Adrenal Medulla and Cortex

__ exhibit significant permissive actions for other hormonal activity

Glucocorticoids

__ need to be present for glucagon and catecholamines to exert their calorigenic effects

Glucocorticoids

Adrenal cortex secretes three things:

Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoid, and sex hormones

Gluticocorticoid stimulates hepatic __

Gluconeogenesis

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol (primary) and corticosterone

Androgens

Hormones that exert masculinizing effects

Adrenal medulla secretes three catecholamines:

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Glucocorticoid effect on lipids

Facilitate lipolysis

Stress and diurnal rhythms stimulate __ to release __ hormone

Hypothalamus; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Cortisol is metabolized by the

Liver

Renin is released in response to

Low sodium levels in the fluid

MAP = CO X TPR

Mean Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

Cells of the adrenal medulla secrete when they are stimulated by

Preganglionic nerve fibers

Small amounts of glucocorticoids are important for catecholamines to produce __ responses and broncho(dilation/constriction)

Pressor; bronchodilation

Cushing's Syndrome

Prolonged increase in plasma glucocorticoids

Cushing's Syndrome symptoms

Protein depletion, skin and subcutaneous tissues thin, poorly developed muscles, poor wound healing, easy bruising, body fat distribution, type 2 DM, mineralcorticoid effect (retention of sodium), hypertensive, osteoperosis, increased appetite, insomnia, mental symptoms

Stress causes (release/inhibition) of glucocorticoids

Release

Angiosensin II is dependent on the release of

Renin

Zona reticularis

Sex hormones

Adrenal cortex secretes __ hormones

Steroid

Glucocorticoid effect on proteins

Stimulate protein degredation

Epinephrine promotes breakdown of __ and __

Stored fat and carbohydrate

Glucocorticoids help a person resist

Stress

__ cortisol is what interacts with the tissue

Unbound (free)

Norepinephrine produces vaso(constriction/dilation) via alpha1 receptors

Vasoconstriction

Three layers of adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa (outer, 15%), Zona fasciculata (middle, 50%), Zona reticularis (lower, 7%)

The long term changes of adrenal androgens is due to changes in

17 alpha-hydroxylase (not ACTH)

75% of daily production of cortisol occurs between __ and __ (times)

4am and 10am

Half-life of cortisol is

60-90 minutes

Secretion of adrenal androgens is controlled by

ACTH (not gonadotropins)

ACTH acts on __ to release __

Adrenal cortex; glucocorticoids

Two endocrine organs in the adrenal gland:

Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa

Aldosterone; new cortical cells

Androgens promote protein __ and __

Anabolism and growth

Aldosterone is regulated by __ levels and stimulated by high __ levels

Angiotensin II; plasma potassium

Aldosterone plays a role in potassium function by

Causing secretion of potassium into the urine when plasma potassium levels are high

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates __ to release __

Anterior pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin, ACTH)

Stress is defined as

Any change in environment that changes or threatens to change an existing optimal steady state

Glucocorticoids play an important role in

Carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism

CO = HR X SV

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Pheochromocytoma

Catecholamine-secreting tumor

Five major hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), androstenedione

Zona fasciculata

Cortisol, glutococorticoids

__ have less than 20% of testosterone's activity

Dehydroepiandosterone sulfate (DHEAS)

Epinephrine (dilates/constricts) vessels in skeletal muscle and liver via beta2 receptors

Dilates

Result of epinephrine and norepinephrine together is that the total peripheral resistance (rises/drops)

Drops

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (increase/decrease) the force and rate of contraction of the heart by beta1 receptors

Increase

Glucocorticoids released from stress (increase/decrease) the pool of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

Increase

Aldosterone major function is to

Increase the resorption of sodium in the collecting ducts in the kidney.

Sympathetic stimulation (increases/decreases) renin release

Increases

Glucocorticoids (inhibit/stimulate) the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Inhibit

Glucocorticoids (inhibit/stimulate) the inflammatory response to tissue injury

Inhibit

Prolonged treatment of anti-inflammatory gluticocorticoids will (inhibit/stimulate) __ hormone release

Inhibit ACTH

Glucocorticoids will (inhibit/stimulate) glucose uptake by most tissues, except __

Inhibit; brain

Adrenal cortex (is/is not) essential to life

Is

Adrenal medulla (is/is not) essential to life

Is not (but helpful when dealing with emergencies and stress)

Rate of cortisol metabolism is decreased with

Kidney disease, stress

Secretion of adrenal androgens play __ roles in masculizing

Minimum

Two cell types that comprise the adrenal medulla

Norepinephrine secreting cells (10%), Epinephrine secreting cells (90%)

Secretion is initiated by the __ nervous system with __ release by the preganglionic neurons

Sympathetic; Acetylcholine

The most active androgen is __

Testosterone

Androstenedione is converted into __ and __ in fat and other peripheral tissues

Testosterone and estrogens

Gluticocorticoid-receptor complexes synthesize enzymes that alter cell function using this method

The complexes act as transcription factors that lead appropriate mRNAs to synthesize enzymes

Cortisol is bound to an alpha globulin called __

Transcortin (corticosteroid-binding globulin)