Adolescence 3
31. What are some strategies for reducing bullying? What about inter-group tensions among students?
-Intervention by school personnel, changing schools, changing coping ways with bully
62. Why is depression more likely among females than males?
Many gender factors: -Females tend to dwell on things more than men do -Body image and unrealistic expectations from the -media affect females more than males -Hormonal differences... high estrogen levels may be a risk factor for internalizing issues like depression self-esteem -Discrimination against girls
72. Briefly describe some adaptations of the EQUIP program. Under what conditions is the program effective?
PREVENTION, ADULT OFFENDERS, ADULT OFFENDERS WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
Describe the concept of resilience.
Resilience is defined as being faced with adverse conditions, and still triumphing despite these life adversities.
67. What increases risk for problem severity in adolescence
Risk increases as problems accumulate (one or more of: drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related problems) Research shows that adolescent problem behaviors are interrelated and high-risk youth tend to "do it all"
*74. ***In lecture*** #71 changed to: What two themes are evident in the EQUIP approach/equipment meetings?
(1) "COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING," I.E.,RECOGNIZING/MONITORING/CORRECTING CRIMINOGENIC "THINKING ERRORS" (SELF-SERVING COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS); (2) SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE-TAKING
18. Describe age trends in peer conformity. When (in what grade) is the peak of negative peer conformity? By what grade has peer influence begun to wane?
-8TH/9TH grade conformity to peers peaks (especially to antisocial standards). -Those who are uncertain about social identity, appears in form of low self-esteem and high social anxiety, most likely to conform to peers. -Young adolescents conform more to peers than children do, and peer conformity beings to wane by 10th, 11th, and 12th grade.
10. What factors may be important for a positive family system?
-An involved and nurturant father, a valued mother, family time, and a "connected-with" parent-adolescent relationship.
19b. What did Anna Freud find?
-Anna studies orphans that were peers. Anna argued that these orphans became very emotionally close to one another. -They were serving a role that their parents would have served. -They were not close to other people outside of their peer group, and were fearful of adults.
22. Describe a "conglomerate" strategy for improving social skills.
-Coaching, combo of techniques to improve social skills. -May consist of demonstrating or modeling appropriate social skills, discussion, reasoning about the social skills, as well as reinforcement for their enactment in social situations.
39. What is culture? What are two dimensions of culture, according to the text?
-Culture is the behavioral patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. -Two dimensions of culture are ethnicity and SES. 1)Ethnicity is based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion and language. 2)"Socioeconomic Status" refers to a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
41. What is ethnocentrism? How can it be reduced?
-Ethnocentrism is the tendency to favor one's own group over others-a sense of superiority. We can attempt to reduce its effects by understanding the behavior and values of cultures around the world, and hopefully learn to interact more effectively with others.
50. What is the impact of adolescent problems for later functioning in adulthood?
-For males, those who internalized problems at a young age elevated the risk of those same problems occurring later in life -For females who both internalized and externalized problems early in life, predicted more internalizing problems in adulthood -Certain environmental factors predispose them to externalize or internalize problems that then follow them into adulthood... low SES, living with biological and unmarried parents, divorce, and having another family member with mental health problems.
8. Are there ethnic examples of seemingly "authoritarian" parenting that nonetheless works well in some contexts? But is child abuse, physical or otherwise, ever justifiable?
-In general, within African American, Latino, and Asian American parents, the authoritarian style is used more, and is associated with positive child outcome-- However, child abuse if physical punishment is still never justified.
55. Why has cigarette smoking declined among adolescents?
-Increasing prices, less tobacco advertising reaching adolescents, more anti-smoking advertisements, Increase in - publicity about tobacco industry. Adolescents perceive smoking as dangerous, they disapprove of it, they are less accepting of being around smokers , and prefer to date nonsmokers according to new research.
12. What do parents and adolescents typically argue about? (But see research on the exceptions.) When during adolescence do the typical conflicts "peak"?
-Most conflicts involve aspects of everyday life, like keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home on time, not talking on the phone forever- things that are minor. - The exception being conflicts about social relationships. -Conflicts peak around early adolescents and decline by late adolescence and early adulthood.
Why do some adolescents abuse drugs and other substances? What are the dangers of substance abuse?
-Most people try some sort of drug during adolescence. -The age they do this is a big factor in if they'll go on to try more. -The earlier they start, generally the more likely they'll be to try other stuff. -Also, having positive relationships with parents,siblings, and peers reduces the likelihood for drug use, and parenting styles that are high in monitoring.
17. In what basic way can parental history impact children's/adolescents' peer relations?
-Parent-adolescent attachment is positively correlated with peer attachment, and the link between secure mother attachment and peer attachment was much stronger than the relationship between secure father attachment and peer attachment. -Secure attachment fosters the trust to engage in close relationships with others and lays the foundation for developing interpersonal skills
52. What is stress?
-Stress is the response of individuals to stressors (circumstances and events that threaten them and tax their coping abilities). Lots of different types, but some broad categories are life events and daily hassles (anything from a death in the family to stress at work), or sociocultural factors (stressing about friends/culture)
47. *How might the Internet and related technology be a "mixed blessing"?
-The internet is big "factor" with some positive things about it. ex: social form/ change. -Downsides: kids can become isolated, absence of technology allowed face to face relating and communications. Super nanny show, and school "experiment". F. Kids also go through cyber bullying, sexual predators are online, and the ability to access inappropriate information such as, porn
9. Generally, how has Baumrind's parenting style been criticized?
-The parenting styles do not capture the important themes of reciprocal socializations and synchronicity. Also, many parents use a combination of techniques, rather than one, even though one may be dominant. Some critics also argue that more research needs to be done on the other various components of parenting- like monitoring and managing
46. What constitutes the "media" aspect of culture?
-Video games, movies, television, magazines, computers, internet, cell-phones, music
45. What factors account for the "feminization" of poverty, according to the text?
-Women's low income, divorce, resolution of divorce cases leaving women with less money needed for them and their children adequately function
48. Illustrate the biopsychosocial approach in terms of the problem of substance abuse
1) Biological factors/problems: heredity, brain processes; late development of prefrontal cortex & early maturation of amygdala may contribute to the increased incidence of risk taking and sensation seeking. - biological treatment approach: medication 2) Psychological factors/problems: low conscientiousness, low self-control, individual personality traits, decision making skills -psychological treatment approach: would be talk therapy (counselor that talks about issues in life) 3) Social factors/problems: relationship difficulties with parents and/or peers, hanging out with friends who use drugs, early dating -social treatment approach: peer/social environment, what is the culture like, (if peers are drug user then how do we change peer group)
27. Describe age-related trends in peer group size and composition.
1) Children→ being popular among peers in class and in the lunchroom is a strong motivator; cliques (like kids on your block) 2) Early adolescence→ typical for teens to have similar number of friendships that are more intense and intimate. (crowds, sex homogeneous) 3) Later adolescence crowds become sex- heterogeneous 4) Emerging adulthood→ close relationships (between friends, family, and romantic partners) are more integrated and similar. Number of friendships decline, and satisfactions and commitment of best friends decline 5) End of crowds; "couples" emerge [popular kids become couples]
25. What six functions do adolescent friends serve?
1) Companionship: a familiar partner who is willing to spend time with and collaborate with 2) Stimulation: provides interesting info, excitement, and amusement 3) Physical support: provides resources and assistance 4) Ego support: support, encouragement and feedback 5) Social comparison: provides info about where adolescents stand vs others 6) Intimacy/ affection: provide a warm, trusting and close relationship that involves disclosure
66. What is Bulimia Nervosa (cf. Binge Eating Disorder)? What percentage eventually recover?
1) Defined as an eating disorder where an individual consistently follows a binging and purging eating pattern (either through the use of laxative or vomiting). These individuals usually fall within the normal weight range, unlike anorexics. 2) 70% of those diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa will eventually recover
Describe four modes of coping with stress.
1) Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping: Problem-focused coping deals with facing a problem head on, such as going to a study center to help with a class you're failing. -Emotion-focused involves using emotions to deal with a problem, such as avoiding that class, rationalizing that you don't really need to pass it, etc. Most people use a combination of both 2) Thinking positively: Better to have an optimistic attitude when dealing with a problem rather than a pessimistic because it improves our ability to process information and promotes self-esteem, which leads to better outcomes 3) Support: Helpful to have someone provide advice or just simply be there 4) Contexts and coping: It is important to keep the context in mind when picking a coping strategy, as some are more appropriate than others in certain situations
51. *What is a cognitive interpretation of internalizing/externalizing disorders? *What are the distortions? *How are the Barriga et al. findings consistent with this interpretation?
1) Externalizing: turning thoughts against others "it's her fault her purse was stolen" Self-serving cognitive distortions... -Self-centered: thinking that your opinions and feelings are more important than others, or these individuals may not even considers others thoughts or opinions at all -Minimalizing/ mislabeling: these individuals think their actions are not a bad as bad as they appear and then make them sound better to him or herself -Assuming the worst: thinking that everyone is out to get out you -Blaming others: these individuals will not take responsibility 2) Internalizing: turning thoughts inwards... "It's my fault" Self-debasing cognitive distortions... -Catastrophizing: anticipating that the outcome of an experience will be a disaster, or they misinterpret an event as a disaster -Overgeneralizing: assuming that the outcome of an experience will always apply to the same or similar experiences in the future -Personalizing: taking inordinate personal responsibility for negative events or interpreting such events are having a personal meaning selective abstraction: selectively attending to negative aspect of experiences *Barringa's research of juvenile delinquent boys and girls were consistent with these interpretations.
What individual, family, and extra-familial characteristics pertain to resilient children and adolescents?
1) Individual characteristics→ good intellectual functioning, sociable/appealing to others, easy going disposition, self-confident, high self-esteem, talented, faith 2) Family characteristics→ close relationship to caring parent figure, authoritative parenting (warmth, structure, and high expectations), socioeconomic advantages, and connections to extended family support 3) Extrafamilial characteristics→ bonds to caring adults outside the family, connections to positive organizations, and attending effective schools
49. How are adolescent problems categorized in the developmental psychopathology approach? Is there a gender difference?
1) Internalizing Problems: Occur when the individual turns their problems inward. Use of self-debasing cognitive distortions like catastrophizing, overgeneralization, personalization, and selective abstraction. -More common among older adolescents, within higher SES, & females -Outcomes/Examples= depression, anxiety, eating disorders, etc. 2.) Externalizing Problems: Occur when the individual turns their problems outward. Use of self-serving cognitive distortions like self-centeredness, minimizing, mislabeling, blaming others, and assuming the worst. -More Prevalent among males
57. Describe juvenile delinquency. What was Erikson's view? What is the distinction between index and status offenses?
1) Juvenile delinquency can cover a broad scope of acts, such as acting up in school, committing crimes, being problematic at home, or trying drugs at an early age. 2) Erikson thought that adolescents become delinquent if they do not think they have the means or ability to fill a positive social role, so they settle on a negative role instead. 3) For legal purposes, broken down into two categories. -Index offenses: Criminal acts, such as robbery, aggravated assault, rape, or homicide. Can be committed by youth or adults -Status offenses: Only committed by youth or adolescents, acts such as running away, truancy, underage drinking, or sexual promiscuity. These generally increase throughout adolescence
23. What goes into successful peer relations?
1) Metacognition meaning cognition about cognition- "knowing about knowing" 2) Social cognition involves thoughts about social matters-"social intelligence". The way individuals conceptualize and reason about their social worlds-the people they watch and interact with, their relationships with those people, the groups they participate in, and the way they reason about themselves and others. 3) Emotional regulation is the ability to effectively self regulate one's emotions, and modulate expressiveness in certain contexts. Adolescents who can do this are more popular. 4) Social skills describe how well one can cooperate, provide solutions to problems, and interact effectively.
59. Identify three pathways to delinquency found in longitudinal studies
1) Neighborhood quality 2) Peer influences 3) Parental influences Other→ older delinquent siblings, low SES, being a male, low self-confidence, high degree of cognitive distortions and authority conflict, + many more
60. Describe family, neighborhood, and SES antecedents of delinquency.
1) Neighborhood quality→ urban, high crime, high mobility communities often breed crime. Living in a high crime area, with poverty and dense living conditions, increases the probability that a child will become delinquent. 2) Low SES→ Serious offenders are more frequently committed by lower SES males 3) Family→ Those with older delinquent siblings, low parental monitoring, low parental support, and ineffective parental discipline are more likely to become delinquent.
40. What values do parents in "individualistic" cultures tend to emphasize? What values are emphasized by "collectivistic" culture parents? How has the individualistic-collectivistic distinction been criticized?
1) Parents in individualistic cultures tend to emphasize personal choice, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and self maximization. 2) Parents in collectivistic cultures tend to emphasize connectedness to family & other close relationships, orientation to the larger group, and respect/obedience. 3) Critique? → These terms are too broad and simplistic, especially with the increase in globalization. People need both a positive sense of self, and connectedness to others to develop fully as human beings. Research has also found that many children are raised in environments that encompass a lot of both categories
Describe Peer Statuses.
1) Popular children: Frequently nominated as a best friend, rarely disliked by peers 2) Average children: receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers 3) Neglected children: children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but not disliked by their peers 4) Rejected children: children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers 5) Controversial children: frequently nominated both as best friend and as being disliked
19a. Evaluate the role of the peer group in adolescent development. Positive contribution? Negative influences?
1) Positive: higher self control, explore fairness and justice, keen observes of peer's interest, skilled and sensitive partners, raise self-esteem, form identity, and provide support 2) Negative: feel lonely or hostile if rejected, undermines parental values and control, drug use ,delinquency, depression, sex, self-injury
43. What is SES? In what four ways do SES differences entail inequality?
1) Socioeconomic status refers to a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. People with different SES have varying levels of power, influence and prestige. 2) Inequalities... -Occupations vary in prestige, and some individuals have more access than others to higher status jobs -There are different levels of educational attainment, and some individuals have more access than others to better education. -Varying levels of economic resources (i.e. welfare, loans, parental help) -Varying levels of power to influence community institutions
65. What is Anorexia Nervosa? What are two of its causes, according to the text?
1) To be diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation) , some criteria has to be met. You must be less than 85% of normal body weight, have a distorted body image (identify as being obese even if you are extremely thin, and being extremely unhappy with body image), have an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss, and/or amenorrhea. 2) This disease is 10x more prevalent in women than in men and this disease can cause many illnesses and in some cases be fatal
70. How does EQUIP integrate the mutual help with the cognitive behavioral approach to treating antisocial behavior? What does each approach contribute to the other?
1) Tools from both approaches are combined It emphasizes cognitive restructuring and aims to induce social perspective taking 2) Having just one tool without the other doesn't give the kids the means to correct their antisocial behavior (without out one tool , a kid could have the motivation and not the tools to correct the behavior. without the other tool a child could have learned how to properly correct his/her thought process, but would lack the motivation to correct the behavior)
44. *How might SES-related differences in parenting style reflect SES-related differences in mode of occupation? In stress level?
1)White collar workers have a better chance to work as a team and use group problem solving to reach a common goal. The opposite is true for Blue collar workers. In that job setting a worker would not utilize team members in their job setting and there is more of a hierarchy in the workplace. 2) Psychologists have suggested that one factor in parenting difference might be affected by the mode of occupation (i.e. blue collar/ white collar). White collar workers might have a parenting style more associated with the authoritative style. A blue collar worker might have a parenting style more associated with the authoritarian style.
69. What is the aim of the mutual help (in particular, Positive Peer Culture) approach to treating antisocial behavior? How does it attempt to provide social perspective-taking opportunities? Why isn't this approach sufficient?
Aim was to try to transform a negative peer culture into a positive one. One technique is confronting, but you have to teach them to confront in a positive way.
61. How is "clinical" depression defined?
An individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks or longer and daily functioning becomes impaired.
14. What basic foundational factor plays a role in healthy adolescent autonomy?
Attachment: As adolescents become autonomous, it is psychologically healthy for them for be attached to their parents. Secure attachment is a pattern in which infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment-This has been linked to secure autonomy in adolescence and early adulthood. Associated with exclusive relationships, comfortability with intimacy in relationships, more achievement in financial independence, positive peer relations, and positive development in emotional regulation capacity
63. *In what sense might addiction be involved in obesity? Obesity is a risk factor for what kinds of health problems? For obesity in adulthood? Obesity reduction entails what three components?
Being overweight is linked with high blood pressure, hip problems, pulmonary problems, and type 2 diabetes. Also, more likely to have low self-esteem, be depressed, and have negative relationships with peers. -Three components: Caloric restriction, exercise, and behavioral therapy (such as keeping a weight loss diary or receiving rewards for meeting goals)
58. How is "clinical" delinquency or conduct disorder defined?
Conduct disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6 month period. Individual must have 3 of the follow behaviors before the age of 15 to warrant a diagnosis... -Behaviors→ truancy, running away, fire setting, breaking and entering, cruelty to animals, excessive fighting, etc.
13. What aspect of adolescent autonomy is especially important for adolescent development?
Emotional autonomy: capacity to relinquish childlike demands on parents in developing this emotional autonomy, adolescents increasingly deidealize their parents and perceive them as people rather than simply parenting figures. They become less dependent on them for immediate social support.
64. What are eating disorders? Are there gender difference in prevalence rates? What is the overall rate of recovery, according to the text?
Higher rates of eating disorders in women than men. Recovery rate is ~70% for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
21. What longitudinal finding suggests that peers may actually approve of maladaptive or antisocial behavior?
In a social context, preadolescent boys will have a rise in status if they participate in minor delinquent acts (Wentzel, 2004)
56. Describe community-wide efforts to prevent or intervene against adolescent drug abuse. What elements or groups in the community are typically involved?
In general, community wide programs that include policy change, and media campaigns are more effective when they are coordinated with family, peer, and school components. In one successful substance abuse program, a community wide health promotion campaign was implemented that used local media and community education in concert with a substance abuse curriculum in the schools.
38. What is an example of "cognitive" strategy? How can a cognitive strategy help one to overcome procrastination or self-handicapping?
Mastery Orientation→ an outlook in which individuals focus on the task at hand rather than their ability; they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement instead of the outcome.
28. Describe benefits of participating in youth organizations.
More likely to participate in community activities in adulthood, higher self-esteem, positive relationships, trust and commitment to youth. Increase achievement decrease delinquency.
26. Describe research suggesting that having an older friend in adolescence is a risk factor for problem behavior.
One study revealed that over time from 6-10th grade, girls were more likely to have older male friends, which placed them at risk to engage in more problem behavior than they normally would have (Poulin and Pedersen)
73. Illustrate social perspective-taking for the severe offender
Re-enactment of the crime, taking both the role of yourself as the offender and then as the victim
24. What were Sullivan's ideas on the nature and importance of adolescent friendship?
Sullivan said that the following two features or characteristics are important in friendship... intimacy and similarity. 1) Intimacy in friendship involves disclosure or sharing of private thoughts. 2) Similarity in regards to age, sex, ethnicity, etc. -Friends usually have similar educational aspirations, attitudes about school, and closely aligned achievement orientations.
71. What opportunities are provided in the EQUIP approach/equipment meetings?
TO TAKE THE PERSPECTIVES OF OTHERS
1.What is reciprocal socialization?
a) Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize them. b) Used to be seen as one way process, and children were seen as parent's socialization techniques. Not the case anymore. c) Parents harsh, hostile, and parenting and the adolescent's defiant opposition may mutually influence each other. d) May have genetic linkages as well as experimental connections.
6. Describe Baumrind's four parenting styles and associated outcomes. Do parents use a single style?
a. AUTHORITARIAN: restrictive, parent exhorts adolescent to follow directions and respect work and effort. Results: incompetent social behavior, kids are anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, poor communication skills. b. AUTHORITATIVE: encourages adolescents to be independent but still places limits and controls on actions. Verbal give and take, parents are warm and nurturing to adolescent. Results: social competent behavior, self-reliant, responsible c. NEGLECTFUL: uninvolved parenting. Result: socially incompetent behavior, lack of self -Control, strong need for parents to care. Don't handle independence well, lots of negative outcomes d. INDULGENT: high involvement, place few demands or controls on them. Parents allow their adolescents to do whatever. Indulgent parenting is associated with adolescents social incompetence, especially lack of self-control Single style? no, it varies to what style is used and different combos
30. What are some short-term and long-term effects of bullying? How does bullying not bode well for the bullies themselves?
a. Children who are bullied report more loneliness and trouble making friends. More likely to experience depression, attempt suicide, more likely to develop personality disorder. -Those who are the bullies, are more likely to have lower grades, drink alcohol, smoke, be morally disengaged. -Those who engaged in bullying during middle school, were more likely to display and engage in antisocial and criminal behavior later in adolescence in adulthood. -Bullies who engage in cyberbullying have been found to experience more loneliness, lower self-esteem, fewer mutual friendships, and to have lower peer popularity. b. Children who are bullied are deficient in perspective taking and moral motivation. Bullies tend to be well versed socially, but use their social skills for manipulation.
33. What is ADHD? Is there a gender difference in prevalence rates?
a. Disability in which kids consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity. For a diagnosis, the onset of these characteristics must be in early childhood, and the characteristics must be debilitating for the child. b. The disorder occurs as much as 4-9x more often in boys than girls
15. What are three categories of insecure attachment (as found in adolescent or adult recollection)?
a. Dismissing/ avoidant: insecure category, people deemphasize attachment. Experiences of rejection of attachment needs by caregivers. Outcome: parents and kids mutually distance themselves from each other, b. Preoccupied/ambivalent: kids are hyper attuned to attachment experiences. Parents are inconsistently available to kid. Results in high degree of attachment seeking behavior, anger. Conflict can be too high for healthy development c. Unresolved/ disorganized: high level of fear and might be disoriented. Can result from traumatic experience such as parents death or abuse by parents
7. What are 3 reasons why the authoritative parenting style generally works best?
a. Est. appropriate balance between control and autonomy, gives adolescents pop to develop independence while providing standards, limits etc. b. More likely to engage adolescent in give and take, kids can express views. Help kids understand social relationships and requirements for being socially competent person c. Warmth and involvement from authoritative make kids receptive
32. What are learning disabilities? What proportion of children with disabilities have them? Is there a gender difference in prevalence rates?
a. Learning disabilities are disabilities in which children experience Difficulty learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language; difficulties appear with listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling, and/or mathematics. b. About 4.9% of all children in public schools have a learning disability. Approximately 80% of students with a learning disability have a reading problem (i.e. dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia). c. About 3x as many boys as girls are classifies as having a learning disorder; could be due to a "referral bias", where more boys are likely to be referred to treatment based on their behavior
4. How can parents effectively manage and monitor their adolescents?
a. Monitors of adolescents social relationship and as a social initiative and arrangers. Assume role as manager who find info, make contacts, help choices, guidance. This helps to avoid pitfalls and work their way through choices. Regulate opportunities monitoring includes supervising an adolescent's choice of social settings, activities, and friends b. Help their children develop a sense of independence. Slowly introduce them into handling their own lives.
34. What are possible causes of ADHD? How do ADHD medications work? What is the best type of therapy?
a. No definitive causes have been found, but some possible causes include... -a genetic link -brain damage during pre or postnatal development -cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development -high levels of maternal stress during prenatal development -low birth weight -delayed or decreased myelination -increased academic demand & stricter behavior standards often intensify the problem -Peak thickness of CC occurs later in ADHD kids than without. Delay is prominent in PF regions of brain -hypofrontality of dopamine in frontal lobe b. Stimulant medications are effective in improving the attention level c. The best treatment has been found to be a combination of medication and behavior management- opposed to one treatment or the other, or neither. "Mindfulness" training is being used to improve adolescents executive functioning.
11. What is co-parenting, and how is it beneficial?
a. Parents joint involvement predicted fewer risky behaviors, -The theme of coparenting is parental solidarity, cooperation, and warmth. -When parents show cooperation, mutual respect, balanced communication, and attunement to each others needs, adolescents develop positive attitudes towards both males and females. -Also linked to more prosocial behavior, competence in peer relationships, and less engagement in risky behavior
16. What does the "new model" of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?
a. Parents serve as important attachment figures, resources, support systems as adolescence explore wider more complex social world. -New model emphasizes conflict is moderate rather than severe, disputes are normal. Serves positive development of independence and identity formation.
3. What are some typical adolescent changes (including changes in the adolescent social world? What are some typical parental changes?
a. Puberty, expanded logical reasoning, increasing idealistic thinking, violated expectations, changes in school, peers friendships etc. independence. Think more logical and idealistic b. Parental: marital satisfaction, economic burdens, career reevaluation, health, body integrity etc.
20. What are the characteristics of popular peers? What proportion of rejected boys are aggressive? Why might highly aggressive boys be rejected?
a. Sociometrist status: extent to which kids are liked or disliked by peers b. Popular peers: social skills, give out reinforcements, listen carefully, and maintain communication, happy, control negative emotions, show enthusiasm, self-confident without being conceited. Frequently nominated as best friend, and are rarely disliked by peers. 50% c. Aggressive boys may be rejected because 1) more impulsive and can't maintain attention. Become disruptive of activities 2) emotionally reactive, difficult to calm down, fewer social skills. 50% of boys who are rejected are aggressive.
42. Describe a benefit of examining one's own culture from a cross-cultural perspective. What two examples pertaining to examining Western culture are noted in the text?
a. Such comparisons provide information about the degree to which development in adolescents and emerging adults is similar, or universal across cultures, or to the degree to which it is cultural specific. b. Two examples of cultural self-critique include... 1)Too much personal choice, unstructured time, and individualism→ -According to research, US adolescents have more unstructured time than is suitable for optimal development 2)No clear rite of passage→ -Many societies have elaborate ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual's transition from one status to another (such as entry into adulthood). However, the closest thing that industrialized countries have to a rite of passage would be high school graduation, and sexual intercourse.
2. What is the systems perspective on the family? Illustrate an indirect effect.
a. The family can be thought of as a constellation of subsystems (generation, gender, role, division of labor. Each family member participates in several subsystems - some dynamic. Behavior can have indirect and direct effects. -Direct: influence of the parents behavior on the adolescent. -Indirect: how the relationship between spouses mediates the way a parent acts toward adolescent. -Positive family for adolescents involves not only effective parenting but also positive relationship between parents, whether married or divorced.
35. What is intrinsic or mastery motivation? Is it necessarily incompatible with extrinsic motivation?
a. intrinsic motivation: internal motivating factors such as self- determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort. extrinsic motivation: external motivating factors such as rewards and punishments. b. In many aspects of life, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are at work together. They are both important, however many psychologists caution using extrinsic motivation by itself
29. How common is bullying? Across types of bullying behavior, what is most common? Are some types more typically inflicted on boys? Girls?
a.) A significant number of adolescents are victimized by bullies...in grades 6-th nearly 1 in every 3 students said that they had experienced occasional or frequent involvement as victim or perpetrator in bullying. b.) The most common types of bullying include those that involve belittlement about looks or speech, and second most common was bullying about sexuality or gestures with a sexual nature. c.) Boys are more likely than girls to be the bully. Boys are more likely to be bullied about religion/race, and to be physically abused or bullied. Girls are more likely to be belittled about looks or speech, to be the subject of spread rumors, and to be the subject of sexual comments or gestures.
5. Is parent-adolescent conflict necessarily bad? Explain in terms of "new model" (268)
a.Parents serve as important attachment figure resources and support systems as adolescents. The old model suggested that parent adolescent conflict is intense and stressful through adolescence. The new model emphasizes parents are important attachment. NM: conflict is moderate rather than severe and that everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal,
37. *What two considerations comprise Covey's model of time management? *What did Laumeister's experiment show regarding the relation between procrastination and health?
→ Covey's model considers urgency and importance → Compared procrastinators and non-procrastinators. Procrastinators grades were lower. Next they looked at health. At first it looks like procrastinators have better health, but during finals periods the procrastinators were pulling all-nighters and had way worse health issues. So over all the procrastinators had worse grades and worse health issues.
