adolescent final

What coping system is rational, knowledge based, and goal oriented?

"cool" or "know"

teens who face many risk factors in the context of their immediate families may find significant emotional support A. from teachers, coaches, clergy or other adults B. from extended family members C. from concerned neighbors or parents of other teens D. all of the above

D

the age of sexual debut or initiation refers to A. the age of puberty B. rites of passage for sexually mature youth C. the age of first genital contact D. the age of first vaginal intercourse

D

the emotional closeness of girls' friendships is not without risks. sharing problems can become __________ which is associated with __________ A. boring; termination of the friendship B. tiresome; risk-taking C. depressing; anorexia D. co-rumination; depression

D

By what age is conduct disorder diagnosed?

6

Life-cycle service in the US faded during the 19th centuries because A. with increasing industrialization, agriculture became less important to the economy B. individualism increased more than collectivism C. families had fewer children as birth control became more available D. immigration made the country less ethnically homogeneous

A

Monica and Alicia spend hours together every week complaining about parents, school and boys. this A. increases their risk for depression B. decreases their risk for anxiety disorders C. decreases their risk for depression D. increases their risk for dropping out of high school

A

Piet never decided which colleges to apply to, so he ended up at his local county college. He had completed two years when a buddy invited him on a cross-country bike trip. now in California, he is working as a barista, sharing an apartment with five other young men and wondering if he will ever see New Jersey again. Piet's identity status could be described as A. identity diffusion B. identity achievement C. identity foreclosure D. identity moratorium

A

Rhys, a typical American adolescent, is listening to his new favorite musical artist. What genre of music is this artist likely to perform? A. rap B. heavy metal C. a capella D. country and Western

A

Saroj loves listening to her favorite band. Recently, Saroj read an interview of the lead singer and decided, "I like her attitude. She always makes up her own mind. I hope I'm like her when I'm that age." Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? A. identity formation B. coping C. sensation seeking D. entertainment

A

The founder of "Adolescent Psychology" as a separate discipline was A. Hall B. Darwin C. Rousseau D. James

A

The relationship between adolescent levels of use of violent media and adult levels of violence A. is strongest for males with a history of aggressive behavior prior to adolescence B. is equivalent for males and females C. is stronger for Americans than Europeans D. is stronger for Asian Americans than other cultural groups

A

The scholar and theorist most closely associated with the study of identity and adolescence is A. Erikson B. Ceci C. Maslow D. Bowlby

A

When divorcing parents put their children's needs above their own A. quality of parenting declines, but long-term negative effects on the children are usually not severe B. remarriage of the mother resolves any remaining long-term effects C. remarriage of the father worsens the emotion effects on the children D. log-term negative effects are worse for daughters than sons

A

Who is at greatest risk for drug addiction? A. 19 year old Aaron, prescribed oxycodone for an injury, who drinks heavily and has a family history of alcoholism B. 25 year old Bart, who smokes marijuana four days a week C. 30 year old Dave, who has two or three drinks once or twice a week D. all are at equal risk

A

Young children's occupational aspirations are usually based on A. fantasy B. cartoons C. positive role models on television or other media D. metacognitive understanding of personal traits

A

a major reason that friend influence increases dramatically in early adolescence is that A. individuals typically begin to spend much more time with friend than family B. parents' knowledge is outdated C. parents' values are seen as irrelevant to the social world of teens D. family relationships are typically dysfunctional

A

according to harry stack sullivan, the need for intimacy at early life stages is met by A. "chums" or same sex friends in pre adolescence B. parents C. pre school friends D. cliques

A

both popular teens and well liked teens are among the most physically attractive of their peers, but popular teens are seen as athletic while well liked teens are __________ A. seen as prosocial or kind B. less mature in terms of sexual experience C. low in athleticism D. less sophisticated in social cognition

A

college graduation rates are lower at non-selective two and four year colleges. A primary reason is that A. 50% of students in these schools require some remedial course work in basic academic skills B. students are less motivated to get a degree C. students at these schools are more likely to already have employable skills D. none of the above

A

early adolescents may center romantic and sexual fantasies on young singers or actors. this is an example of A. infatuation B companionate love C. consummate love D. mental illness

A

harry stack sullivan suggested that a friendship with a best "chum" A. provided developmental opportunities for perspective taking, trust and closeness essential for later intimate relationships B. typically developed by mid-adolescence C. prevented schizophrenia D. typically developed in preschool

A

in 2010, jose was into steam punk and thought he would like to become an engineer or an opera singer. in 2011, he became fascinated by an octopus and wanted to study invertebrate biology or marine biology or maybe neuroscience. in 2012, he became fascinated by an older girl who knew a lot about cuttlefish and had actually done experiments with sea slugs' neurons. he had her name tattooed on his arm in script that looked like an octopus arms, but she wasn't impressed. his identity status could be described as A. identity moratorium B. identity foreclosure C. identity achievement D. identity diffusion

A

in many Western cultures, adolescence is widely viewed as an appropriate time for A. an identity moratorium, even if that term is not used B. formal educational preparation for a precisely specified adult role C.storm and stress D. development of artistic, creative, expressive roles

A

one of the most dramatic changes in education over the past century is A. the proportion of adolescents who are enrolled in secondary school B. the increase in engagement and satisfaction of secondary school students C. the proportion of adolescents in the US who drop out of secondary education D. the decline in academic competence of average students

A

popular teens and well liked teens are seen as smart and outgoing, but popular teens are __________ while well liked teens are __________ A. high in both physical and relational aggression; low in both physical and relational aggression B. high in physical aggression; high in instrumental aggression C. high in altruism; low in athleticism D. low in both physical and relational aggression; high in both physical and relational aggression

A

psychological control refers to A. parental use of guilt, withdrawal of affection, and shaming to control children's' and adolescents' behavior B. parents' attempts to control the values, ideals, and thoughts of their children C. self control or will power D. all of the above

A

the "distancing" hypothesis is that teens turn toward peers and away from parents A. to reduce the probability of incest B. to establish emotional autonomy C. to establish behavioral autonomy D. all of the above

A

the authoritative parenting style is associated with A. high levels of warmth and responsiveness and high levels of standards and expectations B. low levels of warmth and responsiveness and high levels of standards and expectations C. high levels of warmth and responsiveness and low levels of standards and expectations D. low levels of warmth and responsiveness and low levels of standards and expectations

A

transitions from elementary school to middle school to high school A. may produce a mismatch between students' developmental needs for autonomy and characteristics of schools and classes B. cause an increase in student satisfaction with school C. cause most students grades to go up D. is no more difficult than transition from a K-8 system to a four year high school

A

what percentage of entering college students require remedial course work in basic academic skills? A. 50% B. 15% C. 5% D. 25%

A

widespread assumptions about differences between non-victims of bullying and chronic victims of bullying A. have mixed research support B. are all false C. have not been assessed with research D. have been verified by considerable research

A

young adolescents in _____ and _____ consistently outscore american students in basic subjects A. japan and south korea B. the uk and italy C. canada and italy D. indonesia and turkey

A

Disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining attention on a task along with a high activity level that makes self-control problematic

ADHD

the national service program in the United States in which young people serve in a community organization for up to 2 years for minimal pay

AmeriCorps

Anthropological views of adolescence focus on A. intra-psychic dynamics B. the impact of culture and variation in roles and expectations for adolescents C. the impact of brain changes on behavior D. similarities between human and ape behavior

B

Azira's friend snubs her in the lunch room, getting up from a table and leaving when Azira sits down, giving hera weird look. Azira's mood immediately goes down. This is A. a change in baseline self-esteem B. a change in barometric self-esteem C. a change in self concept D. none of the above

B

Barnett et al compared emotional expectations and recollected emotional reactions A.to initial experience voting ina presidential election B. to initial experience of sexual intercourse

B

Barnett et all studied sexually experienced and inexperienced students' emotional expectations and remembered reactions to first intercourse and found A. no gender differences B. strong gender differences among both experienced and inexperienced students C. gender differences only for experienced students D. gender differences only for inexperienced students

B

Brendan has a difficult relationship with his parents and does poorly in school. He knows he is popular with a group of peers. Which statement is most accurate? A. he is psychologically well adjusted and at low risk for problematic behavior B. he is at risk for multiple problem behaviors C. it is impossible to generalize

B

life experience seems to have played very significant roles in the theories of development advanced by A. sigmund and anna freud B. erik erikson and harry stack sullivan C. piaget and vygotsky D. g stanley hall and john dewey

B

parental monitoring and authoritative parenting are associated with A. earlier sexual debut and higher incidence of unsafe sexual activity B. later sexual debut and lower incidence of unsafe sexual activity C. adolescents choosing sexual abstinence D. none of the above

B

security of attachment in infancy is said to influence relationships later in life rather than determine relationships because A. human behavior is too complex to be reduced to deterministic accounts B. the internal working model is presumed to be malleable and can be changed by experience with significant peers and others

B

some adolescent unwed mothers make a transition into well adjusted adult roles. this is particularly likely if a young woman A. marries the baby's father B. completes her education and delays subsequent pregnancies C. receives regular child support form the baby's father D. continues to live with her mother for the long term

B

the influence of cliques and crowds is lessened considerably A. as a result of adult intervention B. by late adolescence C. by the increasing intellectual sophistication of adolescents D. by mid-adolescence

B

the most consistent correlate of abstaining from sex until after age 18 is A. educational achievement B. strong religious commitment C. insecure avoidant attachment D. secure attachment

B

the most significant global trend in schooling for adolescents is A. increased emphasis on mathematics B. increased proportions of adolescents enrolled in school C. increased schooling for career and work preparation D. none of the above

B

within most families, an adolescent's need for increased independence A. is seldom recognized by either parents or adolescents B. is recognized by parents later than it is recognized by the adolescent C. is recognized by fathers before it is recognized by mothers D. is recognized by adolescents later than it is recognized by the parents

B

Andrew's father is verbally abusive to his wife, to Andrew, and Andrew's younger siblings. Chronic verbal abuse is likely to affect A. Andrew's sense of his actual self B. Andrew's sense of his possible selves C. Both of the above

C

Ashley drinks in her dorm room because she likes to feel less anxious. Ashley's drinking can be described as A. recreational B. instrumental C. medicinal

C

Balwant's parents are living in severe poverty in India. Balwant's parents have decided that the only way they can survive is to take out a loan and guarantee the money with Balwant's labor. This is known as A. slavery B. a secured loan C. debt bondage D. an apprenticeship loan

C

From a contemporary viewpoint, a criticism of Erikson's theory is that A. he overemphasizes the role of memory B. he overemphasizes sexuality C. identity formation is heavily influenced by the cultural and economic context of an individual's life D. all of the above

C

In the 1920s __________ music was criticized for promoting promiscuity and alcohol use A. waltz B. blues C. jazz D. folk

C

Increased childhood aggression in "Notel" and appearance of eating disorders in Fiji after the introduction of television A. are consistent with the Cultivation Theory approach to media effects B. are consistent with the Uses and Gratifications approach to media effects C. are consistent with the Social Learning Theory approach to media effects

C

Individual traits such s self-efficacy, self-regulatory skills, optimism, positive personal identity, and future orientation may be termed A. social capital B. personality C. internal resources D. character

C

One of the greatest difficulties in conducting research to study the effects of media viewing and media involvement on behavior is A. gender differences are confounded with media choices B. poor memory recall about time spent with media C. pre-existing individual differences that lead to media choices D. SES differences are confounded with media choices

C

Peer pressure may not have as much impact as parents fear because A. adolescents ignore the behavior of their friends B. adolescents ignore the encouragement of their friends C. adolescents tend to associate with peers who are similar to them already

C

So far, the most effective means of reducing fatal injuries in accidents involving adolescent drivers is A. better drivers' education programs B. more effective prevention of adolescent alcohol use C. graduated drivers' license legislation with restrictions on nighttime driving and numbers of teen passengers

C

The "danger paradigm" and social learning approach in discussions of media effects on behavior assume that A. individuals with dangerous traits, such as explosive violent temper, are more likely to seek out violent media images and interactions B. individuals with risk factors for dangerous behavior are more likely to be affected by media depictions of violence C. exposure to media depictions of a behavior or state is sufficient to cause imitation of dangerous behavior D. driving while using media is dangerous

C

The impact of some changes in american families has been well studied and documented. the impact of __________ is the least understood A. divorce B. working mothers C. never married, single parent families D. none of the above

C

The term "family system" A. refers to the number of people in a family B. refers to normal transitions within families C. refers to the network of relationships between every dyad within a family and how interactions within dyads influence the family as a whole D. refers to abnormal transitions within families

C

When adolescents experience high levels of stress, their media use is most likely to be __________ as __________ A. reading biographies; identity formation B. going to the movies; entertainment C. listening to music; coping D. going to concerts; sensation seeking

C

Yuri attends a small school in his rural area. The microsystem of his developmental environment includes A. the mountains between which his village rests B. the cattle his family raises C. his parents, siblings, schoolmates and teachers D. all of the above

C

__________ America was similar to many current traditional cultures in terms of adolescent work A. 19th century B. early 20th century C. 17th century D. none of the above

C

adolescents and young adults who identify with headbanger culture can be identified by A. bruises and scars B. music alone C. distinctive appearance, behavior, and language D. tattoos alone

C

all of the factors listed are risk factors for early sexual initiation and risky sex except A. drug and alcohol use B. sexually active peers C. involvement in pro-social community and extracurricular activities D. poor parental monitoring

C

appropriate parental involvement in adolescent education would include A. deciding which courses students will take B. making sure students attend school C. attending events, attending parent-teacher conferences, monitoring homework and grades D. emailing teachers for progress reports, editing assignments, correcting homework

C

as with friendship, one of the factors most strongly influencing romantic attraction is A. money B. appearance C. similarity D. proximity

C

children of parents who structure many daily tasks so that even young children can make choices are likely to develop A. psychological dependence on parents B. decision making dependence on parents C. a healthy degree of behavioral autonomy by adolescence D. economic dependence on parents

C

enmeshed family relationships are characterized by A. clearly recognized boundaries between different family roles B. generally positive relationships among members of the family C. emotional over involvement and interdependence of family members D. very positive relationships across multiple generations and within the extended family network

C

for most adolescents, expressions of sexuality A. create serious problems within the family and within peer groups B. are associated with unsafe behaviors and risky outcomes C. occur within romantic relationships D. all of the above

C

in reasonably well functioning families, conflict between adolescents and parents A. is frequent but always confined to trivial issues B. usually includes big issues such as drug use, religious beliefs and observance, and sexual activity C. is usually confined to issues of dress, chores, time management and curfews D. is very rare

C

individuals who receive few "liked" and few "disliked" nominations in a sociometric study are categorized as A. ungrouped B. controversial C. neglected or having low social impact D. average

C

interventions and treatment programs to improve social skills among children rejected by their peers for aggressive or withdrawn behavior A. have generally positive and longlasting results B. are not successful C. have modestly positive results of unknown duration D. are not systematically evaluated

C

The media practice model suggests that identity-related concerns may lead to A. rejection of some media involvement B. acceptance of some media involvement C. incorporation of new elements into identity D. all of the above E. none of the above

D

The most significant cause of adolescent death is A. drug overdose B. suicide C. murder D. automobile accidents

D

The period now referred to as "emerging adulthood" (ages 19-29) can be seen as A. a prolonged period of identity diffusion B. a form of identity foreclosure C. an indulgence for the educated middle and upper middle class D. a continuation of the identity moratorium in which exploration continues, for some individuals

D

The term "self-esteem" was introduced to psychology by A. G. Stanley Hall B. Sigmund Freud C. Erik Erikson D. William James

D

The terms family processes and family dynamics refer to A. how a family system functions to meet the needs of family members B. power and influence relationships within the family group C. processes of communication, coordination of tasks, and cooperation within the family group D. all of the above

D

The uses and gratifications approach to understanding media effects emphasizes that consumers A. respond in individual ways to media based on context and pre-existing attitudes and dispositions B. are active participants in their choice of media C. consume media for different purposes D. all of the above

D

Travis' family lost their home and many treasured possessions in a hurricane. He is drinking heavily, every day, to numb his feelings of loss and despair. He A. has poor self-regulatory skills B. is probably creating another long-term stressor C. is engaging in emotion-focused coping D. all of the above

D

Which assertion about the effects of media has strong research support? A. media depictions of violence cause aggressive behavior B. media depictions of teen sexuality cause teen promiscuity C. media depictions of unrealistically thin females cause anorexia D. none of the above

D

Which generalization is most accurate? A. male adolescents are more likely to abuse alcohol than female adolescents B. white adolescents are more likely to abuse alcohol than are African American adolescents C. older adolescents are more likely to abuse alcohol than are younger adolescents D. all of the above are accurate

D

while a much higher proportion of young adults enroll in college, either at two year or four year institutions, many never receive a degree. Factors that contribute to failure to graduate include A. family pressures and commitments B. long work hours C. poor academic preparation for college level work D. all of the above

D

the indifferent or disengaged parenting style is characterized by A. low warmth and responsiveness and high expectations and standards B. high warmth and responsiveness and low expectations and standards C. high warmth and responsiveness and high expectations and standards D. low warmth and responsiveness and low expectations and standards

D

the indulgent parenting style is associated with A. low warmth and responsiveness and low expectations and standards B. high warmth and responsiveness and high expectations and standards C. low warmth and responsiveness and high expectations and standards D. high warmth and responsiveness and low or no expectations and standards

D

the short term effects of divorce on teens typically A. includes increased levels of depression B include increased levels of anxiety C. included lowered academic performance D. all of the above

D

the teens at greatest risk for long-term involvement in deviant behavior as a result of friends' influence are those A. with a history of difficulty controlling impulses B. with a hostile attributional bias C. with a history of childhood aggression D. all of the above

D

when parents do not monitor adolescent behavior and adolescents are unsupervised after school and do not participate in after-school programs, the adolescents A. are more likely to contract an STD B. are more likely to have multiple sexual partners C. are more likely to be sexually active D. all of the above

D

when teachers, counselors, or mental health professionals do not share a cultural background with adolescents, it can be difficult to assess and understand A. family relationships B. parental expectations of adolescents C. parental expectations of teachers, counselors, mental health professionals D. all of the above

D

when two parents work and early teens are unsupervised in the afternoons A. most young teens will get into trouble B. bad outcomes are inevitable C. most young teens will use the opportunity to drink or experiment sexually D. appropriate levels of parental monitoring can minimize problems

D

eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation

anorexia nervosa

the fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day

barometric self-esteem

a person's stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being

baseline self esteem

in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture

biculturalism

drinking a large number of alcoholic drinks in one episode, usually defined as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks in a row

binge drinking

a public internet journal of a person's thoughts, feelings, and activities

blog

in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the final phase, in which the romantic relationship becomes more enduring and serious; partners being to discuss the possibility of a lifelong commitment to each other

bonding phase

between siblings, a relationship in which they treat each other as friends

buddy relationship

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging

bulimia

in peer relations, the aggressive assertion of power by one person over another

bullying

In traditional cultures how do adolescents gain status and respect within the family?

by being able to bring money into the family

between siblings, a relationship in which one sibling serves parental functions for the other

caregiver relationship

What are the main responsibilities of women and girls in most traditional cultures?

caring for children, doing household cooking and cleaning, weaving and sewing

between siblings, a relationship that is not emotionally intense, in which they have little to do with one another

casual relationship

effect sometimes attributed to media experiences, in which media experience has the effect of relieving unpleasant emotions

cathartic effect

What are common underlying factors of internalizing problems?

distress, negative emotionality, anhedonia

in some traditional cultures, a dwelling in which the community's adolescents sleep and spend their leisure time

dormitory

two different sets of rules for sexual behavior, one applying to males and the other females, with rules for females usually being more restrictive

double standard

programs designed to teach young drivers safe driving skills before they receive their driver's license

driver education

in graduated licensing programs, a feature of the restricted license stage in which young drivers are prohibited from driving late at night except for a specific purpose such as going back and forth to work

driving curfews

a relationship between two persons

dyadic relationship

What are some internet cautions?

chat rooms sometimes frequented by sexual predators, academic cheating, promotes social isolation

small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group

cliques

an approach to treating psychological disorders that focuses on changing negative ways of thinking and practicing new ways of interacting with others

cognitive-behavior therapy

living with a romantic partner outside of marriage

cohabitation

volunteer work provided as a contribution to the community, without monetary compensation

community service

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion

companionate love

between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities

companionship support

the form of the american high school that arose in the 1920s and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training

comprehensive high school

sex education programs that begin at an early age and include detailed information on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active

comprehensive sexuality education

Which disorder is a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior with disregard for rights of others?

conduct disorder

What are the most common causes of depressed mood?

conflict with friends or family members, disappointment or rejection in love, poor performance in school

in social science studies of interpersonal attraction, the principle that people like to find in others an agreement of consensus with their own characteristics and view of life

consensual validation

In Sternberg's theory of love, the form of love that integrates passion, intimacy, and commitment

consummate love

What happens to the rates of substance use past age 15 in american adolescents?

continues to rise through the end of high school

adolescents who are aggressive but who also possess social skills, so that they evoke strong emotions both positive and negative from their peers

controversial adolescents

between siblings, a relationship characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing

critical relationship

large, reputation- based groups of adolescents

crowds

What are the two prominent theories of media influence?

cultivation theory social learning theory

an enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried

depressive syndrome

a theory that mental disorders result from the combination of a diathesis and environmental stresses

diathesis-stress model

when parents' behavior differ towards siblings within the same family

differential parenting

a small hand-held device that can be used for communication and entertainment purposes

digital device

parenting style in which parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness and relatively uninvolved in their children's development

disengaged parents

in the family systems approach, this term is used in reference to a change that requires adjustments from family members

disequilibrium

condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy

emotional loneliness

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on commitment alone, without passion or intimacy

empty love

the support friends provide each other by providing congratulations for success and encouragement or consolation for failure

esteem support

the beliefs about education that characterize a school as a whole

ethos

term sometimes applied to alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, because young people who use harder drugs usually use these drugs first

gateway drugs

crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, and disorderly conduct, considered less serious offenses than index crimes

nonindex crimes

Do delinquency prevention and intervention programs work?

not really

deviant acts committed in relation to the workplace, such as stealing supplies

occupational deviance

an identity that integrates elements of various cultures

hybrid identity

the person an adolescent would like to be

ideal self

relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person

identifications

research design in which some persons in a study receive medication and others receive placebo, which are pills that contain no medication

placebo design

individual's perceptions of their characteristics and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their lives fit into the world around them

identity

the identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives

identity achievement

Erikson's term for the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity

identity crisis

an identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment no commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments

identity diffusion

an identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices- commitment but no exploration

identity foreclosure

an identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities

identity moratorium

an approach to conceptualizing and researching identity development that classifies people into one of four identity categories: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium. achievement

identity status model

cultures in which what children and adolescents need to learn to function as adults changes little from one generation to the next, and therefore children and adolescents can learn all they need to know from their elders

postfigurative cultures

a conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time

postmodern identity

What is the most popular music genre among American adolescents?

rap

A dating script, more common for females than males, that focuses on the private domain, responding to the date's gestures in the public domain, and responding to his sexual initiatives

reactive script

Erikson's term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity

identity versus identity confusion

in brake's description of the characteristics of youth culture, refers to dress, hair style, jewlery, and other aspects of appearance

image

serious crimes divided into two categories: violent crimes such as rape, assault, and murder, and property crimes such as robbery, motor vehicle theft, and arson

index crimes

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on passion alone, without intimacy or commitment

infatuation

between friends, advice and guidance in solving personal problems

informational support

in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the first phase, usually in early adolescence, when the first tentative explorations of romantic interests begin, usually superficial and brief, often fraught with anxiety, fear and excitement

initiation phase

What is initiative?

inner motivation toward challenging goal

type of attachment to caregiver in which in which infants are timid about exploring the environment and resist or avoid the caregiver when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

insecure attachment

between friends, help with tasks of various kinds

instrumental support

in Moffitt's theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescence

life-course-persistent delinquents

delinquency prevention strategy that addresses risk factors at several levels, including the home, the school, and the neighborhood

multisystemic approach

beliefs that one's current unhappiness is permanent and uncontrollable

negative attributions

Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous

negative identity

adolescents who have few or no friends and are unnoticed by their peers

neglected adolescents

the domestic work shift performed in the household by women after they complete their first shift in the workplace

second shift

the schools attended by adolescents, usually including a lower secondary school and an upper secondary school

secondary school

the distinguishing features of youth culture, including image, demeanor, and argot

style

use of substances that have cognitive and mood-altering effects, including alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and cocaine

substance use

values such as hedonism, excitement, and adventure, asserted by sociologists to be the basis of youth culture

subterranean values

type of attachment to caregiver in which infants use the caregiver as a "secure base fro which to explore" when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

secure attachment

one of the functions of media for adolescent, meaning that adolescents often look to media for information that their parents may be unwilling to provide, in the same way they might look to a friend

super peer

the kind of parenting typical in traditional cultures, high in responsiveness and high in a kind of demandingness that does not encourage discussion and debate but rather expects compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs supporting the inherent authority of the parenting role

traditional parenting role

personality characterized by a lack of self-control. sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have externalizing problems

undercontrolled

the status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job

unemployed

delinquent adolescents who have few friends and commit their crimes alone

unsocialized delinquents

the term for young people spending time together with no specific event as the center of their activity

unstructured socializing

approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics

uses and gratifications approach

How many American adolescents have anorexia?

1 of every 200

What year did MTV start in the US?

1981

How long did it take after the introduction of TV for Notel children to be equal in aggressiveness to the other Canadian cities?

2 years

In a 2011 survey what percent of high school seniors reported using marijuana in the past month?

23%

What percent of American adolescent have bulimia?

3%

"Life course offending" is most likely for the individual who A. has a childhood history of conduct disorder B. has a childhood history of depression C. becomes delinquent in adolescence D. all of the above

A

15-year old Daniel is frequently truant, shoplifts and steals from his parents. These behaviors would be characterized as A. externalizing problems B. internalizing problems C. co-morbid externalizing and internalizing problems

A

Alissa has decided to pursue a career in nursing rather than teaching, which her mother encouraged her toward. She has applied to three colleges that offer a Bachelors of Nursing degree and is investigated sources of scholarship aid. She continues to attend church services with her relatives and friends. Alissa's identity status could be described as A. identity achievement B. identity diffusion C. identity foreclosure D. identity moratorium

A

Among the positive aspects of student employment in high school is A. increased autonomy from parents B. increased academic motivation C. increased closeness with friends D. increased academic achievement

A

Andre faced multiple risk factors growing up. The support and influence of a music teacher who recognized his musical ability encouraged him to work hard in school and apply to college. He became a happy, well-adjusted adult who enjoyed success in his career and his personal life. Andre A. exhibited developmental resilience B. had a negative developmental trajectory C. elicited negative reactions from others D. none of the above

A

Angelo was born prematurely to an unmarried adolescent mother. He never knew his father and moved multiple times during his elementary school years. He was placed in foster care a teenager, when his mother was arrested for drug dealing. Angelo's microsystem, or immediate developmental environments A. contained multiple risk factors B. doom him to social and academic difficulties C. dooms him to a life of crime D. all of the above

A

Career and identity exploration are seldom among the actual benefits of adolescent employment because A. most employment opportunities are for ow-skill part-time work B. jobs have too much adult supervision C. most adolescents cannot find employment D. jobs typically pay minimum wage

A

Chet has dropped out of college twice and drifted from job to job, with no plans for the future. his loving parents continue to support him. Berzonsky would describe his identity processing style as A. diffuse-avoidant processing B. normative processing C. short-term processing D. disengaged

A

Contrary to some stereotypes descriptions, psychological researchers have found that A. children raised by gay or lesbian couples develop typically, with no greater level of behavioral or psychological difficulty than children raised in traditional households B. there is no association between parenting behavior and adolescent alcohol and substance abuse C. peer influence is far more important than parental influence D. there is a monolithic youth culture, opposed to middle class adult values

A

Erikson believed that the tasks of identity exploration and commitment should be completed by A. age 18 B. age 21 C. age 25 D. age 30

A

From a family systems perspective, both the increased desire of adolescents for independence and divorce A. produce disequilibrium B. are normative transitions C. are non normative transitions

A

Hundreds of studies have been published documenting associations between time spent viewing violent media and playing violent video games and aggressive behavior and attitudes A. these findings do not demonstrate a causal relationship between media use and subsequent behavior B. these findings demonstrate a causal relationship between media use and subsequent behavior

A

Implicit belief in an imaginary audience is probably a contributor to A. the decline in self esteem that is typically found among adolescents B. sex differences in emotional lability (instability of moods) C. sex differences in academic self concept D. delusions of grandeur or of persecution typically found in serious thought disorders

A

In adolescence, __________ becomes much more common among females than males, though the incidence in childhood is equivalent between the sexes A. depression B. physical aggression C. criminal or delinquent behavior D. obesity

A

In military families, the most severe stress is associated with A. deployments in wartime or to combat operations B. frequent relocations C. the hierarchical nature of the military D. inconsistency in school curricula

A

James Marcia is credited with developing A. the identity status typology and the identity status interview B. the idea of self-esteem C. the identity crisis D. none of the above

A

Josh spends many hours every week hanging out and in athletic activities with his male classmates, but they do not talk about personal issues. these relationships are A. low in intimacy because of the lack of self-disclosure B. high in intimacy because of the amount of time spent together

A

Bryan moved from New York to Los Angeles during the 9th grade. Bryan is a fan of rap music and was happy to discover many of the boys his age in his new neighborhood listened to the same music as his friends back on the East Coast. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? A. identity formation B. youth subculture identification C. sensation seeking D. entertainment

B

Differences in coping strategies are associated with different responses to stress. primary control strategies are most likely to be used by A. individuals who are facing impossible to control stressors B. individuals who are high in self-efficacy C. individuals who are high in aggressiveness D. females who have extensive social support

B

Externalizing problems include _________, and are more common among __________ than __________ A. anxiety, depression, self-injury; girls; boys B. aggression, vandalism, truancy; boys; girls C. academic failure; extraverts; introverts D. aggression, vandalism, dropping out of school; younger teens;older teens

B

For adolescents in many traditional cultures, individual identity A. can be freely chosen and pursued B. is ascribed on the basis of gender, class, tribe or religion C. is more important than social identity D. moratorium is more extended than in the western developed world

B

G. Stanley Ha;; is credited as the initiator of the A. child protection movement B. child study movement C. social service agency D. field of school psychology

B

In the media practice model, the initial influence on media choice is A. random exposure and initial reaction leading to rejection or further involvement B. identity based choice C. peer/ friend influence D. none of the above

B

Margaret Mead's research was an example of A. an experimental study B. ethnographic research C. a longitudinal study D. a cross-sectional study

B

Part of Germany's "Economic Miracle" may be due to A. low marginal corporate tax rates B. significant investment in school to work apprenticeship programs

B

Tamar did not do as well on her calculus midterm a she felt she needed to. If she earns a C her financial aid may be at risk. She finds a tutor, meets with her professor for advice, and does extra problems. She is engaging in A. reframing B. problem-focused coping C. emotion-focused coping D. all of the above

B

The "danger paradigm" in discussion of media effects on behavior assumes that A. driving while using media is dangerous B. exposure to media depictions of risky behavior is sufficient to cause imitation of risky behavior C. individuals with vulnerability factors for risky behavior are more likely to seek media depictions of risky behavior D. individuals who have dangerous behavioral traits produce media depicting dangerous behavior

B

The defining features of psychological intimacy are A. shared interests and attitudes B. mutual self-disclosure and trust C. similarity in cognitive ability and self-regulation D. all of the above

B

The first country to use children in industrial settings, that is in factories, was A. India B. Great Britain C. the United States D. Turkey

B

The researcher who is most closely associated with the concept of "parenting styles" is A. Freud B. Baumrind C. Piaget D. Erikson

B

Trent drinks with his older brother's friends which makes Trent feel more mature. Trent's drinking can be described as A. recreational B. instrumental C. medicinal

B

Uses and gratifications theory would be least likely to explain the popularity of programming such as Game of Thrones on the basis of A. entertainment B. identity formation C. high sensation D. coping

B

Which statement is the most accurate? A. adolescent suicidal attempts seldom succeed B. suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents C. suicide is not a significant problem among adolescents D. suicide is primarily a problem among adolescent girls, who make most of the attempts

B

__________ has come to be recognized as a particularly important protective factor for adolescents in high risk environments A. sexual abstinence B. religiosity C. work experience D. secure romantic attachment

B

an important contributor to the increase in high school graduation rates is A. greater emotional maturity among adolescents B. extremely poor employment prospects for individuals without a high school diploma C. economic prosperity D. increased parental involvement in adolescent education

B

an involuntary sexual debut is particularly likely for A. girls who have sex for the first time at 15 or younger B. girls who have sex for the first time at 13 or younger C. boys who have sex for the first time at 14 or younger D. boys who have sex for the first time at 13 or younger

B

cliques typically form in _________ and contain __________ A. mid-adolescence; 10 or more close friends of both genders B. early adolescence; a small number of individuals of one gender C. childhood; friends of both genders D. adolescence; friends of both genders

B

developmentally, the incidence of bullying peaks in A. pre-adolescence B. early adolescence C. late adolescence

B

ethnocentrism is the tendency to A. see ethnic identity as the central aspect of social identity of members of groups other than one's own B. evaluate the behavior of others through the lens of one's own cultural values and assumptions C. see ethnic identity as the most important part of one's own social identity D. all of the above

B

friendship relationships offer broader opportunities than family relationships for A. acquiring academic skills B. learning a variety of social roles and skills C. developing emotional security and self efficacy D. developing behavioral autonomy and emotional autonomy

B

individuals who formed and maintained securely attached relationships to their parents (or primary caretakers) as infants and children A. have lower levels of emotional and behavioral autonomy as adolescents B. tend to have higher levels of emotional and behavioral autonomy as adolescents C. are likely to be emotionally distant from parents as adolescents D. are likely to be overly dependent upon parents as adolescents

B

martin has repeatedly seen that there is widespread prejudice against people of his ethnic and national background. to feel better about himself, to escape the prejudice and to enjoy the benefits he changes his name and adopts the speech, dress, and dietary patterns of the majority. his approach to ethnic identity would be described as A. biculturalism B. insularity and isolation C. assimilation D. none of the above

C

one reason that is difficult to assess the impact of friend's behavior on adolescents is that A. surveys and interviews elicit socially desirable rather than truthful responses B. observing adolescent behavior is difficult C. friends are already similar in many behaviors before becoming friends D. researchers assume peer influence is strong and that distorts their research

C

proponents of attachment theory assert that friendships in childhood and later romantic relationships will be influenced by A. learned social skills B. physical attractiveness C. security of attachment in infancy and childhood and the internal working model D. self esteem

C

relational aggression is more common among female adolescents than male. one reason may be A.girls experience less anger than boys B. girls experience less jealousy than boys C. gender roles discourage direct expression of aggression among girls D. all of the above

C

researchers consistently find that among all ethnic groups, rates of sexual activity are higher among economically disadvantaged youth. a likely factor is A. low religious involvement among less affluent youth B. parental disengagement C. lower expectations of going to college among disadvantaged youth D. higher religious involvement among less affluent youth

C

smaller class sizes in _____ are associated with _____ A. middle school; clique formation B. high school; teacher self-efficacy C. early elementary school, but not high school; long-term increases in academic adjustment D. high school; lower drop-out rates

C

sternberg would probably characterize an early adolescent crush as A. low on passion, high on commitment, low on intimacy B. high on intimacy, low on passion and commitment C. high on passion, low on commitment and intimacy D. low on all passion, commitment, and intimacy

C

sternberg's triangular theory of love characterizes romantic relationships in terms of A. frequency of sex, emotional satisfaction with sex, physical satisfaction with sex B. maturity sensitivity, respect C. passion, commitment, intimacy D. communication, flexibility, power differentials

C

the impact of "mainstreaming" policies on students with disabilities A. has been lower academic achievement for students with cognitive or learning disabilities B. has been negative for mainstream students learning in inclusive classrooms C. varies and depends in part on the nature of the individual student's disability D. has been consistently higher achievement for students with disabilities, compared to those who are educated exclusively in special education settings

C

"Life-course" offenders are most likely to be individuals A. who commit serious offenses as adolescents B. with a history of conduct disorder and aggressive behavior in childhood C. with poor impulse control D. all of the above

D

"comprehensive" high schools A. focus on preparing students for their presumed young adult roles B. often provide poor quality instruction and guidance for "general education" students C. use tracking by ability for most or all subjects D. all of the above

D

A cool or cold or "know" regulatory system responds to stressors A. on the basis of long-term goals B. on the basis of knowledge and reasoning C. with organized controlled behavior D. all of the above

D

According to the Arnett text, much "gangsta" rap is criticized for A. racism B. violence C. sexual exploitation of women D. all of the above

D

According to the International Labor Organization the number of child and adolescent laborers __________ during the first decade of the 21st century A. increased steadily B. held constant C. increased slightly D. went down

D

The higher incidence of __________ in adolescent females is associated with higher use of ___________ in response to stress A. anxiety; caffeine and nicotine B. anorexia; exercise C. obesity; eating D. depression; rumination

D

Acculturation refers to behavioral and psychological changes that occur A. when behaviors and tastes of one culture influence the behaviors and tastes of members of another culture B. when a dominant majority culture asserts its supremacy over subcultures C. when parents directly and indirectly teach their children about their family's cultural heritage D. when members of a minority culture interact frequently with members of a majority culture

D

Adolescent involvement in community organizations and activities A. can increase adolescents' sense of responsibility and personal efficacy B. offers the opportunity to learn group skills such as cooperation and compromise C. offers the opportunity to develop positive relationships with adults beyond family and teachers D. all of the above

D

Adolescents who have a future orientation are more likely A. to use "cool" regulatory strategies to respond to stressors B. to persist in pursuit of goals C. respond resiliently to stress D. all of the above

D

Adolescents who work 20 hours a week are more at particularly high risk for A. later unemployment or underemployment B. unplanned pregnancy C. exploitation by employers D. substance abuse

D

Adolescents' self-concepts, compared to those of children A. are more abstract B. are more complex C. contain more contradictory elements D. all of the above

D

Assimilation refers to A. acculturation that involves identifying with both the native subculture and with aspects of the majority culture B. acculturation that involves rejecting the majority culture completely C. acculturation that involves presenting completely different selves in the contexts of home subculture and majority culture D. acculturation that involves abandoning the distinctive behaviors and values of one's native subculture for those of the majority culture

D

Baumrind's original model of parenting styles was A. culturally specific B. limited in generalizability C. productive in generating research hypotheses D. all of the above

D

Cross-sectional studies A. may be distorted by cohort effects B. characterize age groups by studying different groups of participants for each age C. are generally less expensive than longitudinal studies D. all of the above

D

Externalizing problems in adolescent girls A. may indicate more serious psychological problems for girls than the same behaviors would for boys B. occur less frequently than among adolescent boys C. are typically co-morbid with other conditions D. all of the above

D

Financial grants to college students may improve graduation rates because A. grants reduce the need to work B. students who are more engaged in college academics and college life identify more strongly with their schools C. students who work fewer hours spend more time engaged with professors and academic activities D. all of the above

D

Garth plans to be a periodontist and go into practice with his father. His father and mother have always told him "when you grow up you will be a dentist like all the men in our family" and he never considered any other possibility. He has finished the required science courses and is prepping for the DAT. His identity status could be described as A. identity diffusion B. identity moratorium C. identity achievement D. identity foreclosure

D

Hall believed that adolescence A. was similar around the world B. reflected the behavior of earlier stages of civilization C. was inevitably full of conflict D. all of the above

D

High school students who are employed for more than 10 hours a week are at risk for A. reckless spending habits B. early parenthood C. lowered lifetime earnings D. lower grades

D

Individuals who prefer horror movies to historical romances are probably watching horror movies to fulfill A. coping motives B. information seeking motives C. identity formation motives D. sensation seeking motives

D

Internalizing problems include A. eating disorders B. depression C. anxiety D. all of the above

D

Jarrett is angry. He puts on his headphones and blasts his favorite band, Megadeath. Based on research, what effect could we predict this to have? A. becomes depressed instead of angry B. assaults his father C. punches holes in the wall D. listens to the music and calms down

D

Media portrayals of daily life A. perpetuate many stereotypes B. are usually unrealistic C. may affect some viewers' attitudes, values, and behavior D. all of the above

D

Mike and Adam live across the street from each other and are good friends through elementary school. in high school they are likely to remain close friends only if A. their academic interests are similar B. their leisure-time pursuits are similar C. their attitudes toward risky behaviors are similar D. all of the above

D

Most high school students A. never use drugs B. are at high risk for drug addiction C. use alcohol and marijuana regularly D. try alcohol and marijuana but do not go on to abuse them

D

One consequence of the relatively low demands made by many American schools on adolescents is that A. adolescents graduate from high school well prepared for college B. adolescents have more spare time for artistic and intellectual pursuits of their choice C. adolescents have clear career goals relatively early D. adolescents are able to hold part-time jobs

D

Sexual risk taking, including promiscuity, that is significant enough to come to adult attention A. probably is co-morbid with other problems B. is an externalizing problem C. is seen as more serious for adolescent girls than for adolescent boys D. all of the above

D

Some researchers have found that heavier exposure to sexual content in media is associated with earlier sexual debut/ initiation. Interpreting such findings should take into account A. factors such as parental permissiveness or neglect/ disengagement B. factors such as adolescents academic performance or aspirations C. factors such as parental monitoring D. all of the abov

D

The extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sympathetic nervous system activation best describes the personality characteristic known as a. openness to experience B. conscientiousness C. agreeableness D. sensation seeking

D

________ is associated with an attitudinal and behavioral profile that includes more permissive attitudes toward sex, experimentation with drugs and alcohol, minor delinquency, low levels of religious involvement, lower interest in academic achievement, and a stronger orientation toward independence A. being raised in a single-parent home B. being male C. being a first generation immigrant D. early sexual activity

D

academic achievement and college enrollment rates are significantly higher for private high schools than for public high schools. among the reasons are A. higher levels of parental involvement and commitment to children's education B. selective admissions and retention practices C. higher average family SES D. all of the above

D

according to family systems theories, disequilibrium is introduced by A. unexpected negative changes, such as significant illness of a family member B. normative transitions C. positive changes, such as re-employment after a period of unemployment D. all of the above

D

adolescent pregnancy, on average, is associated with worse developmental outcomes for A. the adolescent mothers B. the adolescent fathers C. the children of adolescent parents D. all of the above

D

among important positive aspects of friendship relationships are A. buffering the stresses of unpleasant peer interactions such as bullying B. encouragement of academic and extracurricular interests C. expanded perspectives on issues D. all of the above

D

an individual in identity moratorium is A. accepting someone else's definition of an appropriate identity B. afraid of adult roles and responsibilities C. not considering alternative life choices at all D. exploring alternatives but not making commitments

D

at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, approximately what percentage of adolescents attended secondary school? A. between 15% and 20% B. approximately 30% C. between 20% and 25% D. less than 15%

D

behavior is categorized as bullying when it is A. aggressive B. repeated C. performed in the context of a power and status imbalance, e.g. by a higher status individual against a lower status individual D. all of the above

D

biculturalism refers to A.acculturation that involves presenting completely different selves in the contexts of home subculture and majority culture B. acculturation that involves abandoning the distinctive behaviors and values of one's native subculture for those of the majority culture C. acculturation that involves rejecting the majority culture completely D. acculturation that involves identifying with both the native subculture and with aspects of the majority culture

D

characteristics of emotionally intimate relationships include A. mutual self-disclosure B. mutual caring C. mutual trust D. all of the above

D

cultural differences mediate the effects of A. the indifferent parenting style B. the authoritative parenting style C. the indulgent parenting style D. the authoritarian parenting style

D

early sexual debut or initiation is associated with A. higher incidence of unplanned pregnancy B. low levels of religious involvement C. higher incidence of school dropout and delinquency D. all of the above

D

for adolescents, the strongest determinants of friendship are A. gender and age B. proximity and gender C. physical attractiveness and gender D. similarity of interests, activities, aspirations and values

D

in a family system characterized by role definitions that are extremely undefined, or chaotic, A. one or more adult family members may be suffering from severe mental illness B. basic health and safety needs of family members may go unmet C. one or more adult family members may be drug or alcohol addicted D. all of the above

D

in addition to sexual desire, factors that motivate adolescents' interests in sex often include A. desire to rebel against religious restrictions B. desire to defy parental values C. curiosity D. desire for enhanced social status with peers

D

normative transitions within a family would include A. birth of a new child B. a child leaving home for college C. an adolescent beginning to drive D. all of the above

D

outside of western developed countries, educational inequality takes the forms of A.differing opportunities by gender B. differing opportunities by class C. differing opportunities for rural versus urban residents D. all of the above

D

parent-adolescent communication about sex is more effective in deterring risky sexual activity than in A. promoting abstinence B. delaying sexual activity C. influencing sexual attitudes D. all of the above

D

parents can influence their adolescents' sexual decision making by A. making their own values clear b. explaining the potential negative consequences of early sexual activity C. encouraging high academic aspirations D. all of the above

D

positive or healthy sexuality in adolescence includes acceptance of one's changing body A. practicing safe sex if deciding to be sexually active B. understanding that sexual activity should always be voluntary C. acceptance of sexual feelings and normal D. all of the above

D

research consistently finds that sociometrically "popular" teens are socially dominant and A. mean B. disliked by many peers C. actively work to maintain their status, using relational and sometimes physical aggression D. all of the above

D

research on adolescent and young adult sexuality A. has emphasized negative outcomes of sexual activity B. has emphasized risk factors for early sexual activity C. largely ignores any positive aspects of responsible sexual activity by adolescents and young adults D. all of the above

D

smaller school size, in high school is associated with A. lower drop out rates B. higher levels of student engagement in extra curricular activities C. higher levels of academic achievement D. all of the above

D

some sociologists argue that youth cultures are based on A. the lower responsibilities of the period from leaving home to marriage B. values of hedonism and irresponsibility C. rejection of adult norms D. all of the above

D

Aspects of an individual's identity may include A. gender identity B. role identity C. ethnic identity D. an incomplete or inaccurate life narrative E. all of the above

E

Emotion-focused coping strategies A. include adaptive behaviors such as seeking emotional support, reframing, distraction, and exercise B. include maladaptive behaviors such as substance abuse C. are attempts to reduce the intensity of negative emotions caused by a stressor D. are appropriate (if adaptive) when a stressor cannot be changed E. all of the above

E

External resources that contribute to positive development include A. youth activities that encourage community engagement and responsibility B. accessible parents who model competence, caring, and positive engagement with others C. safe schools staffed with competent and caring teachers D. community institutions such as libraries, sport facilities, and community centers E. all of the above

E

in typically functioning families with two or more children, siblings A. usually grow up to consider each other good friends B. are often in conflict C. provide emotional support to each other D. criticize each other and compete E. all of the above

E

rejection sensitivity among adolescents and adults A. may cause individuals to avoid emotionally intimate relationships B. may cause individuals to abruptly end relationships C. may cause individuals to constantly seek out reassurance from friends or romantic partners D. often reflects insecure attachment to parents E. all of the above

E

the term family processes and family dynamics refer to A. how emotional security for family members is maintained B. how necessary day to day and long-term tasks are accomplished C. roles of the members of a nuclear family and extended family members D. patterns of communication and power within the family E. all of the above

E

What percent of American adolescent girls in grades 9-12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days? What percent for boys?

Girls: 20% Boys: 10%

an organization that seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace

International Labor Organization

What is the most popular cigarette bran among adolescents?

Marlboro

an international service program in which Americans provide service to a community in a foreign country for 2 years

Peace Corps

What does PINS stand for?

Persons In Need of Supervision

The multisystemic approach has been adopted by youth agencies in which states?

South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington

What is a diathesis?

a preexisting vulnerability

In traditional cultures working in an industrial setting is often seen as what?

a way for adolescents to gain skills and contacts that will eventually lead to a better job and higher income

sex education programs that encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing contraceptive information for adolescents who nevertheless choose to have intercourse

abstinence plus programs

What are some benefits to the internet?

access to information, can be a source of positive social interactions

pattern of substance use in which a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically and/or psychologically

addictive substance use

in Moffitt's theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescence and/ or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of problems before or after these periods

adolescence-limited delinquents

How is alcohol use different for adolescents than it is for adults?

adolescents are more resistant to motor effects, adolescents are less likely to have intense hangovers, adolescents feel the pleasure of alcohol more intensely than adults

in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the third phase, in which adolescent's come to know each other better and express deeper feelings for each other, as well as engaging in more extensive sexual activity

affection phase

emotional functions of the family, pertaining to love, nurturance, and attachment

affective functions

The stress system becomes more sensitive when?

after puberty

What are some individual factors that predict involvement in risk behavior?

aggressiveness, sensation seeking, poor school achievement, low impulse control, optimistic bias

What is the most common form of employment for adolescents in traditional cultures?

agricultural work

cessation of menstruation, sometimes experienced by girls whose body weight falls extremely low

amenorrhea

an arrangement, common in Europe, in which an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession, and through working under the master, learns the skills required to enter the profession

apprenticeship

in youth culture, a certain vocabulary and a certain way of speaking

argot

in the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture

assimilation

theory originally developed by British psychiatrist John Bowlby, asserting that among other primates, attachments between parents and children have an evolutionary basis in the need for vulnerable young members of the species to stay in close proximity to adults who will care for and protect them

attachment theory

parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness; i.e., they require obedience from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show little warmth or affection toward them

authoritarian parents

a parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness, i.e., they love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain to their children the reasons for those standards

authoritative parents

the quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one's self

autonomy

bullying via electronic means, mainly through the internet

cyberbullying

an enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression

depressed mood

an enduring period of sadness

depression

an act of sexual aggression in which a person, usually a women, is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations against her will

date rape

arrangement in which a person who is in debt pledges his labor or the labor of his children as payment

debt bondage

What has happened to the rates of alcohol use?

declined dramatically

How have rates of most types of substance use changed since the 1970s?

declined from late 1970s to the early 1990s, rose through the 1990s, then declined over the past decade

violations of the law committed by juveniles

delinquency

the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

demandingness

in Brake's description of youth cultures, refers to distinctive forms of gesture, gait, and posture

demeanor

trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity

experimental substance use

problems that affect a person's external world, such as delinquency and fighting

externalizing problems

concept of family life characteristics of Latino cultures that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of family life

familismo

the quality of relationships among family members

family process

The outward characteristics of a family, such as whether or not the parents are married

family structure

a approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole

family systems approach

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that involves passion and commitment without intimacy

fatuous love

According to the ILO what happened to the number of child and adolescent laborers during the first decade of the 21st century?

fell substantially

studies in which people's behavior is observed in a natural setting

field studies

What does having interest in something do?

focuses attention, increases effort and enjoyment

Why have hunting and gathering cultures rapidly changed in the past half century?

globalization

a program that allows young people restricted driving privileges when they first receive their license, gradually increasing the privileges if the restrictions are not violated

graduated driver licensing

Among the nomadic Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert in Africa a boy is not considered a man until when?

he has successfully killed his first antelope

Fans of what music genre tend to have a dark view of the world?

heavy metal

What has made rates of car accidents and deaths among young people lower in other western countries than it is in the US?

higher minimum driving age and less access to cars

Alcohol impairs the functioning of what parts of the brain?

hippocampus and frontal cortex

A statistical calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or subscale are answered in a similar way

internal consistency

in attachment theory, the term for the cognitive framework, based on interactions in infancy with the primary caregiver, that shapes expectations and interactions in relationships to others throughout life

internal working model

problems such as depression and anxiety that affect a person's internal world, for example: depression, anxiety, and eating disorders

internalizing problems

Erikson's term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which persons face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship

intimacy versus isolation

Why has rap been used in therapy with adolescents?

its themes help them express feelings of loss, rejection and abandonment

persons defined by the legal system as being younger than adult status

juveniles

a period, common with STIs between the time a person is infected with a disease and the time symptoms appear

latency period

In schools, a diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder

learning disabilities

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that is based on intimacy alone, without passion or commitment

liking

difficulty in exercising self-control, often found to be related to risk behavior in adolescence

low impulse control

psychological diagnosis that entails depressed mood or reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, plus at least four other specific symptoms symptoms must be present over at least a 2-week period and must involve a change from previous functioning

major depressive disorder

What sex is more likely to have conduct disorder?

males

What sex more commonly has under controlled impulses?

males

What are some callous-unemotional traits?

manipulative, charming, indfferent

in the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture

marginality

Besides food what does hunting provide?

materials for tools, clothing and other purposes

substance use undertaken for the purpose of relieving an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness

medicinal substance use

in some traditional cultures, a dormitory where adolescent boys sleep and hang out along with adult men who are widowed or divorced

men's house

the popular belief, largely unfounded according to research, that most people experience a crisis when they reach about age 40, involving intensive reexamination of their lives and perhaps sudden and dramatic changes if they are dissatisfied

midlife crisis

According to the author's research on adolescent heavy metal music fans how many stated their intentions were to go into music as a career?

over one-third

personality characterized by inhibition, anxiety, and self-punishment, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have internalizing problems

overcontrolled

a legal requirement, in some states, that minors must obtain their parents' permission to have an abortion

parental consent

the degree to which parents keep track of where their adolescents are and what they are doing

parental monitoring

a legal requirement, in some states, that minors must notify their parents before having an abortion

parental notification

the patterns of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children

parenting styles

term for the increase in delinquent behavior that often takes place as an unintended consequence of bringing adolescents with problems together for an intervention, because in the intervention setting they reinforce each other's delinquent tendencies and find new partners for delinquent acts

peer contagion

people who share some aspect of their status, such as being the same age

peers

cultures that encourage and expect sexual activity from their adolescents

permissive

parenting style in which parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness they show love and affection toward their children but are permissive with regard to standards for behavior

permissive parents

cultures in which young people teach knowledge to adults

prefigurative cultures

a dating script, more common for males than for females, that includes initiating the date, deciding where they will go, controlling the public domain, and initiating sexual contact

proactive script

behavior that young people engage in that is viewed by adults as a source of problems, such as unprotected premarital sex and substance abuse

problem behavior

crimes that involve taking or damaging others' property, for example, robbery and arson

property crimes

characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior

protective factor

The psychological analysis of important historical figures

psychohistory

Promiscuous behavior by adolescent girls is often associated with what?

psychopathology, family dysfunction, and poor self control

Erikson's term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves

psychosocial moratorium

in relations between parents and children, the concept that children not only are affected by their parents but affect their parents in return

reciprocal/ bidirectional effects

In what type of substance use is the goal the substance's effects?

recreational

adolescents who are actively disliked by their peers

rejected adolescents

a form of nonphysical aggression that harms others by damaging their relationships, for example by excluding them socially or spreading rumors about them

relational aggression

the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

responsiveness

cultures that place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage

restrictive cultures

in a longitudinal study, the percentage of participants who continued to take part in the study after the first year

retention rate

problems that involve the risk of negative outcomes, such as risky driving and substance use

risk behavior

between siblings, a relationship in which they compete against each other and measure their success against one another

rival relationship

in Sternberg's theory of love, the type of love that combines passion and intimacy, but without commitment

romantic love

the quality of interactions between teachers and students, including how teachers interact with students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom

school climate

person's view of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics

self-concept

a person's overall sense of worth and well-being

self-esteem

a person's evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others closely related to self-esteem

self-image

the use of substances for relieving unpleasant states such as sadness or stress

self-medication

a person's view of his or her characteristics and abilities closely related to self-esteem

self-perception

cultures that have prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded

semi-restrictive cultures

a personality characteristic defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation

sensation seeking

in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture

seperation

a wide range of threatening or aggressive behaviors related to sexuality, from mild harassment such as name-calling, jokes, and leering looks to severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact

sexual harrassment

cognitive frameworks, often different for males and females, for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted

sexual scripts

biological sexual development as well as sexual values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, relationships, and behavior

sexuality

the interpretation of other's behaviors and intentions in a social interaction

social information processing

condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships

social loneliness

internet websites such as Facebook and MySpace that allow users a forum for identity presentation and for making and maintaining social contacts

social networking websites

skills for successfully handling social relations and getting along well with others

social skills

the use of substances in the course of social activities with one or more friends

social substance use

delinquents who commit crimes in groups and are similar to non-delinquents in psychological functioning and family relationships

socialized delinquents

a method for assessing popularity and unpopularity that involves having students rate the social status of other students

sociometry

offenses such as running away from home that are defined as violations of the law only because they are committed by juveniles

status offenses

in Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, the second phase, in which adolescents begin to gain confidence in their skills at interacting with potential romantic partners and being to form their first romantic relationships, assessing not just how much they like and are attracted to the person, but also how their status with friends and peers would be influenced

status phase

communication through cell phones that involves typing a message on the cell phone screen and sending it like an email message

text messaging

the nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace following high school rather than attending college

the forgotten half

skills identified by Murnane and Levy that are required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy

the new basic skills

The diathesis for depression may be stronger when?

the onset of depressive disorder occurs in childhood or adolescence rather than adulthood

Why are adolescents especially valuable for bonded labor?

they are more productive than children

Why are rates of most types of substance abuse especially high among emerging adults who are college students?

they have so many opportunities for unstructured socialization

Rap has been found to be most popular among what kind of adolescents?

those who have high rates of risk behavior

Why do boys use computer games?

to experience fantasies of power and fame and explore exciting new situations, for the social aspect, to work through feelings of anger or stress

Internal tobacco company documents provide evidence that what?

tobacco companies have explicitly sought to appeal to adolescents

A majority of adolescents' favorite games involve themes of what?

violence

crimes that involve physical harm to others, for example, assault and murder

violent crimes

What is blog short for?

web log

states such as high anxiety, and tremors experienced by persons who stop taking the substance to which they are addicted

withdrawal symptoms

What did the Forgotten Half report focus on?

young American who do not attend college

the culture of young people as a whole, separate from children and separate from adult society, characterized by values of hedonism and irresponsibility

youth culture