ADOLESCENCE FINAL

Connie believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for Connie?

A) Connie is likely to be performance-oriented.

Raul, a foreign-born Hispanic youth, has decided to drop out of high school. According to the studies, what is likely to be the reason for his desire to drop out?

A) He is not proficient in English.

The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called:

A) crystallization

Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:

A) extrinsic motivation.

Which work values decline most dramatically with age?

A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards

The internal desire to perform well is called:

A) intrinsic motivation

The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been:

A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options

Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:

A) learned helplessness

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice?

A) parents

Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:

A) performance goals

To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform.

A) stereotype threat effect

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision-making?

A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families

Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement?

B) Asian Americans

High school dropout rates are highest among _____ adolescents.

B) Hispanic

The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time.

B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop:

B) a fear of failure.

The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition

B) a socially

Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as:

B) ability and effort.

Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is:

B) an underachiever

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement?

B) authoritative

Based on the definition used by the U.S. department of Education (the proportion of individuals aged 16 to 24 who are not enrolled in school and who have not earned a high school diploma or GED), the dropout rate has _____ steadily over the past half-century, to about _____.

B) declined; 9%

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?

B) educational attainment

High school dropout rates would be expected to be highest:

B) in large schools that group students according to ability

Margie sees herself as competent. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated.

B) intrinsically; extrinsically

Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of:

B) self-efficacy

Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of:

B) social capital

What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence:

B) social transitions

Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the:

B) specification stage.

Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans?

C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices

Who is most likely to attain occupational success?

C) Karen, who has a Master's degree

Which of the following statements regarding work values is not true for adolescents?

C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them

High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except:

C) begin working earlier

Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of:

C) cultural capital

Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.

C) decrease

Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings?

C) educational attainment

Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong:

C) fear of failure

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?

C) intrinsic

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:

C) social promotion.

According to Mischel's classic study conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would you predict about Evelyn, who, in elementary and high school always scored at the top of her class, and now, as an adult, is a successful executive?

D) When Evelyn was a preschooler, it is likely that, when given the choice between eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two of them, she was able to wait.

The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except:

D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a limitation to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence?

D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school?

D) gender

According to the textbook, all of the following are reasons that adolescents' ambitions are consonant with the socioeconomic status of those around them, except:

D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups

Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:

D) motivation

Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except:

D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.

Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. According to Super, he is in which stage of occupational development?

D) specification

All of the following have been cited as possible explanations for low achievement scores among American students, except:

D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except

cooperation.

The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as

need for achievement

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to BLANK in evaluative situations

performance