Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood: Ch. 9, 10, 11,
other facts about work and psychological function in adolescents
*beyond 10 hrs, amount of sleep steadily declines as work hours increase * work >10 hours disruptive to eating and exercise habits *working a job that teaches new skills results in psychological well being and esteem
describe secondary education in developed countries
*comprehensive high school as the norm in US, Japan, and Canada *most other developed countries have diff types 1) college-prep school - 50% (similar to HS in America) 2) vocational school -25% (learn skills for a specific occupation) 3) professional school -25% (teachers/arts/other, and can still choose to go to college after) *apprenticeship systems also available **overall, Europe usually earlier career decision making
No Child Left Behind
*in 2001, act gave billions for national testing, teacher training standards, and teaching evaluation
how do parents influence their child's academic achievement?
- expectations for achievement (good to have high expectations, usually more involved) -being involved! - authoritative parenting best
describe the changes in schooling material in the US beginning in the 19th century.....
-19th century: schooling for few and wealthy content focused on broad liberal arts ed -1920's: more and broader numbers of adolescents attended school, so education changed to cover more practical and work training goals, broader knowledge (general ed, vocational training, and college prep) -beyond until now: curriculum diversified to include health and PE and family life and leisure *in 1950's public alarmed that school was not RELEVANT enough for students and thats why it was ineffective *in 1980's public alarmed that achievement scored had declined (too much relevance, not enough serious) want to revert "back to basics" -tougher hw, discipline, and higher standards
what are the ethnic differences in achievement in America?
-Asian american highest achievement -whites next -african american follow -latino american last *exist in elementary school and get worse as they get older -why? -likeliness of poverty -cultural/parental expectations -view of effort/ability -Asian: effort matters (less likely to accept bad grades) -White: ability matters -asian more likely to have friends that value academic success , for others more likely to have negative friend influences -asian and white more likely to believe failing has more serious life consequences -AA and latino american more likely to believe there are other routes to achieve in life so less motivated to succeed in school *kids of immigrants become americanized as years go by
what benefits emerge when adolescents work?
-contribute to family income -gain status and respect in family
describe secondary education in still developing countries...
-difficult to obtain, and few graduate -typically low quality schools *Muslim countries (North Africa).... -high illiteracy, but adolescents more likely than past generations to be literate -strong Islam influence in schools -segregated by sex, more boys in school *sub saharan africa -lowest rates of any region in world, but varies widely w/in countries (poverty and war) -based on European education so not very applicable to culture of ppl (rote learning which doesn't complement their strengths or values) *India.... -devised by British, so also tough and doesn't match their language and culture -shard differences in gender and class -good higher ed schools, growing influence in computer and IT knowledge *china and Japan... -university admission restricted to top students -intense pressure -china less than 3/4 attend HS *latin america... -no gender gap -social class diff's -overcrowded and underfunded -high dropout rate OVERALL>>> *gender gap decreasing *rising enrollment rates *poorly funded and under staffed
explain american cultural beliefs regarding school
-education important, but having a well rounded child more important (want them to have time for fun and other outside activities)
what are the gender differences in education in America?
-girls get better grades than boys through high school and have higher educational aspirations -women more likely to attend and graduate college -boys more likely to have learning disabilities, be held back a grade, or drop out
what does an optimum school climate lead to?
-higher attendance -higher achievement scores -lower rates of delinquency *successful teaching and school similar to successful parenting and home environment
how are FRIENDS important to academic success?
-peer influence may be greater than parents in academics influence.. -how consistently they attend class -amount of time spent on hw -how hard they try -grade achievement
what leads adolescents to dropout of school?
-repeating a grade -bad school climate -pregnancy -parents low education and income -from a single-parent family -large school -aggressive personality -learning disabilities *an accumulation of years of problems
what are qualities of an optimum school climate?
-supportive teachers who are involved w/ students and dedicated -firm-but-fair discipline -high expectations of student performance and conduct
explain the differences in education among these systems
-tough 1st year in junior/middle school (633 and 534) -8-4 plan better for self-esteem,attendance, and engagement (no effect on GPA) *studies: decline interpretations of teacher support, autonomy, and clarity of school rules/regulations -->decline psychological well being and more behavior probs
facts about ADHD rates....
-usually diagnosed in childhood -50% have sibling or parent w/ disorder -90% diagnosed receive medication -girls w/ ADHD more likely to have emotional problems -
how are PEERS important to academic success?
-when peers have lower avg levels of school achievement, individual has higher self-concept and expectations -when peers have high levels of school achievement individual has lower self-concept and expectations *called "big fish in a little pond effect" *also, not cool to show peers how hard you try in school
3 factors for success of alternative school programs
1) attention from caring adult staff members (counselors and social workers) 2)low student-teacher ratios 3)starting program in middle school (by HS most fall too far behind to succeed)
what are the 4 subcultures of college life?
1) collegiate (spirited, athletes, clubs) 2) vocational (focus get through school to work) 3) academic (focus on excelling in school + major) 4) rebel (has an alternative life to college, skeptical of professors teachings, selectively studious) *most students are blends
what are the 4 characteristics that distinguish children and adolescents as gifted?
1) precocity (gifts evident at an early age) 2) independence (need less instruction and support) 3) drive for mastery (intense drive, capable of long focus) 4) excellence in information processing (process info faster, learn more quickly, make fewer reasoning errors, and use more effective learning strategies)
5 kinds of work in adolescence
1) restaurant 2) retail 3) clerical (secretary work) 4) manual labor 5) skilled labor *tend to be repetitive and monotonous *not in close relationship with adult bosses like in traditional adolescent work
what levels do tracking systems usually include?
1) upper (AP, college prep) 2) general (regular/avg students) 3) remedial/special Ed *some have a vocational track -take some classes w/ all students (music and PE), but take majority of classes with those in the same track
reasons adolescents fail to use contraceptives
1. Lack of knowledge and information 2. Lack of access 3. Stigma, shame, and other negative social factors
Characteristics of Effective Sex Ed. Programs
1. Narrow focus on reducing 1 or more sexual behaviors. 2. Theoretical approaches are the basis of the program. 3. Clear messages are given about sexual activity and contraceptive use. 4. Basic, accurate information is provided about the risks and methods. 5. Activities on how to deal with social pressures are included. 6. Negotiation and refusal skills are modeled and practiced. 7. A variety of teaching methods is used. 8. Behavioral goals specific to age, culture, and sexual experience are incorporated. 9. A sufficient amount of time is allotted for the program to run. 10. Train those who believe in the program like teachers, youth workers, and peer leaders.
Outcomes associated with being a teen parent
1. Twice as likely to drop out of high school, leading to fewer job opportunities later 2. Less likely to get married, or IF they get married more likely to divorce 3. More likely to live in poverty (for reasons above) These outcomes are true for both the mother and father who hand their circumstances on to the baby, thus continuing the cycle. Note: Dropping out of high school is also a risk factor for becoming a teen parent.
Reasons adolescents choose to date
1. recreation - fun and enjoyment 2. learning - becoming more skilled at dating interactions 3. status - impressing others 4. companionship - sharing pleasurable activities 5. intimacy - establishing close emotional relationship 6. courtship - seeking someone as a steady partner
Dating developmental sequences
1. same-gender groups go to common teen hang outs where they hope to find other gender groups 2. both groups take part in social gatherings where interactions between groups can occur 3. co-ed groups spend time together at an unstructured outing 4. teen couples form from co-ed groups
what % of students usually have disabilities?
10% total, with half 5% being learning disabilities
what % of school funding does national govt supply?
5%
how long does it take the avg person to graduate college today? why?
5-6 years -tuition rates over 4X higher -financial aid shift from grant to loan --> more ppl work now -switch majors/study abroad/internships
what is the best school size for adolescents according to scholars?
500- 1,000 students
describe the diff school plan systems
6-3-3: elementary, junior, high 5-3-4: elementary, middle, high 8-4: elementary, high
what % of HS grads attend college in the US?
70% *more likely female *more likely asian (90%) -60% blacks and latinos
what % adolescents did not graduate HS in 2010 (by age 24)?
8%
what amount of work hours/week has been found to be damaging to their psychological heath?
> 10, problems emerge > 20, problems considerably worse
secure and insecure attachment styles (add more)
Attachment styles between dating adolescents resemble parent-child attachments 1. Secure: characterized by emotional support and concern for the partner's well-being 2. Anxious-ambivalent: characterized by over-dependence on the romantic partner along with insensitivity to the partner's needs 3. Anxious-avoidant: involves keeping emotional distance from the romantic partner and inhibiting self-disclosure
Reconciling Erikson's & Sullivan's Views on Development
Erikson's view is that an adolescent's developmental need was for identity formation while Sullivan's view was that the need was for intimacy, thus predicting different developmental sequences. Empirical work is inconclusive, however, with no clear sequence but instead find an interconnection between identity formation and intimacy.
students place more emphasis on what as they go through college?
academic learning vs job readiness
what is the problem with comprehensive high school?
adolescents by mid teens have very different abilities and interests... but all take pretty much the same classes _difficult for teacher -frustrating for adolescents
what does the research on work and substance use show?
adolescents who work are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs (especially if work more than 10hrs a week) *debated whether or not this means working leads to greater substance use, or whether adolescents who work already have a tendency toward substance use
what is debt bondage
arrangement in which a person who is in debt pledges his labor or the labor of his children as payment *modern form of slavery, very hard to get out of
dropout rates are lowest among...
asian (3%) white (5%) *highest among latinos at 19%
why is there so much variability in american schools?
because not nationally controlled -up to state and city legislation *school quality varies depending on financial resources of school district
what is the source of engagement problem?
beyond the classroom -in family environments, peer relations, work and leisure patterns, and cultural beliefs
are boys or girls more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD?
boys 4X as likely
what kind of jobs do adolescents today have in america?
boys- -most common first job yard work girls- -babysitting first job usually *older adolescents have more time consuming jobs like work in restaurants or retail
what is occupational deviance?
deviant acts committed in relation to the workplace (ex: stealing supplies) -60% admitted to it happens often cuz they have no personal investment in their low pay and boring jobs, can easily get another one
what is ADHD
disorder involving difficulty with maintaining attn on a task along with a high activity level that makes self control problematic
what happened following world war II?
economy changed and more adolescents began to work part time while also in school (retail trade and service became very profitable) *by 1990's, 80% of adolescents had worked a job by the time they graduate high school (remains same today)
what is comprehensive high school
encompass a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training -still main form today!
permissive cultures
encourage and expect adolescent sexual activity; begin to encourage healthy, age-appropriate sexual play in childhood that adolescent simply builds upon
explain academic differences in relation to engagement in structured vs unstructured socializing
engagement in structured-- better in school (ex: music, sports) engagement in unstructured-- worse in school (partying, socializing)
as industrialization proceeded in 17/18th century, what became more common for adolescents in work?
factory work! farming went from majority to minority -adolescents work less with family, and more independent in cities -long hours, dangerous and unhealthy conditions -high accident rate for adolescents (2X as adults)
in the West, what did adolescents commonly do for work before the 17th and 18th centuries
farming and care of animals
why do girls do better in US school?
girls enjoy the school environment more! -better peer and teacher relations -girls feel more supported by parents -boys do less hw -watch more TV -read fewer books
what are all cultures no matter the size being influenced by today?
globalization! --> economic integration (expanding trade and more large scale farming and manufacturing) -many benefits, like access to education, electricity, and other things that make daily life tasks easier
biggest problem with high school dropouts today
have a significantly reduced chance to get a good job or earn good pay
semi-restrictive cultures
have prohibitions but are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
describe adolescent work in traditional cultures...
hunting, fishing- (men) gathering- (women) *few hunting/gathering societies exist today farming- (men) care of animals- (women) *still very popular today, however declining child care and household work (women) -young girls 6 or 7 may become partly responsible for care of younger siblings
has student satisfaction increased or decreased?
increased over years!
intervention most effective if...
introduced earlier
explain trend in amount of time adolescents spend at school
it has increased
explain rate of adolescent employment in the US compared to other developed countries
it is the highest! -willing, and able to do so because school less demanding
issue with gifted adolescents at school
may become bored or alienated from school and social life *only top 5% should be considered gifted at schools (troublesome when more than that are in higher levels because hurts self esteem of the rest)
how is secondary education diff in US than that in other, less developed countries?
more demanding in other countries (cuz more important to get jobs)
when did secondary education begin to be compulsory in the US?
more states began to require it around 1900's and there on after, until rate was 90% attendance in the 70's!
describe adolescents and education in still developing countries
most don't attend, usually working (only for upper and middle class)
what factors may explain the difficulty of early transitions to middle/junior high?
most junior/middle schools have less teacher-student contact, greater emphasis on teacher control (bad b/c challenges adolescents new need for autonomy which may hurt their self esteem and motivation)
describe american students engagement
most students not engaged at school *many "physically present but psychologically absent" -focus on getting by while doing least amount of work, not actual learning
what is the best class size?
not agreed upon 20-40 students- doesn't make much difference *small class better for students w/ disabilities
when does part time work become damaging to school success? (hours)
over 10 hrs a week
concern developed about the exploitation of adolescents soo...
passed in 1938.... Fair Labor Standards Act- federal regulation of child labor -restricted the times and places where they could work -required them to attend school ---> slow change by 1940, 70% school, 30% employed
what is satisfaction usually based on in college?
personal growth
restrictive cultures
place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage; threat of physical punishment for premarital sex
pros and cons of tracking
pro: -best way to keep so many students of diff levels engaged -better for those who don't plan to attend college (can take vocational classes or what actually interests them) con: -dooms students in lower tracks, cant get out -best students get best teachers (bad fall more and more behind) -peers can label each other mean things -blacks and latinos more likely to be placed in lower track
pros and cons of large schools
pros: -offer more classes and extracurriculars cons: -less attachment to teachers and school *no relationship to school size and academic achievement has been found
pro's and cons of small schools
pros: -students more likely to participate in extracurriculars -more likely to be in leadership roles cons: -less diversity
what is most common subject of disability?
reading
Brown's Developmental Model of Adolescent Love
recognizes the important role played by peers and friends in adolescence developing romantic relationships and states there are 4 phases: initiation, status, affection, and bonding.
what % of adolescents attend secondary school in developed vs still developing countries? what about college?
secondary--> ~100% vs 50% college--> 50% vs 10%
what is the International Labor Organization (ILO)
seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace *estimated 95% of kids and adolescents that work are from developing countries (worst in Asia- india, thiland, philipines, vietnam)
are most students satisfied at small or large colleges?
small
what is the avg amount of time adolescents in HS work/week?
sophomores about 15 hrs seniors around 20 hours
what are the more common disabilities related to school difficulties?
speech handicaps, mental retardation, emotional disorders, learning disabilities*most common
Sternberg's Theory of Love
states that there are three fundamental qualities of love, passion, intimacy, and commitment, which can be combined in various ways ultimately making 7 types of loving relationships: liking (i), empty love (c), infatuation (p), companionate love (i+c), fatuous love (c+p), romantic love (p+i), and consummate love (i+c+p).
what is found to be related to the expression ADHD symptoms?
symptoms of trauma
what is retention?
the degree of success in maintaining students in college until they graduate
what is school climate?
the quality of interactions b/w teachers and students (including interactions, expectations, and classroom methods)
how is a learning disability defined?
when an individual has a normal intelligence level but has difficulty in 1 or more academic areas (that cant be attributed to another disorder) -today diagnosed as gap between intelligence and academic scores *boys 2X as likely