Adolescent Psychology Test 2

Of the students who enter college, what percentage complete their degrees within six years?

Less than 60%

What does research show about teens lying to parents?

Lies about personal matters (dating someone...) are acceptable to teens, and lies of omission are common

Which groups are most likely to disengage from school during early adolescence?

boys and students from poor families

teaching styles and how they affect adolescents

students achieve more when attending schools that are responsive and demanding (similar to authoritative parenting) students achieve more when classrooms promote cooperations rather than competition

Some educational psychologists, including Jacquelynne Eccles, argue that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the

teacher's beliefs about junior high students

Inner-city schools in American continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately _____ of the high schools in the United States produce _____ of the country's dropouts.

10%; 50%

How many text messages does the average American adolescent send per day?

51-100

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwanese, and Indian high school students average closer to _____ .

5; 5 hours per day

close to ___ percent of children in the US grow up either in abject poverty or low income families

60%

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?

Authoritative

What have researchers found in regard to the research on exposure to violent imagery on TV?

Being exposed to violent imagery does not make a person violent - rather a person may watch violent things because they are aggressive themselves and that is what they like. Correlation does not equal causation! (thanks Dr. Sisson)

What has the least effect on student achievement?

Classrooms

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?

Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely had authoritarian parents

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called

Flow experience

What does current research state regarding the effects of remarriage on boys and girls?

Girls have a harder time than boys; younger kids have a harder time than older kids; over time, gender differences disappear

Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among adolescents?

Music and academic

Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?

Natalie's mom is sort of right - adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other

________ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school

Parental

Matthew and Ryan both live in single-parent households. Matthew interacts with his grandparents every day, whereas Ryan has no contact with his extended family members. Who will be more likely to engage in adolescent misbehavior?

Ryan

a group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

a cohort

reference group (and what is mine)

a group against which an individual compares his or herself my reference group is "band geek"

relational aggression

acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip

Adolescents are in the "worst" mood when they are

alone

familism

an orientation toward life in which the needs of the family take precedence over the needs of the individual not so much in western culture teens who value familism are less likely to get depressed and less likely to get involved with antisocial peer gourds, which blesses their chances of drinking or using drugs

following the end of WWII, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:

baby boom

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

clique; crowd

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of

crowds

crowds vs cliques

crowds are larger groups that are commonly organized around a common shared activity (usually crowds are labeled, like the jocks or the nerds) cliques are small, tightly knit groups (where teens learn most of their social skills)

sources of conflict between teenagers and parents and which parental rules teens tend to follow

disagreements stem from different perspectives rules without relationship = rebellion

The highest levels of media use are reported by

early adolescents

sleeper effect (of divorce)

effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in the child's development (such as their ideals about romantic relationships or the likelihood of drug/alcohol consumption)

Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas moods while with their families become more negative between ____________ school.

elementary and middle

Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should:

enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity

Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive

extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note-taking, and proofreading

True or false: younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents

false

many immigrant families place an especially high value on ______, an orientation in which the needs of one's family takes precedence over the needs of the individual

familism

Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults

what is the chief determinant of popularity in high school?

how socially skilled an individual is

according to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:

less mature and more conforming to their peers

Parental divorce during early adolescence- how do young teens respond?

more than 40% of American children will experience their parents' divorce young adolescents are affected the most, but in general adolescents adjust to divorce well. Adjusting to a stepfamily can be more difficult than living in a single parent household

black adolescents are ____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and ____ likely to experience their remarriage

more; less

how do parents and teens influence each other?

parents affect their adolescent's behavior, and in turn adolescents affect how their parents behave

a research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

participant observation

conformity to peer pressure and the results of peer rejection

peers are necessary for normal social development conforming to peers peaks in grades 8-9 being unpopular can lead to depression, behavior problems, and academic difficulties those that are aggressive AND withdrawn are at the highest risk

what's the real root of youth violence (video)?

people are invisible, unseen, and unheard if young people don't feel a part of a village, they will burn it down to feel its warmth

In early adolescence, ___ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, ___ friendships are common

same sex; opposite sex

Kerry and Maria's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that Kerry had performed at a higher level than Maria. This is best thought of as an example of:

self-fulfilling prophecy

shared and non-shared environments

shared environmental influences: non genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other non shared environmental influences: the non genetic influences in individual's lives that make them different from people they live with non shared and genetic influences are stronger in adolescence than shared influences (like two siblings whose parents treat them very differently, or differing school experiences)

personal vs conventional issues

teens believe that personal issues are their own choice, while conventional issues are moral issues that parents usually hold for their teens.

flow

the balance of skill being not too easy but not too difficult flow occurs most often when mastery, concentration, and challenges are happening

self-fulfilling prophecy

the idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them

premature affluence

the risk of teenagers developing discretionary spending habits they cannot sustain

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile

violation of expectations

the way adolescents view family rules and regulations may change, and they may have different expectations for how their teen years are going to be vs their parents. When expectations are not met (violated), conflict occurs

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents; authority and emphasizes peer deviance. this society is called:

the youth culture

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:

their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood

Peers vs parental influence on teens

there is an increasing importance of peers and a decrease in parental influence. however, parental influence still stays slightly above peer influence (graph)

What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s?

there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities

he recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers

zero-tolerance