ADST 105
Neurochemistry of amphetamines
1. amphetamines force the release of neurotransmitters from the vesicles in the nerve terminals 2. transporters that normally reabsorb neurotransmitters reverse their direction and expel neurotransmitters in excessive amounts into the synaptic gap 3. amphetamines block the enzymes that metabolize the excess neurotransmitters
Type of ADHD
1. combined 2. predominantly inattentive type 3. predominantly hyperative-impulsive type
What are the 5 historical themes of drug use?
1. human beings have a basic need to cope with their environment and enhance their existence 2. human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness to induce an altered state of consciousness 3. the ruling classes, governments, and industry, along with criminal organizations, have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs 4. technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing drugs have increased the potency of these substances 5. the development of faster and more-efficient methods of delivering drugs into the body has intensified the effects
ADHD classification
1. hyperkinetic disorder 2. disturbance of activity and attention 3. hyperkinetic conduct disorder
What is the average loss of limbic gray matter in the brains of heavy amphetamine users?
11.3%
How long does it take for metabolites of cocaine to reach the brain?
15 to 30 minutes
What year was the "reusable" hypodermic needle invented?
1853
In what years was smokable cocaine(crack) popularized?
1970s and 1980s
When and where were the earliest attempts at temperance(limited drinking)?
2200 B.C. in China
How long does it take to feel the effects of cocaine when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously?
3 to 5 minues
How long does it take to feel the effects of cocaine when injected intravenously?
30 seconds
What percent on emergency room visits per year are due to cocaine overdose?
32%
How long does it take for a drug to be effectively eliminated?
4-5 half-lives
After how long does death occur after exposure to cocaine?
40 minutes to 5 hours
How long does it take cocaine to get to the brain when smoked(freebase)?
5 to 8 seconds
Roman manufacture of opium
793 stores sold opium and the excise tax provided 15% of the city's revenue
Medical Amphetamines
Adderall, Dexedrine, Vyvanse, Vicks Vapor Inhaler
Yohimbe is from
Africa
Khat is used as a regular part of life in
Africa and the Middle East
What system is most affected by long-term cocaine use?
Cardiovascular system
The blood-brain barrier protects the---
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What two parts make up the Nervous System?
Central Nervous System(CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
Cocaine came from what plant?
Coca plant
What are the two adrenaline neurotransmitters?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Dionysus/Bacchus
Greek/Roman god of wine and ecstacy
Albert Niemann
In 1859, he isolated cocaine from other chemicals in the coca leaf that was 200 times more powerful by weight
Betel Nut is used in
India, Pakistan, Philippines, New Guinea, Africa, Malaysia, and Polynesia
When and where was methamphetamine synthesized?
Japan; 1919
Hippocrates, "the father of medicine", recommended
Opium
Which class of drugs can infiltrate the blood-brain barrier?
Psychoactive drugs
Why are psychoactive drugs able to cross the blood-brain barrier?
Psychoactive drugs are fat-soluble. The brain is essentially fatty, it readily absorbs fat-soluble substances
Medical Amphetamine Congeners
Redux, Ritalin, Methylin, Daytrana Patch
Drugs used for ADHD
Ritalin, Adderall, Vyvanase, Strattera
What are the names of two other neurotransmitters that have an affect on energy but to a lesser extent?
Serotonin and Dopamine
What is a self-limiting method of use of cocaine?
Snorting
What forces the release of chemicals and infuse the body with large amounts of extra energy before the body needs it?
Stimulants
Civilizations throughout history placed religious, social, and legal controls on the use of __ and other __
alcohol; drugs
Prolonged amphetamine use
alters brain chemistry in a way that increases cravings
What are the different types of amphetamines?
amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and dextro isomer methamphetamine
Dopamine
another neurotransmitter
What parts is the PNS divided into?
autonomic and the somatic systems
In low doses, stimulants---
boost energy, raise the heart rate and blood pressure, increase respiration, reduce appetite, and subdue thirst
What does the CNS contain?
brain and spinal cord; half of the nervous system
Example of Uppers
cocaine, amphetamines(synthetic), amphetamine congeners
Street Names for Cocaine
coke, blow, toot, snow, nose candy, crack, base, rock, paste
Peripheral Nervous System
connects the CNS with its internal and external environments
Parasympathetic division
conserves the body's resources and restores homeostasis(physiological balance) by inhibiting or opposing the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Cardiovascular Side Effects of Stimulants
constrict blood vessels and can induce spasms which decreases blood flow to organs and tissues in the body, tissue repair and healing is slower, heart rate is increased, blood pressure increased, and higher chance of stroke
Autonomic system
controls involuntary internal functions such as circulation, digestion, genital reactions
Enteric division
coordinates reflexes, controls digestive functions such as peristalsis and reports on internal mechanical and chemical conditions
Street Name for Amphetamines
crosstops, whites, speed, black beauties, bennies, cartwheels, dexies, crystal meth, ice, ya ba, shabu, snot, crank, crystal, ecstacy
Drug distribution
distributed by bloodstream to the rest of the body
Pharmacology for ADHD
dopamine depletion is one of the main causes of ADHD and amphetamines or amphetamine congeners force the release of dopamine
Example of Theme #3
drug trade by al Qaeda to finance terrorist activities
Contact Absorption
drug-saturated adhesive patches applied to the skin (1-2 days)
Two thirds of the actual smuggling into the United States in recent years has been handled by ____ ____ and ___ based in Mexico
drugs gangs; cartels
Example of Theme #1
early people found that ingesting certain plants could ease fear and anxiety, reduce pain, treat some illnesses, give pleasure, and connect them to their gods
The Nervous System automatically releases extra _______,______, and other chemicals when a person exercises, is scared, is making love, or is in a fight
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Mental and Emotional effects of amphetamines
euphoria, alertness, sexual feelings, sense of well-being and confidence
Kidneys are key _____ organs
excretory
Physical effects of amphetamines
extra energy, increased heart rate, raised body temperature, rapid respiration, higher blood pressure, dilation of bronchial vessels, and appetite suppression
Other effects of cocaine
feelings of crawling under one's skin, dental erosion, seizures, gastrointestinal complications, and involuntary writhing, flailing, jerky, and sinuous movement
Street Name for Amphetamine Congeners
fen-phen, pellets, pink hearts, popcorn coke, euphoria, robin's eggs, black and whites
L. Edeleano
first synthesized amphetamine in 1887
Khat
gives a mild euphoric effect, along with exhilaration, talkativeness, hyperactivity, wakefulness, aggressiveness, enhanced self-esteem and loss of appetite
Norepinephrine(NE)
has a greater effect on confidence, motivation, and feelings of well-being
Epinephrine(E)
has a greater effect on physical energy
Lipophilic
having an affinity for lipids
Blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier
helps prevent unwanted substances from entering the area of the central nervous system where this fluid flows
Sympathetic division
helps the body respond to stress
Theme #1
human beings have a basic need to cope with their environment and enhance their existence
Theme #2
human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness to induce an altered state of consciousness
Example of Theme #2
if psychoactive drugs and behavioral addictions did not affect human brain chemistry in a desirable manner, they would not be used voluntarily
Symptoms of cocaine withdrawal
inability to feel pleasure, lack of energy, depression, loss of motivation, anxiety, cravings, insomnia, vivid and unpleasant dreams, increased appetite
Routes of Administration
inhalation, injection, mucous membrane absorption, oral ingestion, and contact absorption
Injection
intravenously(IV) directly into the bloodstream by way of a vein (15-30 secs), intramuscularly(IM) into a muscle mass (3-5 mins), subcutaneously(skin popping) under the skin
Neonatal effects of amphetamines
irritable baby syndrome, premature delivery, placental separation, increased risk of HIV and hepatitis B and C infection, growth and development delays, learning disabilities, increased incidence of ADHD, increased risk for rage disorder, and SIDS
How is the cardiovascular system affected by cocaine?
it raises heart rate, constricts blood vessels causing a rise in blood pressure which could lead to a stroke, and damages heart muscles, coronary arteries, and other blood vessels
Sigmund Freud promoted cocaine for--
medical and psychiatric uses
The opium poppy and hemp plant(cannabis) was cultivated for-
medicinal purposes
Effects of yohimbe
mild euphoria and occasional hallucinations
Betel Nut(Areca Nut)
mild euphoria, excitation, decrease in fatigue, lowers tension, reduces appetite, feeling of well-being
"Psycho" means
mind
Neonatal effects of cocaine
miscarriage, stroke, placental separation, SIDS
Example of Theme #5
mix alcohol and opium for stronger effects
Speedball
mixture of a stimulant such as cocaine with a downer
Example of Theme #4
modify the amphetamine molecule to produce designer drugs like MDMA (ecstacy)
Ritalin
most widely used amphetamine congener
Amphetamines were used to treat--
narcolepsy, epilepsy, and depression; currently used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and weight control
Passive transport
occurs when lipid-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a higher concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration
Active transport
occurs when water-soluble drugs cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on protein molecules
Cannabis was prized as a source of __ and __
oil; fiber
Half-life
one measure of the time it takes a drug to be inactivated or eliminated by the body
4000 plants yield __ __, although only about __ are commonly used
psychoactive substances; 60
The Drug Use Forecasting program
questions arrestees in city jails about their drug use and backs up the questions with urinalysis
Inhalation
rapidly absorbed through capillaries lining the air sacs of the bronchi; acts more quickly than any other method of use (7-10 seconds)
How do drugs get to the brain?
route of administration, speed of transit to the brain, rates of metabolism, process of elimination, affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters
Side effects to amphetamines
sleep deprivation, heart and blood vessel toxicity, severe malnutrition, dental erosion
Mucous Membrane Absorption
snorted(insufflation) (3-5 mins), under the tongue(sublingually), between the gums and cheek(buccally) (3-5 mins)
Routes of Administration of Amphetamines
snorting, IV, oral ingestion, smoking "crystal" meth or "ice"
Amphetamine congeners
stimulant drugs that are chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines and produce many of the same effects but are not as strong
Ephedra
stimulant used medicinally to treat asthma, narcolepsy, other allergies, and low blood pressure
The autonomic system consists of what parts?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
Theme #4
technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing drugs have increased the potency of these substances
Metabolism
the body's mechanism for processing, using, and inactivating a foreign substance that has entered the body
Bioavailability
the degree to which the active ingredients of a drug become available to the target tissues after administration
Theme #5
the development of faster and more-efficient methods of delivering drugs into the body has intensified the effects
Oral Ingestion
the drug passes through the esophagus and the stomach to the small intestine, where it is absorbed into the capillaries enmeshed in the intestinal walls (20-30 mins)
Excretion
the process of eliminating the foreign substance and its metabolites from the body
Theme #3
the ruling classes, governments, and industry, along with criminal organization, have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs
Why is the effect of cocaine and amphetamines multiplied?
they keep neurotransmitters circulating by blocking their reabsorption and/or blocking their metabolism
Why do people use cocaine?
to recapture the extreme intensity of the initial rush, to avoid life's problems, to control mental illness
Somatic system
transmits sensory information and then transmits any instructions from the CNS back to the skeletal muscles
The use of psychoactive substances spread though
tribal migration
Colombia grows how much of the world's coca crop?
two thirds
History of Opium usage
used for medicinal properties of pain relief, cough suppression, and diarrhea control as well as for its mental properties of sedation and euphoria
Amphetamine usage during World War II
used in pill form by Allied, German, and Japanese forces to keep pilots alert for extended missions and to keep ground troops awake and more aggressive battle
The earliest crops were __ and __; used to make __ and __
wheat and barley; bread and beer