adolescent psych exam 2
adolescents distinguish between rules they think their parents have a right to make
and rules that they think are out of bounds (for example,
Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents
appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents.
because crowds are based more on reputation and stereotype than on interaction
they probably contribute more to the adolescent's sense of identity and self-conception—for better and for worse—than to his or her actual social development
Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are
responsive and demanding.
When siblings are treated differently by their parents, it may make them feel unique and lessen sibling ______.
rivalry
Sandra is an early adolescent. If she is like most adolescents her age, her clique will be composed of people who are ______. (Select all that apply.)
same sex same ethnicity
When students compare themselves to their high-achieving classmates, they don't feel as competent as they would if their point of comparison were students who were not so smart. This phenomenon is called
big fish-little pond effect
Chathura is an adolescent who works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Chathura is more likely to ________ than his nonworking peers.
engage in delinquincy
Magnet Schools
established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods
Professor Hilton is interested in peer relationships during adolescence. He believes that the best way to understand how peers interact is to observe them in their natural settings, such as at the mall and at school. Professor Hilton conducts ______.
ethnographic research
Drake, age 9, watches violent television almost every day. He loves movies about war and gangs and watches violent TV shows, particularly those involving murder. Drake ______.
likely has a heightened tolerance of violence
Adolescents who think their parents are overcontrolling are
likely to become oppositional
indulgent parents are more
likely to view themselves as resources for their child.
The most important pathway through which divorce may adversely affect adolescent adjustment is through ______.
its disruptive impact on parenting
Working more than 20 hours
jeopardizes adolescents' school performance and engagement
Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European schools?
jocks
Researchers agree that in good-quality schools
learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities
Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show
less empathy toward victims of the harassment. Multiple Choice
Victor and Shane are brothers with very different temperamental styles. Victor is laid-back, follows the rules, and communicates well with his parents. Shane, on the other hand, is prone to angry outbursts, often defies his parents' rules, and rarely confides in his parents. As a result, the boys are treated very differently by their parents. This example illustrates a ______.
nonshared enviroment
Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is
not likely
Parents view many issues as matters of right and wrong
not necessarily in a moral sense, but as matters of custom or convention
Hailey is a young adolescent. According to research on brain maturation, Hailey may be especially sensitive to ______.
others' emotional signals
According to Diane Baumrind, which two aspects of the parent's behavior toward the adolescent are critical?
parental demandingness parental responsiveness
Group-based interventions for adolescents with conduct problems usually increase
participants' problem behavior.
Mrs. Garner is the mother of 17-year-old Jeremy. In the past year, both of Mrs. Garner's parents have had serious health issues. Mrs. Garner spends many hours each week checking on her parents, running errands for them, making meals, and cleaning up around their house. Mrs. Garner is part of the "______" generation.
sandwich
Adolescents and their friends tend to be similar in
school achievement educational plans their attitudes toward school
Among all the characteristics of friends that influence the behavior of adolescents the
school performance of their friends has the greatest effect.
Age segregation in adolescents' cliques result mostly from the structure of their ______.
schools
Mr. Han is anxious about his 10-year-old daughter becoming an adolescent. He is convinced that adolescence will be turbulent and that his daughter will be difficult to raise. Mr. Han's beliefs are an example of ______.
self fulfilling prohecy
Researchers speculate that frequent online communication among friends brings them closer because such communication facilitates ______.
self-disclosure
Middle-class parents encourage their children to participate in extracurricular activities primarily as a means of ______.
self-improvement
the clique provides
the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another
Parental reponsiveness is the degree to which
the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner
When online, Jaron rarely looks for videos or news articles. Instead, he searchers for pornographic sites. Jaron's behavior is consistent with ______.
the uses and gratifications approach
According to the anthropologist Margaret Mead (1978)
the way in which young people are best socialized for adulthood depends on how fast their society is changing
What is the recommended relationship between schools and the larger community?
Schools should be thoroughly integrated into the wider community.
advances in molecular genetics have
enabled scientists to identify specific genes that are associated with particular traits
Which of the following adolescent groups are very involved in the peer culture, as well as involved in the institutions valued by adults? (Select all that apply.)
"Jocks" "Populars"
Tommy values education and works hard in school, but he also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekends. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?
"populars"
The financial demands placed on parents in the
"sandwich generation" (that is, sandwiched between their adolescent children and their aging parents)
Discalculia
- difficulty in arithmetic
According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?
1/6
Today, more than ______% of high school students graduate on time.
80
Which of the following is most relevant to the study of molecular genetics?
Alleles
Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development?
Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take
Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action?
Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior.
Which group is more likely to grow up in a divorced family than to actually experience their parent's divorce?
adolescents
Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?
Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates
prefigurative cultures
Cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse.
postfigurative cultures
Cultures in which the socialization of young people is done primarily by adults. cultural change is so slow that what a child needs to know to function as an adult changes very little over time
cofigurative cultures
Cultures in which young people are socialized both by adults and by each other.
Identify all of the areas in which parents and adolescents tend to squabble.
Curfew Leisure time activities Cleanliness of bedrooms Clothing
Which of the following is an explanation for why cliques of boys and girls begin to mix?
Dating provides a basis for common activity.
Adolescents who are exposed to marital conflict and domestic violence are more likely to be which of the following
Depressed Aggressive delinquint
Identify all of the following outcomes associated with financial strain on adolescents after parental divorce.
Diminished sense of mastery Increased emotional distress Academic problems Increased delinquency
generational dissonance
Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.
According to the and approach
adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed
Free time in adolescence plays an important role in which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Enabling adolescents to learn about the society around them Allowing young people to explore relationships Helping young people develop a sense of themselves
Sociometric popularity is determined mainly by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Friendliness Social skills Sense of humor
Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true?
In most cases, the person being cyberbullied has an idea who is behind the harassment.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
It became unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race.
Amy, a social reformer in the early twentieth century, would have likely considered which of the following to be a good reason to push for secondary education?
It is effective in reducing crime by keeping youngsters off the streets.
Jen is considered a popular student at Tremont High, whereas Sarah is considered an unpopular student. Which of the following statements about Jen and Sarah is true?
Jen is more likely than Sarah to have close, intimate friendships.
Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent relationships is true?
Just as parents affect their adolescents' behavior, adolescents affect how their parents behave.
One recent study found that exposure to sexually explicit websites increased the likelihood of sexual activity among ______.
adolescents who had just entered puberty
Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of family characteristics and adolescent development?
Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.
a reference group is one
against which an individual compares himself or herself
Which of the following are examples of nonshared environmental influences on siblings?
Peer relations School experiences Differential parental treatment
Some researchers have found that working has special benefits for inner-city adolescents with which of the following characteristics
Poor school records Histories of delinquency Single-parent families
Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as
RELATIONAL
cliques
Small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.
Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?
Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.
Brody is generally an average student. This semester, he started working and his usual work week is 30 hours. What strategy is Brody likely to use in order to protect his current grade point average?
Take easier courses
Working during which of the following times increases the chances that poor minority youth will drop out of school and engage in problem behavior? (Choose every correct answer.)
The early years of high school Junior high
Which of these is a realistic concern with regard to requiring all high school seniors to pass a graduation test in order to earn a diploma?
The financial costs associated with failing students would create a huge incentive for states to develop exams with very low requirements for passing.
age grading
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.
molecular genetics
The scientific study of the structure and function of genes.
hostile attribution bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile
iatrogenic affects
The undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments
According to the writers who claim a separate youth culture exists, what is its nature?
Those who belong to it have different attitudes and beliefs than adults do.
Which school characteristics contribute to the likelihood of bullying occurring
Unsupportive teachers Harsh punishments for students
instrumental aggression
aggressive adolescents who use their aggression strategically and selectively. these are more popular than other agressive adols
The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them is called ______.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Different forms of the same gene, which arise because of genetic mutations, are called
alleles, which may guide development in different directions.
self esteem is higher
among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school
shared environmental influences
are factors in the environment that individuals, such as siblings, have in common and that make the individuals similar in personality and behavior.
Nonshared environmental influences
are factors in the environments of individuals that are not similar and that, as a consequence, make the individuals different from one another
The determinants of perceived popularity
are highly variable.
Adolescents who experience maternal rejection
are more aggressive with siblings.
withdrawn adolescents
are shy, anxious, and inhibited. They are also frequently targeted by bullies
well over half of the typical American adolescent's waking hours are spent with peers
as opposed to only 15% with adult
Mr. Vasquez is a demanding father who values obedience and conformity in his children. Mr. Vasquez rarely allows his children to engage in verbal give-and-take about rules and discipline, as he believes that children should accept their parents' rules and standards without question. According to Baumrind, Mr. Vasquez is an ______ parent.
authoritarian
Xavier, age 15, is very dependent on adults. He tends to be passive, has poor social skills, has low self-assurance, and lacks curiosity. These characteristics are common among adolescents who are raised by ______ parents.
authoritarian
Parents who are both responsive and demanding demonstrate
authoritiative
Parents who are both responsive and demanding demonstrate a(n)
authoritiative style
Children are most adversely affected by marital conflict when they ______.
aware of it
By the end of high school, crowds
become less important to adolescents.
With the spread of secondary schools during the early decades of the twentieth century, adolescents were essentially ______.
barred from the labor force
within postfigurative culture they socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture's elders
because the way in which older generations have lived is almost identical to the way in which subsequent generations will live
there is a dramatic drop in the amount of time adolescents spend with parents
boys: time alone girls: time with peers
For some students, academic and behavioral problems in elementary school lead to more problems during the transition into middle school. This is referred to as
cascade effect
When examining Internet use and its connection to mental health problems, researchers have difficulty establishing ______.
causality
Part of the overlap between popularity and friendship stems from the fact that many of the
characteristics that make adolescents popular are the same ones that make them sought after as friends
One important difference between leisure and other activities is that adolescents ______.
choose their leisure activities
Ethnicity is not a strong determinant
clique composition during childhood.
Using a technique called the experience sampling method (ESM), researchers are able to
collect detailed information about adolescents' experiences over the course of the day
Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is
common across many cultures.
Cliques can be defined by
common activities or friendship
Authoritarian parents place importance o
compliance
The 1920s marked the birth in the United States of what came to be known as the
comprehensive high school, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.
No Child Left Behind required that schools ______.
create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public
The idea that playing violent video games makes adolescents aggressive and watching sexy movies makes adolescents sex-crazed is consistent with
cultivation theory
Danica has started receiving threatening text messages from a classmate, Claire. Claire threatens to beat Danica up and starts several Facebook rumors about Danica. Danica is a victim of ______.
cyberbullying
Anita and her brother Derrik recently experienced their parents' divorce. According to research on individual differences in the effects of divorce
darrik is more likely to have immediate problems.
xpecting adolescents to behave responsibly helps them
develop a sense of responsibility
There are those who claim that age segregation has led to the
development of a separate youth culture, in which young people maintain attitudes and values that are different from—even contrary to—those of adults
dyslexia
difficulty reading adn spelling
Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at risk for
diminished social competence.
Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through which of the following?
discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships
Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.
disequillibrium
When it comes to basic, core values ______.
diversity within the adolescent population is much more striking than are differences between the generations
One way of assessing the contribution of schools to adolescents' intellectual development is by comparing changes in knowledge _______.
during the school year with changes during the summer
Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than
expected performance
student engagement
extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work
True or false: Parents and teenagers often argue over major issues.
f
True or false: Adolescents and adults hold very different values and attitudes.
false
Professor Reynolds is interested in aspects of family functioning that emphasize interconnections among different family relationships, such as marital, parent-child, and sibling. Professor Reynolds studies ______.
family systems theory
According to the concept of familism, the needs of one's _____take precedence over the needs of the ____
family/individual
What percentage of adolescents who work save most of their money for future education?
fewer than 10%
Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are
gifted
Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and
greater income inequality.
The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs
has decreased during the last 30 years.
While playing soccer during physical education class, Byron ran into Drake as he was chasing the ball. Drake fell, jumped back up angrily, and raced after Byron to tackle him. When the teacher intervened, Byron explained that he was simply playing the game and accidentally ran into Drake. Drake argued that Byron's behavior was intentional and yelled, "I should have punched him in the face for it!" Drake is demonstrating ______.
hostile attributional bias
Because the clique is based on activity and friendship, it is the peer setting in which adolescents learn social skills
how to be a good friend, how to communicate effectively, how to be a leader, how to enjoy someone else's company, or how to break off a friendship that is no longer satisfying
sociometric popularity
how well-liked an individual is
disgraphia
impaired ability in handwriting
Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.
increase
Compared to early and middle childhood, family expenses often
increase during adolescnes
Intensive involvement in a part-time job may
increase the likelihood of dropping out of school
Charolette is the mother of 15-year-old Darlene. Charolette's life is often disorganized and, according to Darlene, "full of drama." Charolette tends to focus most of her time on her boyfriend and partying with friends. She has never attended any of Darlene's school activities, and she has only attended two parent-teacher conferences since Darlene started school. Charolette does not know who Darlene's friends are or how she spends her time. According to Baumrind, Charolette's parenting style would be classified as ______.
indifferent
isolates
individuals who have few or no links to others in the network
clique members
individuals who have most of their interactions with the same small group of people
liaisons
individuals who interact with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique
adolescents seek out
individuals whom they perceive as having common interests and values
Mrs. Shelvin is the mother of 15-year-old Alton. Mrs. Shelvin is very responsive toward Alton, allows him to make many of his own decisions, and believes that the key to Alton's happiness is to let him follow his own agenda without rules or discipline. According to Baumrind, Mrs. Shelvin would be classified as an ______ parent.
indulgent
The quality of an adolescent's relationship with his or her parents
influences the quality of relationships with sibling.
mainstreaming
integration of all students with special needs into regular classrooms
Strong communities, whether based in neighborhoods or schools, generate: social capital
interpersonal resources that, like financial capital, give "richer" students advantages over "poorer" ones
Ethnography
is a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings
relational aggression
is aggression intended to harm other adolescents through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and relationships.
Unstructured peer activity without adult supervision
is associated with depression, delinquency, drug and alcohol use, violence, and precocious sexual activity.
Authoritative parents strive to raise a child who
is self-reliant, with a strong sense of initiative.
Adolescents, in contrast, are likely to define these same issues as
matters of personal choice
In 16-year-old Kale's family, everyone is allowed to assert his or her own opinion. Kale is also encouraged to reflect on how his actions and words may affect others. Kale is likely to develop ______.
mature coping skills
exposure to marital conflicts
may be worse for adolescents than the effects of divorce
One advantage of separate special education programs is that they can be tailored to
meet students cpecific needs
The most common sexual messages on television involve
men seeing women as sex objects sex as fun and exciting sex as competition sex as a defining aspect of masculinity
Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called
mertocratic.
Adolescents' cliques show
moderate stability over the course of the school year.
The scientific study of the structure and function of genes is known as
molecular genetics
One specific aspect of responsibility that working is believed to affect is
money managemnet
The experience sampling method can be used to chart adolescents' ______.
moods
Regarding positive youth programs, parents frequently report that their teenagers had become ______.
more attentive and considerate after having been in a well-run program
indulgent parents are
more likely to view themselves as resources for their child.
Which of the following best describes the high school completion rate in the United States in the early twentieth century compared to today?
much lower
In extreme cases, indifferent parenting is a form of ______.
neglect
Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other Internet-based devices is
new media
Troy is considered very good looking by most of his peers. Gage is a star football and baseball player. These traits are examples of ______.
perceived popularity
The amount of status or prestige someone has is called
percieved popularity
Standards-based reform refers to ______.
policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests
Researchers argue that well-designed after-school programs for adolescents will not only deter problem behavior by providing adolescents with supervision but can also promote
positive youth development
Dr. Cruz believes she has found a society that is so technologically advanced that children routinely teach adults instead of the other way around. What would anthropologists such as Margaret Mead call this type of society?
prefigurative
School-sponsored extra curricular activities
provide the context for much of adolescents' leisure activity
Some critics of No Child Left Behind argued that it was having the unintended consequence of
providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.
Ethnographic research i
qualitative
The key point is that membership in a crowd is based mainly on reputation and stereotype
rather than on actual friendship or social interaction
adolescents whose aggression is unplanned and frequent
reactive aggression
Adolescents' crowds serve as ______.
reference groups
midlife crisis
refers to a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents' parents.
sleeper effects
refers to the effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in a child's development.
Teenagers who are high in perceived popularity tend to
reject less-popular teenagers
Ellen and Daisy are part of a clique that is known for gossiping and spreading rumors. They frequently target other girls by excluding them from social activities, trying to damage their reputation, and withdrawing their attention and friendship from girls who were formerly part of the clique. Ellen and Daisy are demonstrating characteristics of ______.
relational aggression
According to family systems theory,
relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing, because it is during these times that the family's equilibrium often is upse
According to family systems theory,
relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing.
For today's teenagers, most jobs ar
repetitive monotonous intellectually unchallenging
Crowds are
reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people's social and personal identity
One challenge associated with determining rates of bullying is that ______.
researchers define bullying in different ways
Unlike cliques, crowds are not
settings for adolescents' intimate interactions or friendships, but instead serve three broad purposes: to locate adolescents within the social structure of the school, to channel adolescents toward some peers and away from others, and to provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others
According to cultivation theory, the media
shapes adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world.
According to theory, the media
shapes adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world.
Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd?
shared acticity
One key aspect of school organization is th
size of classroom
Marilyn and her husband divorced 5 years ago, when their son, Avery, was 9. Although Avery had some short-term difficulties following the divorce, he continued to do well in school, maintained positive relationships with his peers, and remained close to both of his parents. However, as a single parent, Marilyn has not been able to exercise as much oversight over Avery as she did before the divorce. Within the last 6 months, Avery has begun to engage in a number of problematic behaviors, including smoking, drinking alcohol on at least three occasions, and leaving school early without permission. Avery's behavior may be due to ______.
sleeper effects
Although it is impossible to make a blanket statement about the overall impact of divorce, research finds that for most people this impact is
small
Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as matters of personal choice, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as matters of
social convention.
Which of the following statements about popularity and aggression is true?
some are popular
research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents
spend more time in peer groups than adolescents in previous times
Researchers examine genetic influences in three main ways
studying adolescents who are twins studying adolescents who have been adopted studying adolescents and their siblings in stepfamilie
On average, adopted individuals show high rates of
substance use psychological difficulties precocious sexual activity delinquency
here is no evidence that
summer employment affects school performance
80% of connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from
teachers having accurate perceptions
The highest levels of media use are reported by ______.
teenagers from low-income families
By middle adolescence
teens are treated as adults
junior high is larger
than elemtrary
teenagers and their parents often clash more over the definition of the issue
than over the specific details
Studies indicate that adolescents who feel close to both their father and stepfather have better outcomes
than those who feel close to one but not the other.
Tracking can polarize the student body into different subcultures
that are often hostile toward each other
a major contributor to adolescent-parent bickering is the fact that
that teenagers and their parents define the issues of contention very differently
Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that
the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.
An advantage of schools within schools is that they lead to ______.
the development of a more positive social environment
Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that
those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices.
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called
tracking
According to a recent comprehensive review, physical bullying is
twice as common as electronic bullying
theory is a perspective on adolescence that views
unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause for misbehavior.
In families with competent teenagers,
verbal give-and-take is the norm.
What portion of young men have seen online pornography prior to age 18?
virtually all
Which of the following is the best model for the relationship between harsh discipline and adolescent behavior problems?
viscous cycle
Among aggressive and antisocial adolescents, popularity tends to
wane as adolescents get older.
The primary purpose of the comprehensive high school
was to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people in the early twentieth century
When is delinquency most common?
weekday afternoons
Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events?
when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence
The past four decades have been dominated by what is called standards-based reform
which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.
During adolescence, peer groups function much more often
without adult supervision.
