized assessments the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

The ability of junior high teachers to be engaged with their students appears to be negatively affected by: concerns about our valueless society. the way students respond to positive interaction. the overemphasis placed on academic achievement. the organization and anonymity of junior high schools.

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools.

Mitch attends a high school where 95% of the students are involved in extracurricular activities. This probably also means that at Mitch's school,: the size of the student body is relatively small. there is more variation in instruction. academic standards are low. teachers track their students rigidly.

the size of the student body is relatively small.

Policy makers are often interested in shaping secondary schools because: what schools teach may change over time, but school itself is unchanging. secondary schools have not changed much in the past century. secondary schools are the way to reach the most elite students in the country. they are the most effective way to reach the largest number of young people.

they are the most effective way to reach the largest number of young people.

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed? routine activity theory cultivation theory uses and gratifications approach media practice model

uses and gratifications approach

Dewayne's parents are worried that as he enters adolescence, his self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Dewayne's parents expect the most fluctuations in his self-image? when he is 8-11 years old when he is 15-18 years old when he is 19-21 years old when he is 12-14 years old

when he is 12-14 years old