AE Ch. 20 SG

Prior to the development of the steam engine, the mechanical pumps used in english mines were powered by

Animals walking in circles

Why did Britain look to coal?

Because wood was becoming scarce

how did industry grow in continental europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

How did natural resources affect the industrial revolution?

Britain was an island surrounded by water, so had access to the rivers and canals for shipping goods. The abundance of coal that they had access to motivated workers to try and find ways to use the coal for energy, which led them to new inventions

Industrial revolution

Burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 18th century

How did agriculture affect the industrial revolution?

English farmers continued to adopt new methods of farming, and landowners were able to produce more food with a smaller workforce. This meant there was a large group of landless wage earners that had no jobs, they would be potential laborers for the new factories

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.

George Stephenson

English railway pioneer who built the first passenger locomotive, named Rocket

Friedrich List

German-American who wrote "National System of Political Economy"; he advocated industrialization by railroad building and protective tariffs

What were water mills and windmills used for?

Grinding grain and pumping water and draining swamps

Why did English entrepreneurs want to invent new technologies to bring down labor costs?

International competition, they wanted to solidify their control over the cloth industry

Puddlers

Strong, skilled iron workers

Why was water used in the water frame?

The frame had the capacity of several hundred spindles and demanded much more power than a single operator could provide. Water provided the power

How did Britain's economy grow?

The mercantilist empire that Britain had built brought in many raw materials and a growing market for British manufactured goods (they were cheaper to make and also buy)

Describe the revolution in transportation that took place during the industrial revolution

The steam locomotive was invented. It used coal, which was easily available and generated a lot of power. The locomotive made transportation faster, helping people and goods to get from place to place. It helped connect different cities. The transportation revolution helped reduce shipping cost, making more cheap goods, and changed water travel

Why was the train so revolutionary?

The train changed travel. It allowed easier human transportation and limitless travel. Time and space seemed to change as trains made it possible to get between places faster

Why was the putting out system limited?

The workers weren't supervised, how much they made couldn't be controlled, all the goods weren't in one place, it was inefficient because humans were exhaustible. Multiple spinners were needed to keep one weaver employed, they had a lot of work to do

How were the young workers treated?

They were housed, fed, and locked away. They worked 13 or 14 hour days, and had to work for many years

What did humans rely on for the main source of energy?

Wood. They used animals for work as well

the conditions of the working class in england

Written by Engles, this presented a devastating picture of industrial life.

How did factories get workers?

Young orphans and children worked in them. Factory owners worked with parish officers because it benefitted them both, helping them save money. They could exercise complete authority over the orphans, kind of like slaves

Steam Engine

a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine

separate spheres

a gender division of labor with the wife at home as a mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

tariff protection

a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries (like the french did to the british when the brits goods were cheap)

water frame

a spinning machine created by richard arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory

why did gaskell view industrialization as a negative thing yet guest viewed it as a positive thing?

gaskell thought that home manufacturing was the most beneficial to the family. he believed it maintained man's individual respectability, which was easily lost in the factory setting. guest thought factory work sharpened man's mind and his skills, and allowed him to be more social

Karl Marx

german intellectual who worked with engels and came up with the concept of class consciousness, founder of modern communism

James Hargreaves

gifted carpenter who invented the spinning jenny, which was a simple and inexpensive hand powered machine that made spinning more efficient (got more work done)

Edwin Chadwick

government official that was well acquainted with the problems of the working population, believed that the whole of the working community was more able to afford luxuries and buy more necessities (good thing)

luddites

group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern england in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

How did the governments contribute to the industrialization?

helped finance economy (tariff protection system) helped pay for transportation of people and goods-railroads, canals, roads worked with corporate banks and helped companies in the industry had customs (allowing goods to go between member states easily)

Edmund Cartwright

invented the power loom, which sped up weaving and helped save on labor costs

Robert owen

successful manufacturer in scotland who argued that implying children under ten years of age was dangerous and not beneficial

Fritz Harkort

talented entrepreneur who was a pioneer in the german machinery industry. he worked building and selling steam engines in France

The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels states that

the british middle classes were guilty of mass murder and wholesale robbery

how were robert own's innovations responses to the impacts of industrialization highlighted by the german doctor?

the german doctor complained about the houses being cramped and dirty and messy. he noted how the children were dirty and left alone with no supervision and nothing to do. robert had free houses made for all his workers, as well as education for all children not of working age, while their families were at work

What was the crucial innovation of Britain?

the introduction of machine power into the factory and the organization of labor around the functioning of highly productive machines

crystal palace

the location of the great exhibition in 1851 in london, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

Essay on the Principle of Population

written by thomas malthus and said that the only things to limit a population were war famine and disease, and that the population was growing too rapidly, so men and women should marry later in life. he wasn't really hopeful that this would be followed

Steam engines

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James watt's more efficient steam engine

Spinning Jenny

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by Hargreaves

Water frame

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a fatcory

What were some factors that contributed to the industrial revolution occurring in Britain?

Abundant coal, high wages, a relatively peaceful and centralized government, well developed financial systems, innovative culture, highly skilled craftsmen, a strong position in empire and global trade

Why is the coal burning steam engine considered to be the most fundamental advance in technology?

Coal was more readily available to be used for powering machines and other technology. The engine was efficient and granted humans pretty much unlimited power as coal wasn't so easily exhausted

What did thomas Malthus believe about the demographics of Europe?

He believed that the population was growing too much. He thought only war, famine, and disease could prevent this. He didn't foresee it being able to work out, didn't know how many people the world could support

What did David Ricardo believe about the demographics of Europe?

He believed that wages would always be just enough to keep people alive, because like Malthus, he thought the population was growing too fast.

What was Henry Cort's contribution to the industrial revolution? What is the significance?

He developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined, as well as coke. This helped create finished iron of all shapes/forms. This boosted the British iron industry

Why was steam important?

It took the place of water power in flour mills, in malt mills, flint mills, and those exported by the British to the West Indies for sugarcane

How did food and high wages contribute to the industrial revolution?

More food and more money for the families meant that not all the money was spent on bread, they could buy more manufactured goods, send kids to school, etc. labor was directed towards wage work, there were more literate people

James watt

Scottish engineer and inventor, added a separate condenser to newcomen's engine to prevent it from wasting energy

Rocket

The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested on the Liverpool and Manchester railway at 35 miles per hour

How did the government and its policies affect the industrial revolution?

The parliament taxed the population harshly to help pay for the goods, and had tariffs on imported goods. This protected the British goods industry and meant there were more buyers

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

The pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level

Matthew Boulton

Watt's partner in business who provided him with the capital and salesmanship skills

The key demand of the Chartist movement was that

all men be given the right to vote

class consciousness

awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

Richard Arkwright

barber turned manufacturer who invented the water frame, which used a series of rollers and used water because it needed more power than any one man could supply

Andrew Ure

believed that conditions in most factories in the cotton industry were not harsh and were in fact, quite good

combination acts

british laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guild, the acts were repealed by parliament in 1824

what were the agents of industrialization

british secrecy-wanted to keep their ideas to themselves, so made it illegal for artisans and skilled merchants to leave the country talented entrepreneurs-new ideas and innovations national governments-support economy, build railroads banks-limited liability attracted more investors, corporate helped establish public works

John Wilkinson

cannon maker that helped watt with his condenser for the steam engine

Zollverein customs zone

created by customs agreements in German states that signed a treaty that allowed goods to be moved between member states without tariffs, and had a uniform tax against other nations

David Ricardo

economist who agreed with malthus, and said that due to population growth, wage levels would remain just above subsistence level

Thomas Malthus

english intellectual who warned that population growth threatened further generations and only war, famine and disease could limit such growth. he believed people needed to marry later or have less kids

mines act of 1842

english law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

factory acts

english laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

how did family life change during industrial revolution?

family had originally worked in units, even in the factories and mines. however, with reduction of child labor this fell apart as things began to occur in shifts. this meant less work was done by the family as a whole

Thomas Newcomen

helped to develop the steam engine by using burning coal to produce a steam operated pump

Samuel Crompton

invented the spinning mule, which was a kind of hybrid between the spinning jenny and the hand operated jennies

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

it became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

William Cockerill

lancashire carpenter who, along with his sons, began to build cotton spinning equipment illegally in belgium

Friedrich Engels

revolutionary and colleague of karl marx, son of a wealthy Prussian cotton manufacturer who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England, which berated the middle class

William Blake

romantic poet who called early factories satanic mills and protested against the hard life of the london poor

what factors created the new sexual division of labor?

the restriction of child labor and collapse of the family work pattern led to men being seen as the primary wage earner. this meant that there were more job opportunities for men than women, and women were expected to stay home more often

iron law of wages

theory proposed by english economist david ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence level

what were the opportunities given to women of the various classes?

they could earn money working in factories and mines, they could have some small role in politics and those upper circles, they could be socialites. However, the most common role of the middle class woman was one where she focused on her duties as wife and mother

What was the complaint of the romantics to the new industrial society?

they didn't like the machinery in factories and the whole urban working setting. the romantics liked the rural way of life and they protested against the pollution of land and water caused by industrialization

What challenges did the continental industrialists face?

they had problems gaining the large sums of money the new methods demanded (trains, more machinery, etc), and laborers bitterly resented the move to working in factories

what kind of work did Eggley, Kershaw, and Wilson do? Why were the commissioners asking them these questions?

they spoke about the harsh work they endured from the time that they were young children. all three never got any formal education and seemed regretful of this. the commission wanted to know if the working conditions were safe, and how the workers had faired because of their jobs

adult workers began to favor limitations on child labor

when technical changes threatened to place control of child workers in the hands of impersonal managers

in terms of their levels of industrialization, the nations of europe were

widely dispersed, with western european nations far more industrialized than the nations of central europe