adult development and gerontology week 1&2

he cross-sectional relationship between life expectancy and per capita income is known as the __________, named after Samuel H. Preston who first described it in 1975.

Preston Curve

In the early ___________ century, life expectancy started to increase in the early industrialized countries while it stayed low in the rest of the world.

19th

As the Baby Boomer generation heads toward retirement, the number of Americans over the age of 65 is expected to hit 69 million people by 2030. That represents _________of the U.S. population, up from today's share of 13%.

20%

A century ago life expectancy in India and South Korea was as low as ___________ years. A century later, life expectancy in India has almost tripled and in South Korea it has almost quadrupled.

23

in 1841 a 5-year old could expect to live 55 years. Today a 5-year old can expect to live 82 years. An increase of ___________years.

27

Life expectancy has increased rapidly since the Enlightenment. Estimates suggest that in a pre-modern, poor world, life expectancy was around ____ years in all regions of the world

30

For the UK - the country for which we have the longest time-series - we see that before the 19th century there was no trend for life expectancy: life expectancy fluctuated between _____________years.

30 and 40

A 50-year old could once expect to live an additional twenty years. Today the life expectancy of a 50-year old has increased to an additional____________ years.

33

Global child mortality fell from 18.2% in 1960 to _________in 2015; while 4.3% is still too high, this is a substantial achievement.

4.3%

A girl born in 2012 can expect to live to 81.2 years—almost _________ years longer than a boy baby born the same year, who's likely live to age 76.4. Weaker sex, indeed.

5

reason why women live longer than men

Two and a half as many boys are conceived as girls, Dr. Legato says, but they're so much more likely to succumb to prenatal infection or other issues in the womb that by the time they're born They're also slower to develop physically than girls prenatally, which means they're more likely to die if they are preemies due to underdeveloped lung or brain development, Unintentional injuries are the third leading cause of death in men (daredevils and risk takers) Heart disease is the leading killer of both men and women, but men are more likely to develop it—and die from it—as early as their 30s and 40s Friends make good medicine: People with strong social connections have a 50% lower chance of dying than those with few social ties, according to a 2010 study at Brigham Young University. "Most men tend to hold their stress and worries close to their chest, while women tend to reach out and talk to others Men are 24% less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22% more likely to skip out on cholesterol testing

Common causes posited include socioeconomic status affecting both intelligence and life expectancy, higher intelligence causing more healthy behavior choices, and shared genetic factors influencing both intelligence and health. By analyzing three data sets of twins from the US, Sweden and Denmark, they determined that______________contributed the most to the correlation between lifespan and intelligence.

genetic factors

Child mortality

is defined as the number of children dying before their 5th birthday.

Life expectancy

is the average number of years a child born now would live if current mortality patterns were to stay the same.

we can see that in the mid-1800s, Norway had the highest life expectancy, but then by 1880 people in______________ were expected to live the longest lives.

non-Maori New Zealand

In early-modern times, child mortality was very high; in 18th century Sweden every _____________child died, and in 19th century Germany every second child died.

third

ince this is not the case we can conclude that economic development cannot be the sole determinant of health. A possible explanation for this changing relationship is that scientific understanding and technological progress makes some very efficient public health interventions - such as _______________- cheaper and brings these more and more into the reach of populations with lower incomes.

vaccinations, hygiene measures, oral rehydration therapy, and public health measures

Bill Maris

"If you ask me today, is it possible to live to be 500? The answer is yes," Maris told Bloomberg Markets. Maris, 41, is the president and managing partner of Google Ventures and has used his position to make investments in companies that can slow aging, improve longevity, and possibly reverse disease. In 2015, he'd invested 36% of the fund's assets, which total nearly $2 billion, in life sciences. "If given the choice between making a lot of money or finding a way to make people live longer," he told Bloomberg, "what do you choose?"

In fact more than a quarter ____________of men don't have a regular physician and about one in five didn't have health insurance in 2012, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.

(28%)

Women, on the other hand, typically develop heart disease ____ years later than men. They're protected from it until menopause, since their bodies churn out estrogen, which helps keep arteries strong and flexible, says Dr. Legato.

10

For ____________ (red line) you see that the countries on the left - India and also South Korea - have a life expectancy around 25. On the very right you see that in 1800 no country had a life expectancy above 40 (Belgium had the highest life expectancy with just 40 years).

1800

Life expectancy in each region of the world stayed fairly stable for most of history until the onset of the "health transition," the period in which life expectancy began to increase. The chart below shows that the health transition began at different times in different regions; Oceania began to see increases in life expectancy around 1870, while Africa didn't begin to see increases until around __________

1920.

n 1950 the life expectancy of all countries was higher than in 1800 and the richer countries in Europe and North America had life expectancies over _____________ years - over the course of modernization and industrialization the health of the population improved dramatically. But half of the world's population - look at India and China - made only little progress. Therefore the world in 1950 was highly unequal in living standards - clearly devided between developed countries and developing countries.

60

Davel Gobel,

63, co-founded the Methuselah Foundation with Aubrey de Grey. With funding from Thiel, the foundation says it has given away more than $4 million to support research and development into regenerative medicine that could extend lifespans. The organization's goal is to make "90 the new 50 by 2030." The Methuselah Prize has been credited for encouraging scientists to work on anti-aging research and treat aging as a "medical condition" without being "labeled as quacks," Gobel told Inc. "It's now a fundable conversation." Gobel's also known for popularizing the idea of "longevity escape velocity," a hypothetical situation in which life expectancy grows faster than time passes. So, essentially the first 1,000-year-old could be only 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old.

Arthur Levinson

65, is an investor in and chief executive of Google's Calico, a multi-million dollar project that's studying how to reverse aging. (Google alone reportedly has invested $240 million in the project.) Levinson has a storied resume. A biochemist with a Ph.D from Princeton, he has served as the CEO of biotechnology company Genentech; he's currently chairman of Apple's board. Currently, he's leading Calico's efforts to find the answer to what controls lifespan, rather than targeting specific diseases like most biotech companies. Calico has announced partnerships with universities, a pharma company, a nonprofit and a genealogical data firm Ancestry. Although Levinson has said little publicly, Calico seems to be functioning as an R&D lab. The plan is to then use that longevity knowledge to create medical products that can be brought to market and will help people live longer and healthier lives.

Craig Venter

69, is best known for his work decoding the first human genome, but his scientific work extends much further. He founded Human Longevity Inc. (HLI), a genomics-based biotechnology company, with the intention of extending and enhancing the "healthy, high-performance lifespan and change the face of aging." Venter is taking the power of the human genome, combining it with next generation DNA sequencing and stem cell advances to decode and fix the different factors that contribute to aging and disease. The goal is to create a human database so as to predict diseases. The company has reportedly raised at least $70 million in venture capital. "Our goal is not necessarily lengthening life, but extending a healthier, high performing, more productive life span," said Venter on the company's site.

Life expectancy in the U.S. is at an all-time high, according to a report released last week by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). And while the news that we're living, on average, to the ripe old age of___________

78 years and 9 ½ months isn't that surprising

2000-2050

For those born in the first half of the 21st century, technology rules their lives. As for what death and funerals will be like 10, 20 or even 50 years in the future, we predict that technology will rule in those areas as well.

2050-2100

For those born in the second half of the 21st century, scientific advancements come at a rapid pace, constantly redefining daily life. Technology offers new hope for immortality, be it through medicine or more radical means, but funerals remain important social events for increasingly disconnected social and family groups.

This graph displays the correlation between life expectancy and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In general, countries with higher ___________ have a higher life expectancy. The relationship seems to follow a logarithmic trend: the unit increase in life expectancy per unit increase in GDP decreases as GDP per capita increases.

GDP

Child mortality stats

In 1990 7.6 million children died before they were five years old, in 2013 the number of children dying in childhood was down to 3.7 million

1750-1800

In the days of the American Revolution, life is difficult and death often comes early. Some patriots even welcome early death if it means they can help secure freedom for the people of the newly created United States of America.

1800-1850

In the years leading up to the Civil War, the United States begins to thrive. Though life expectancy is still low, early scientific advances are beginning to eliminate some of the diseases that plagued previous generations. As the nation discovers its sense of self, uniquely American traditions are born.

You can blame it on the so-called___________ syndrome: "Men often deny illness; they minimize symptoms because they don't want to go to a doctor and find out something is wrong

John Wayne

1950-2000

Life expectancy skyrockets in the second half of the 20th century as scientists conquer more and more traditionally life-threatening diseases. With longer lives to live, we have more time to contemplate our mortality... and to prepare for death via hospice care, elaborately planned funerals and more.

Martine Rothblatt

Rothblatt, 61, is taking a unique approach to the anti-aging trend. Rather than keeping humans alive in their current bodily forms, she believes that immortality could come through a unique blend of technology and biology. The founder of Sirius Satellite Radio and CEO of United Therapeutics (UTHR, -0.41%) is betting that one of the first stages in this process may be uploading the "data" of a human brain into a software program, essentially keeping their being alive in a different, high-tech form. She's created a nonprofit called Terasem Movement where people can already store their "mind files," the digital records of a person's life spread across email, social media, and computer files, so that when technology does catch up those files can be used to essentially bring that person back to life.

Peter Thiel

The billionaire co-founder of PayPal (PYPL, +0.13%) says he wants to live to 120 years old. The 48-year-old has invested millions in companies trying to make that happen. Thiel gave anti-aging researcher Aubrey de Grey $3.5 million to start the Methuselah Foundation, a non-profit that is focused on uncovering promising life-extension therapies. He's also made strategic investments through his venture capital firm Founders Fund into at least 14 health and biotech companies that are focused on extending life through regenerative medicine.

1850-1900

The science of vaccination advances by leaps and bounds in the last half of the 19th century, greatly reducing the chances of dying young from disease. At the same time, the Civil War takes away many in their prime, and the U.S. experiences a new kind of mourning when, for the first time, a president is assassinated.

1900-1950

World wars ravage our sense of stability in the first half of the 20th century. Yet even as two generations of young men are decimated, the home front sees industrial and medical advances that greatly increase the quality and length of our lives.

Since 1900 the global average life expectancy has more than __________ and is now approaching 70 years

doubled