Afras 170 A Ch1-3
What is Homo habilis known for in early human history? a)extensive nomadic wandering throughout Africa and Europe b)learning to walk erect on two legs c)extensive trade among different tribes through Africa d)the use of stone tools to cut meat and build shelters of stone foundations
ANSWER d)
What were the far-reaching implications of the intellectual and political leadership that African Americans exercised during this period, and how did they push themselves closer to freedom?
African Americans were exercising their communication skills, so they could get their point across that enslavement isn't right. They wanted to tell the white Americans that their words "all men created equal" did not match their actions. African Americans pushed themselves closer to freedom by proving that they are very intelligent, hardworking, and will literally put their lives on the line for freedom. Once your willing to die for something, it's completely unique. I believe that the slaves willing to die for freedom really pushed them closer to achieving it.
Discuss the history of African-American life in colonial North America from the early sixteenth century to the end of the French and Indian War and include what led white people to justify their oppression of black people during this time.
From the early 16th century to the end of the French and Indian war in 1763, African Americans lived in North America, 3 centuries before the US gained independence from Great Britain in 1783. Through archaeology of their written testimonies, they were able to learn history. The British believed they absolutely needed the labor of Africans for their colonies to prosper. In turn, the British feared Africans and African Americans which shaped the life in British colonies in North America. This resulted in racial oppression where the Africans and African Americans were seen as barbarous, wild and savages. They let them work in plantation systems in the 17th century to a point where everyone was an indentured servant, including whites. However this opportunity was stripped in the 1700s and they held the status equivalent to a domestic animal. This created a dramatic growth in slave population in Virginia. Black men were seen as skilled while black women were seen as weaker and less skilled resulting in harsh works that lead most to death.
How did the Atlantic slave trade and the Middle Passage originate as the result of the European colonization of the Americas and in the slave trade that existed in Africa?
The origins of the Atlantic slave trade and it's long duration was the result of West Europe's expansion of power in the 15th century and the continuation in the 20th century. European countries would explore, conquer and colonize areas in Africa, Asia and the Americas. In fact it was common to have slave labor in West Africa and it was never originated in the Americas. Commerce would increase thanks to slaves and Africans were taken for agricultural and soldier work. In the 1700s, slaves would be shipped to the Western World. With high valued cash crops such as sugar, slave trade was in high demand and an average of 50000 slaves would be sent a year from Africa to the Americas. Large numbers of slaves in West Africa resulted from the wars that accompanied the formation of states in that region as well. With the demand of workers for trade, slaves would be at a high demand to complete the work needed, even in the new colonies of the Americas.
Benjamin Lay, John Woolman, and Anthony Benezet were all __________. Quakers who opposed slavery. fierce supporters of the slave trade escaped slaves who rose to fame and fortune free black men and noted ministers
a
Between 1700 and 1770, some 80,000 Africans arrived in __________. the tobacco colonies New England New France the Mid-Atlantic colonies
a
By the end of the colonial period during the 1770s, __________ African Americans lived in the northern colonies in comparison to 400,000 in the southern colonies. 50,000 3,000 550,000 200,000
a
During the American Revolution African Americans tended to support __________. the side that offered them freedom the side that was most popular in their local region the Patriot side the Loyalist side
a
During the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, approximately 90 percent of southern black women __________. worked in the fields worked as domestic servants lived in small towns and cities had a reasonable expectation of gaining their freedom
a
During the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, slaves seeking court-ordered emancipation based their freedom suits on __________. contractual technicalities international law the principles of universal liberty passages from the Bible
a
Enlightenment rationalism __________. was a powerful antislavery force had little impact on slavery was a more powerful force in the South than the North was largely used to reinforce the institution of slavery
a
In New Spain's borderlands most slaves were __________. Indians second generation African-Americans female newly arrived Africans
a
Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica provided an intellectual foundation for __________. the Enlightenment the Glorious Revolution industrialization the abolition of slavery
a
John Locke maintained that human society __________. ran according to natural laws was a reflection of the divine plan was created to protect the status quo was static and unchanging
a
Like all Americans during the colonial era, most northern slaves __________. performed agricultural labor were artisans and craftspeople labored in urban settings worked as domestic servants
a
Most indentured servants __________. died before regaining their freedom eventually became free landowners were from middle-class families were former slaves
a
The French and Indian War centered on __________. control of the Ohio River Valley the enforcement of treaties between Indian peoples and European powers conflicting claims to the Pacific Northwest control of the port city of New Orleans
a
The Great Dismal Swamp was home to __________. a number of maroon settlements North America's largest Indian confederation no human beings at all some of Virginia's largest plantations
a
The laws passed by colonial assemblies governing miscegenation suggest that the primary concern of such assemblies was which of the following? preventing sexual relations between black men and white women preventing sexual relations between white men and black women enforcing community standards of personal morality ensuring the continued growth of the slave population
a
The leading proponents of the Great Awakening appealed to believers' __________. emotions political sensibilities financial interests intellect
a
The movement among white Americans to abolish slavery began within _________. the Society of Friends revivalist Baptist congregations the leadership of the Anglican Church the Presbyterian congregations of New England
a
What objective did Parliament have in mind when it passed the Tea Act of 1773? to save the East India Company from bankruptcy to tax the American colonists into submission to promote tea cultivation in the Americas to raise money to fight a new European war
a
What was the main objective of the Portuguese expeditions that arrived in the Kongo Kingdom in the late fifteenth century? to trade for slaves to convert the local population to Christianity to forge a diplomatic alliance Incorrect Answer to map the interior of Africa
a
Which of the following encouraged Chesapeake planters to reduce the size of their slave labor force? the decline of tobacco cultivation accelerating industrialization in the Upper South rising prices for prime field hands increased international demand for cotton
a
Which of the following had the greatest monetary value? Creoles new Africans mulattos old Africans
a
Which of the following had the highest number of white female settlers in the colonial period? British North America the Caribbean New Spain French Canada
a
Which of the following helps explain why black slavery was less extensive in the northern colonies than in the southern colonies? The northern colonies attracted a sufficient number of white laborers. Organized religion played a more important role in the foundation of the southern colonies than the northern colonies. The southern colonies lacked a staple crop. The northern colonies had a less diversified economy than the southern colonies.
a
Which of the following helps explain why the number of slaves in Florida under Spanish rule remained small? The Spanish monarchy regarded the settlement as primarily a military outpost. The Spanish monarchy regarded the settlement as primarily a prison colony. The Spanish monarchy regarded the settlement as primarily a religious refuge. The Spanish monarchy regarded the settlement as primarily an agricultural center.
a
Which of the following was an important consequence of the trans-Saharan trade networks that developed between West Africa and North Africa? Wealth derived from trade served as the basis for the western Sudanese empires. It paved the way for the conquest of parts of West Africa by Egypt. It resulted in the almost complete conversion of West Africa to Islam. It helped spread West Africa's polytheistic religions to Europe and the Middle East.
a
Which of the following was an important difference between New Spain's North American borderlands and the British colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? New Spain's borderlands had far fewer black people. New Spain's borderlands were home to large and growing black communities. There were no free blacks in New Spain's borderlands. Slavery was outlawed in New Spain's borderlands.
a
Which of the following was most likely to openly defy their masters? newly arrived Africans third-generation slaves house servants skilled slaves
a
Which of the following was the last of the great western Sudanese empires? Songhai Kush Ghana Mali
a
Which of the following was true of New Spain's North American borderlands? Almost all of the Spaniards who moved north from Mexico to the borderlands were of mixed race. Strict notions of racial purity governed all aspects of life in the borderlands. Indians had much higher status than people of African descent in the borderlands. People of African and Indian descent were barred from land ownership in the borderlands.
a
Why is there so little surviving evidence of the individual lives of enslaved black people in colonial North America? because they were poor, illiterate, and kept no records because black people were not included in census data because such evidence was systematically destroyed over the centuries because African culture was largely oral
a
Benjamin Banneker gained international fame as a __________. poet and musician mathematician and astronomer biologist and doctor historian and novelist
b
Both Britain and France wanted to control the Ohio River valley and its __________. lush farm lands lucrative fur trade large Indian labor force rich mineral deposits
b
By 1784 __________ had undertaken either immediate or gradual abolition of slavery. almost all of the states most of the northern states only two states three states
b
For which of the following is Lord Dunmore most famous? his appeal to African Americans to rise up against their masters in open revolt his appeal to African Americans to fight for Britain in return for freedom his appeal to African Americans to refuse to work until they were set free his appeal to African Americans to join the Patriot side
b
How did Phillis Wheatley respond to the American Revolution? She saw the conflict as evidence of man's wicked nature. She was an ardent supporter of the Patriot cause. She was an ardent Loyalist. She saw the conflict as none of her concern.
b
How did the lives of slaves on rice plantations differ from the lives of slaves on tobacco plantations? Slaves on tobacco plantations had relatively little white supervision. The task system of labor prevailed on rice plantations. Slaves on rice plantations worked in gangs. Slaves on tobacco plantations preserved more of their African heritage.
b
In colonial North America, which of the following was least common? group escapes open slave rebellions sabotage of plantation property shirking of work responsibilities
b
In contrast to those in the South, slaves in the North __________. could expect their children to be free usually lived in their master's house usually worked as artisans were given their freedom at age 30
b
In her writing Phillis Wheatley called on black people to __________. return to their African roots adopt white culture accept slavery without question admit their own inferiority
b
The British employed most black men who escaped to their lines as __________. infantrymen laborers spies scouts
b
The preservation of __________ was the basis of African-American culture. West African food the West African extended family the West African religious system West African music
b
The second generation of people of African descent in North America __________. still spoke their parents' native languages retained a generalized West African heritage held onto their ethnic identity as Igbos, Angolans, or Senegambians had no sense at all of their African heritage
b
What concerns led to the ban on the enlistment of new black troops when the Continental Army was formed in 1775? the fear that the enlistment of black soldiers would encourage Indian uprisings the fear that the enlistment of black soldiers would encourage slaves to escape the fear that the enlistment of black soldiers would make white soldiers look weak in comparison the fear that the enlistment of black soldiers would prompt violent retaliation by the British
b
Which of the following best characterizes the progress of emancipation in the Chesapeake in the decades following the Revolutionary War? Emancipation made steady, rapid progress. Emancipationist sentiment grew, but there was no serious threat to the slave system. Emancipationist sentiment declined, and the slave system grew more entrenched. White commitment to slavery remained, as it always had been, absolute.
b
Which of the following best characterizes the response of African Americans to the political rhetoric of proponents of American independence? Most African Americans, particularly in the North, joined the Loyalist side. Many African Americans came to believe that the American War for Independence could become a war against slavery. African Americans believed that the struggle for independence did not concern them. Many African Americans feared that American independence would hurt black people as a group.
b
Which of the following best characterizes the survival of African languages in the Americas? Many third-generation African-Americans retained their ancestral languages. A number of African words became part of American English. All traces of African languages were lost in the Americas. Many masters made an effort to learn African languages.
b
Which of the following created the circumstances in which the American independence movement emerged? increasing immigration to the British colonies in North America a struggle for empire between Great Britain and France a prolonged global economic downturn a political revolution in Britain
b
Which of the following helps explain American resistance to increased taxation after 1763? Many colonists objected to all taxation on religious grounds. Many colonists no longer believed that they needed British military protection. Many colonists believed that they already lived in an indepedent nation. Many colonists feared that new taxes would lead to the abolition of slavery.
b
Which of the following was a consequence of the rape and sexual molestation of enslaved black women by white men in British North America? a higher rate of escape attempts by enslaved women than enslaved men the disruption of the emerging African-American family the placing of a higher monetary value on female slaves than male slaves the creation of a large mixed-race free population
b
Which of the following was an important consequence of British victory in the French and Indian War? Spain was driven from North America. France was forced to withdraw from North America. American colonists faced new threats from French and Spanish settlers. Britain lost most of its territorial holdings in the Ohio Valley.
b
Why did Congress delete a passage denouncing the slave trade from the Declaration of Independence? because Thomas Jefferson personally objected to it because delegates from South Carolina and Georgia objected to it because George Washington did not think it went far enough because most white colonists supported the slave trade
b
Why did many large landowners in the Chesapeake divide their land and slaves into many small holdings in the early eighteenth century? to disguise the source of their wealth to reduce the chances of slave uprisings to make tobacco cultivation more efficient to avoid high taxes
b
Before the late eighteenth century, Africans and African Americans resisted slavery in order to __________. undermine their masters' social and economic position destroy slavery as a social system force masters to make concessions within the framework of slavery initiate a process of escalating legal challenges to slavery
c
British officials believed that it was only right that Americans should __________. pay higher taxes than British subjects living in Britain be treated as unworthy inferiors pay their share of the costs of empire be deprived of the rights of British subjects
c
By 1731 __________ in French Louisiana. more than 200,000 black people lived only about two hundred black people lived black people outnumbered white people cotton cultivation was firmly established
c
Eighteenth-century housing for slaves __________. was usually attached to the master's residence usually consisted of wooden-frame dwellings was minimal and often temporary was nearly identical to colonial housing as a whole
c
English slave traders typically rested their slave passengers on the island of __________. Martinique Jamaica Barbados Trinidad
c
In chattel slavery, slaves are __________. assumed to be criminals and debtors given their freedom at 50 years of age considered nothing more than private property given most of the same rights as free people
c
In contrast to African Americans, during the American Revolution American Indians almost always __________. fought on the side that paid them better stayed neutral fought on the British side fought on the Patriot side
c
In which of the following was miscegenation the most extensive and most accepted? the Chesapeake the Mid-Atlantic the sugar colonies of the Caribbean New England
c
Jupiter Hammon's writings were most influenced by __________. the English Civil War the American Revolution the Great Awakening the Enlightenment
c
Of the following forces, which had the greatest impact on British attitudes towards slavery? population growth the agricultural revolution industrialization the enlargement of the British electorate
c
Prior to the Great Awakening, __________. people of African descent were barred by law from converting to Christianity most slaves were baptized by their masters relatively few people of African descent had converted to Christianity most black people belonged to the Anglican Church
c
Spain's colonial economy rested initially on the forced labor of __________. convicts and debtors North African slaves the Indian population Spanish indentured servants
c
The Enlightenment emphasized __________. religious faith the importance of tradition human reason human emotions
c
The Stono Bridge slave rebellion was led by __________. a group of female house servants a free black preacher a slave who had recently arrived from Angola a coalition of slaves and Indians
c
The cultivation of maize (corn) spread __________. southward from the Mississippi Valley westward from the Atlantic Coast northward from Mexico eastward from the Pacific Coast
c
The first people of African descent who entered Spain's northern borderlands were __________. the wives and concubines of Spanish soldiers free miners sent to work in northern gold mines members of Spanish exploratory expeditions Incorrect Answer enslaved agricultural workers
c
The various Senegambian peoples in West Africa were characterized by __________. high levels of social mobility between classes political unity among tribes a common history and closely related languages the absence of slavery
c
What did Jupiter Hammon, Josiah Bishop, and Lemuel Haynes all have in common? They were all amateur scientists. They all fought in the Revolutionary War. They were all influenced by the Great Awakening. They were all born as slaves.
c
What do Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and William Wilberforce have in common? They were all former slaves. They all supported British participation in the slave trade. They were all British abolitionists. They were all born in the Americas.
c
Which of the following best explains why Islam was stronger in cities than in rural areas? Followers of Islam are disdainful of farming. Fewer people in the cities were literate. It was the religion practiced by merchants and bureaucrats. It was introduced into cities by West African rulers.
c
Which of the following best explains why slaves tended to pick mates who lived on different plantations? the preferences of most slave owners colonial laws and regulations West African incest taboos British custom and practice
c
Which of the following helps explain why northern slaves usually had fewer opportunities to preserve an African heritage than their southern counterparts? their limited contact with their masters their concentration in urban communities their small numbers their general resistance to assimilation
c
Which of the following was an important difference between Britain's New England colonies and its southern colonies? The majority of black women lived in New England. Black women had more opportunities in the southern colonies. The boundary between slavery and freedom was relatively permeable in New England. Black women succeeded as bakers and weavers in many southern towns and cities.
c
Which of the following was an important difference between slavery in French and Spanish colonies and slavery in British plantation colonies? Slaves in the Spanish and French colonies had less contact with Indian peoples. Slaves in the British plantation colonies had greater legal rights. The routes to freedom were more plentiful in the Spanish and French colonies. Slaves in the Spanish and French colonies were not permitted to convert to Christianity.
c
Which of the following was an important difference between the slave population in the Chesapeake and the slave population in South Carolina and Georgia in the mid-seventeenth century? The slave population in South Carolina and Georgia grew by natural reproduction. The slave population in South Carolina and Georgia was declining at mid-century. The slave population in the Chesapeake grew by natural reproduction. The slave population in the Chesapeake represented a majority of the total regional population.
c
Which of the following was most directly representative of the Enlightenment? Josiah Bishop Phillis Wheatley Benjamin Banneker Jupiter Hammon
c
Which of the following was the key event that led to the enslavement of black people in the Chesapeake? the Glorious Revolution the English Civil War Bacon's Rebellion the Stono Rebellion
c
Which of the following was the most advanced hominid? a.Australopithecus b.Ardipithecus c.Homo erectus d. Homo habilis
c
Which of the following was true of black military service on the Patriot side in the Revolutionary War? Only a handful of black Patriots actually participated in combat. Most black Patriots served in segregated military units. Most black Patriots served in integrated military units. Black patriots rose to the highest ranks in the Continental Army.
c
Which of the following was true of slave clothing? Slave men were much better dressed than slave women. Most slaves went completely unclothed in the summer time. Slave women created clothing for themselves that reflected West African culture. Slaves usually wore uniforms that identified their owners.
c
Which of the following was true of the typical slave diet? Slaves usually ate better than most poor whites. Rice was an important part of African-American diets throughout colonial America. Slaves occasionally supplemented their diet with vegetables they raised in their gardens. Slaves had access to a varied and nutritious diet.
c
Why did black women predominate in the black migration to cities in the North and the Chesapeake after the Revolution? because cities often imposed bans on new black male residents because masters were more inclined to free female slaves than male slaves because they could more easily find jobs as domestics in the cities than in rural areas because female slaves often found it easier to escape than their male counterparts
c
Why were black women more likely than white women to experience complications in giving birth and to bear low-weight babies? They were more susceptible to certain diseases. They did not have access to trained physicians. They worked until the moment they delivered. They lived far from hospitals.
c
A combination of three forces was required to convince white Americans that black people should be released from slavery: Enlightenment rationalism, a sense of Christian duty, and __________. international pressure the commercialization of agriculture widespread black resistance economic self-interest
d
At the peak of the trade during the 1790s, the English transported __________ from Africa to the Americas. 500,000 slaves per year 10,000 slaves per month 20,000 slaves per month 50,000 slaves per year
d
During the eighteenth century, most people of African ancestry living in French Louisiana __________. worked on indigo plantations were free landowners were women resided in the city of New Orleans
d
How did Parliament respond to colonial resistance to the Stamp Act? Parliament repealed the Sugar Act. Parliament repealed the Proclamation Line. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Proclamation Line. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.
d
In West African literature, what lessons did "trickster characters" impart to readers and listeners? Anyone could fool people and get away with it. Kings and nobles were more powerful than common people. West African people could be victorious in battle. Common people could overcome the wealthy and powerful.
d
In eighteenth-century Virginia and Maryland, most slaveholders __________. owned more than 50 slaves owned between 30 and 50 slaves owned between 10 and 20 slaves owned fewer than five slaves
d
In which of the following regions was slavery the least oppressive? the Upper South the Deep South the Mid-Atlantic region New England
d
Indentured servants usually __________. were given their freedom at age twenty-one were women worked for the same master for life worked for a master for a set period of time
d
Once slaves had been brought to coastal factories, slave traders __________. immediately sold their captives to African middle-men forced their captives to convert to Christianity killed all captives they did not think they could sell sought to divide families and ethnic groups
d
Phillis Wheatley was born __________. a free person in Boston into slavery in Barbados into slavery in South Carolina in Africa
d
Slavery in America was always a system that relied ultimately on __________ to deny freedom to African Americans. legal restrictions the cooperation of the enslaved tradition and custom physical force
d
Sudanese horsemen targeted primarily __________ for enslavement. urban dwellers Muslims young men women and children
d
The Atlantic slave trade was a product of __________. competition between Asian powers worldwide population decline rapid population growth in Africa Western Europe's expansion of power
d
The Indian peoples of North America __________. all lived in matriarchal societies all spoke similar languages had a common culture descended from Asians
d
The Netherlands spent much of the late sixteenth century __________. recovering from the Black Death establishing colonies throughout the Americas as Britain's most implacable enemy in a struggle for independence from Spain
d
The dominant British minority in North America during the colonial period __________. viewed people with two or fewer black great grandparents as white encouraged interracial sexual relations created an elaborate racial hierarchy similar to that in Spanish America defined mixed race people as black
d
The growing market for which of the following crops prompted the first surge in demand for African slaves? rice indigo tobacco sugar
d
The use of African styles of architecture in slave housing was most common in __________. New York Virginia Maryland South Carolina
d
Until the early sixteenth century, most Africans purchased by the Portuguese trade ended up as __________. soldiers miners farm workers domestic servants
d
What conclusion can we draw from the fact that West African civilization had independent roots? West African civilizations were not influenced by other African regions. Egypt and Kush did not contribute to the heritage of African Americans. West African civilizations were the largest and most complex ever to emerge on the continent. The major early roots of African-American culture lay in the civilizations that emerged in ancient West Africa.
d
What reference to slavery was made in the final version of the Declaration of Independence? Slavery was celebrated as a positive good. Slavery was denounced, but no formal call for its abolition was made. The slave trade was denounced as inhuman. The British were accused of inciting slave uprisings.
d
What was the consequence of the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807? The U.S. Congress issued a declaration of opposition to the British policy. There was a small, but noticeable, drop in the number of Africans shipped to the Americas. The number of Africans shipped to the Americas each year actually increased. The forced migration of Africans to the Americas dropped sharply.
d
What was the purpose of seasoning? to make newly arrived slaves less like Creoles to help slaves create new families and communities in the Americas to educate and Christianize slaves to increase their value to acculturate slaves and integrate them into plantation routines
d
What was the scramble? the calling of the crew to their stations during a slave uprising the offloading of slaves from slave ships the week prior to the arrival of a slave ship in the West Indies a type of slave sale
d
When Washington organized the Continental Army in July 1775 he __________. encouraged the reenlistment of black men who had served at Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, and other early battles made no mention of the status of black soldiers called for the creation of separate black regiments forbade the enlistment of new black troops
d
Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europeans in West African wars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Europeans provided combatant armies with mercenaries. Europeans did everything they could to limit warfare in West Africa. Europeans often started wars by pitting African groups against each other. Europeans provided the aggressors with firearms but did not instigate the wars.
d
Which of the following best describes Thomas Jefferson's view of African Americans? He believed they were equal to white people. He believed they could be equal to white people, given enough time and help. He did not think they were human beings. He saw them as inferior people.
d
Which of the following commodities played a central role in both of the triangular trade systems that developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? wheat cotton gold sugar
d
Which of the following did the heavy fieldwork of planting and harvesting? the third gang the second gang the fourth gang the first gang
d
Which of the following induced black men in the South to join the Loyalist side? The British promised to abolish slavery. The British promised to repatriate them to Africa. The British promised to give them land. The British promised them freedom in exchange for military service.
d
Which of the following saved the Jamestown colony from economic collapse? the discovery of gold financial support from the crown the defeat of local Indians the cultivation of tobacco
d
Which of the following statements about slavery is true? Slavery was a uniquely European institution. Slavery first emerged in Africa around 1400. Slavery always has a racial component. Slavery and slave trading existed in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
d
Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of paleoanthropologists? a)The earliest hominids emerged about 15,000 years ago. b)Human beings evolved independently on at least three different continents. c)The first tool-using hominids evolved in central and southern Asia. d) All people today are very likely descendants of beings who lived in Africa millions of years ago.
d
Which of the following statements is true of ancient Egypt? Women were held in very low esteem. Egyptian civilization changed dramatically over time. It was dominated by an ancient monotheistic religion. Egyptian society was patrilineal and patriarchal.
d
Which of the following supporters of American independence condemned slavery in a published pamphlet? John Adams George Washington Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine
d
Which of the following was a central cause of the Atlantic slave trade? a labor shortage in Europe a labor shortage in Asia a labor shortage in Africa a labor shortage in the Americas
d
Which of the following was an important difference between the Chesapeake and the Caribbean in the mid-seventeenth century? White people were a large minority in the Chesapeake. The Chesapeake depended on indentured servants for its economic development. The Chesapeake depended on black slaves for its economic development. White people were a tiny minority in the Caribbean.
d
Which of these was a consequence of Nzinga Mbemba's efforts to convert the Kongo Kingdom to Christianity and remodel it along European lines? Mbemba was deposed and executed. Royal authority was undermined. The Portuguese supplied Mbemba with a large and well-armed military. The kingdom entered into a new period of prosperity.
d
Discuss the controversy concerning the racial identity of the ancient Egyptians. What is the significance of this controversy for the history of African Americans?
Africans organized their societies around the family unit, and gold supply often dictated which society held the most power—until the start of the Atlantic slave trade. The beginning of the Atlantic slave trade in the late 1400s disrupted African societal structure as Europeans infiltrated the West African coastline, drawing people from the center of the continent to be sold into slavery. West Africa stretches from modern-day Mauritania to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It encompasses lush rainforests along the equator, savannas on either side of the forest, and much drier land to the north. Until about 600 CE, most Africans living in this area were hunter-gatherers. African societies practiced human bondage long before the Atlantic slave trade began. Famine or fear of stronger enemies might force one tribe to ask another for help and give themselves in bondage in exchange for assistance. Similar to the European serf system, those seeking protection or relief from starvation would become the servants of those who provided relief. Debt might also be worked off through some form of servitude. Furthermore, prisoners of war between different African societies oftentimes became enslaved. The first major empire to emerge in West Africa was the Ghana Empire. By 750, the Soninke farmers of the region had become wealthy by taxing traders who traversed their area. For instance, the Niger River basin supplied gold to the Berber and Arab traders from west of the Nile Valley, who brought cloth, weapons, and manufactured goods into the African interior. Since Ghana's king controlled the gold supply, he was able to maintain price controls and afford a strong military.
British profits from the Atlantic slave trade __________. were invested in England led to massive inflation in Europe did little to stimulate the English economy Incorrect Answer helped bring about the Scientific Revolution
a
Columbus believed that __________. the earth is much smaller than it actually is the earth is much larger than it actually is there were undiscovered continents on the other side of the Atlantic the earth is flat 1 attempt used Submit 1 attempt usedCorrect AnswerCorrect.
a
In what way were the societies of Kongo and Angola similar to those of the Guinea Coast? The people of Kongo and Angola gave semidivine status to their kings. The people of Kongo and Angola were almost all Muslims. The people of Kongo and Angola lived in nuclear families. The people of Kongo and Angola did not enslave other Africans.
a
Most West Africans lived in __________. hierarchically organized states stateless societies decentralized and fluid states egalitarian republics
a
The availability of large numbers of slaves in West Africa resulted from __________. regional wars rapid population growth internal migration prolonged famine
a
Unlike slavery in Africa, Asia, and Europe, slavery in the Americas was __________. based on race based on religion chattel slavery relatively benign
a
West African men who were subjected to the trans-Sahara slave trade were most likely to become __________. soldiers fieldworkers entertainers miners
a
What did Egyptian civilization have in common with Mesopotamian civilization? Both appeared at the end of a long process in which hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture. Both developed monotheistic religions. Both emerged long after the civilizations of China and India. Both were ruled by councils of state, rather than by monarchs.
a
Which of the following best characterizes John Newton's life story? He went from indentured servant, to slave ship captain, to opponent of slavery. He went from opponent of slavery, to priest, to slave ship captain. He went from farmer, to sailor, to opponent of slavery. He went from priest, to politician, to slave ship captain.
a
Which of the following is the most accurate generalization about the place of women in West African societies? Men dominated women. Women had far less sexual freedom than in other contemporary societies. Women dominated religious and political life. Women were treated as chattel.
a
Which of the following statements best characterizes how secret societies affected the lives of men and women in West Africa? Secret societies taught standards for personal conduct. Secret societies encouraged West African men and women to attend school. Secret societies helped West African men and women gain political freedom. Secret societies helped West African men and women move to wealthier areas of Africa.
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the habitable part of West Africa? It is made up of grassland and rain forest. It has a largely temperate climate. It is mountainous and difficult to traverse. It enjoys easy access to Egypt and Nubia.
a
Why did relatively few slaves go first to the West Indies and then to North America after 1720? Demand for slaves in the West Indies was so great few could be spared for resale in North America. High import duties made the resale of slaves in North America a poor financial proposition. New British regulations made the transportation of slaves from one colony to another more difficult. War between Spain and Britain made the transportation of slaves across the Caribbean dangerous.
a
A large minority of the ancestors of African Americans came from __________. Incorrect Answer South AfricaConsider This: The peoples of this region came to be enslaved in much the same ways as did peoples from other regions. Central Africa East Africa West Africa
b
According to historian James Walvin, roughly __________ of slaves died during their first three years in the West Indies. one-half one-third three-quarters one-tenth
b
Between 1670 and 1700, the slave population of Virginia __________. fell slightly grew dramatically held steady fluctuated wildly
b
For what purpose were the Great Pyramids at Giza built? to store grain as tombs for pharaohs as military defenses as public temples
b
Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that humans and forest-dwelling apes __________. a)both emerged around 1.2 million years ago b)descend from a common ancestor c)evolved from different ancestors d)never shared the same habitat
b
How did Jamestown's inhabitants regard the Angolans who arrived in the early seventeenth century? as chattel as unfree but not slaves as free people as slaves
b
In the nineteenth century, African Americans and white reformers presented ancient Egypt as proof of which of the following? that Africans originated Western civilization that African Americans were capable of civilization that Africans were superior to Greeks and Romans that human beings evolved in Africa
b
Like the Chinese, West Africans believed that __________. women did not really have souls the spirits of their ancestors could influence their lives fathers were direct representatives of god on earth religious belief was a purely personal and private matter
b
On which of the following do paleoanthropologists disagree? a)whether humans and great apes share common ancestors b)how Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus c)whether Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus d)where the first hominids evolved
b
Planters expected slaves to __________. become fluent in the local language speak a Creole dialect well enough to obey commands convert to Christianity learn to read and write
b
The passage from West Africa to the Caribbean took __________. between two and three weeks anywhere from 40 days to six months anywhere from two weeks to two months between six and eight months
b
The reliance of Chesapeake planters on slavery to meet their labor needs resulted, in part, from __________. new laws and regulations established by the crown the declining availability of white indentured servants high rates of disease and malnutrition among English colonists aggressive efforts by Spanish slave traders to enter the North American market
b
What made Nzinga Knuwu unique among the African rulers of his day? He was born and educated in Europe. He surpassed other rulers in the welcome he offered to the Portuguese. He could read, write, and play a number of musical instruments. He immediately saw the dangers posed by European intrusion and took steps to block it.
b
What was the source of the power of the empires of ancient Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? colonies in northern Africa control of regional trade alliances with Ethiopia control of East African ports
b
Which of the following best characterizes the impact of seasoning on enslaved Africans? Seasoning effectively desocialized enslaved Africans. Seasoning modified the behavior and attitudes of enslaved Africans. Seasoning had no effect on the behavior and attitudes of enslaved Africans. Seasoning destroyed all cultural ties between slaves and Africa.
b
Which of the following best explains why demand for slaves in Muslim countries remained high from the tenth through the fifteenth centuries? Arabs refused to perform most of the jobs carried out by slaves. Many slaves died from disease or gained freedom and assimilated into Arab society. Vast plantations in the Arab world required an ever-expanding workforce. Islamic law dictated that a man must own at least two slaves per wife.
b
Which of the following contributed the most to the high mortality rates among enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage? large numbers of suicides crowded, unsanitary conditions the sadism of European crews high levels of disease in West Africa
b
Which of the following countries took the lead in European exploration of Africa's western coast? England Portugal Spain France
b
Which of the following features of the Nile was crucial to Egyptian civilization? its depth and width its gentle annual flooding its many rapids and shallows the high salt content of its waters
b
Which of the following helps explain why men and boys predominated in the Atlantic slave trade? Europeans believed it was immoral to enslave women. Europeans believed they were stronger laborers than women and girls. Africans believed it was immoral to sell female slaves. Men and boys did most of the agricultural work in West Africa.
b
Which of the following is an important difference between Homo habilis and Homo erectus? Homo erectus made tools and Homo habilis did not. Homo erectus spread further from Africa than Homo habilis. Homo habilis used fire and Homo erectus did not. Homo habilis spread further from Africa than Homo erectus.
b
Which of the following is clear from the available evidence? The ancient Egyptians were part of a group of peoples whose origins were in both Africa and southwest Asia. The ancient Egyptians exhibited a mixture of racial features. The ancient Egyptians were an offshoot of their Mesopotamian contemporaries. Black Africans were ancestors of both the Egyptians and Mesopotamians.
b
Which of the following is true of West African settled agriculture? Incorrect Answer It was the result of the direct influence of Egypt. It tended to emerge earlier among the peoples of the savanna than among the peoples of the forest. It produced crops for regional export markets, rather than local consumption. Its techiques, crops, and work patterns are very similar to those of Mesopotamia.
b
Which of the following led to the abolition of slavery in Britain in 1772? a national referendum a court decision an act of Parliament a royal decree
b
Which of the following was a consequence of Muhammad Toure's devotion to Islam? Songhai declared war on Christian Europe. Songhai established diplomatic relations with Morocco and Egypt. Most inhabitants of the Songhai Empire converted to Islam. Incorrect Answer Islamic culture came to dominate rural West Africa.Consider This: Muhammad Toure used his power to spread the influence of Islam within the empire.
b
Which of the following was true of slave sales in the West Indies? Most slaves went directly from the hold of a slave ship to the plantation on which they would labor. The process of selling a cargo of slaves was often a protracted one. Most of the time, slave captains already had buyers lined up before they arrived in the West Indies. Slave captains played no role in the actual sale of slaves in the West Indies.
b
Which of the following was true of the labor force in the Chesapeake colonies in the mid-seventeenth century? It was made up of black and white independent land owners. It was made up of black and white indentured servants. It was largely made up of Indian and black slaves. It was entirely white.
b
Which of these is an important difference between the multiregional model and the out-of-Africa model? Supporters of the out-of-Africa model rely on genetic evidence to support their position. Supporters of the multiregional model believe that modern humans evolved throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. Supporters of the multiregional model believe that all living people are closely related. Supporters of the multiregional model rely on archaeological evidence to support their position.
b
Why did planters have to rely on old Africans and Creoles to train new recruits? because whites refused to work with non-Christians because white people were a minority in the Caribbean because newly arrived slaves refused to work with white people because no white people spoke African languages
b
Why is it difficult for modern historians to generalize about the cultural background of the first African Americans? The first African Americans came from many regions of Africa in about equal numbers. West Africa was ethnically and culturally diverse. African Americans failed to bring West African culture to North America. The abundance of written records from the region south of Sudan makes it difficult to represent all the available information.
b
According to Olaudah Equiano, many enslaved Africans __________. were more than happy to leave Africa accepted their fate as a normal part of life attempted suicide once aboard a slave ship believed their captors were gods
c
As slave ships neared the West Indies, __________. the crew was given extra rations and a change of clothes the training of slaves for field work began the crew prepared its human cargo for sale food and water for the human cargo was cut back
c
By which of the following criteria did planters assess the successful seasoning of new Africans? contentment Christianization survival productivity
c
How did slavery differ in the forest region compared to the savanna in West Africa? Slaves in the forest region had lower standards of living than slaves in the savanna. Slaves in the savanna had more rights than slaves in the forest region. Slavery was more widespread in the savanna than in the forest region. There was less slavery in the savanna than in the forest region. 1 attempt used
c
How did the peoples of Kush and Egypt relate in the eighth century BCE? The Kushites and Egyptians joined forces to attack Portugal. The Egyptians and Kushites were both ruled by the Chinese. The Kushites conquered and ruled over the Egyptians. The Egyptians conquered the people of Kush.
c
In most cases, the Europeans who dealt in African slaves __________. faced fierce resistance from African rulers captured slaves themselves bought them from African traders bought them in Africa and sold them in the slave markets of the Middle East
c
The example of Anthony Johnson suggests which of the following? By the 1660s, race and slavery were seen by the English in the Chesapeake as indistinguishable. By the 1670s, Virginia had adopted the labor model that prevailed in Spanish America. Before the 1670s, the English in the Chesapeake did not draw a strict line between white freedom and black slavery. By the 1670s, black people in the Chesapeake had been stripped of all political and economic rights.
c
What allowed the Soninke to dominate their neighbors and forge an empire? They had a standing professional army. They were allied with Arab merchants. They had superior iron weapons. They had a larger population and better access to food.
c
Which of the following motives was important in prompting the Dutch to drive the Portuguese from the West African slave trade? The Dutch wanted to weaken the Portuguese economy. The Dutch hoped to take over Portuguese Brazil. The Dutch were attracted by the high profits of the trade. The Dutch saw West Africa as a likely region for colonization.
c
Which of the following was demonstrated by the voyages of Bartolomeu Dias? that the earth was a sphere that circumnavigation of the earth was possible that it was possible to sail around Africa to reach India that the Americas were new continents and not part of Asia
c
Which of the following was true of Axum? It was located in what today is Nigeria. It was almost totally isolated from the rest of the world. It was the first Christian state in sub-Saharan Africa. It emerged as a nation in the third century CE.
c
Which of the following was true of West African families? There was a clear distinction between family life and work life. West Africans did not believe that the nuclear family unit was important. Elders in extended families had considerable power over family members. There was a strict taboo against polygynous families.
c
Which of the following was true of plantation overseers? They were almost always free blacks. They were almost always poor whites. They invariably imposed strict discipline. They usually worked on a commission basis.
c
Which of the following was true of slave ships? Their cargo space was generally seven to eight feet high. They were rarely filled to capacity. They grew larger over the centuries. They usually carried several thousand slaves at a time.
c
Which of the following was true of slavery in West Africa prior to 1500? Slavery in West Africa was based on race. West African slavery involved only non-Africans. West African kingdoms participated in the Islamic slave trade. Slavery was extremely rare in West Africa prior to 1500.
c
Why did Europeans turn to enslaved Africans as a potential New World labor force? European workers refused to settle in the New World. Europeans had always assumed they would use enslaved Africans as laborers in the New World. The American Indian population fell rapidly after the arrival of Europeans. Europeans did not feel it was appropriate for Christians to serve as laborers in the New World.
c
Betweeen 1620 and 1650, the black population of the Chesapeake __________. declined rapidly grew to reach 30 percent of the total population grew rapidly remained very small
d
Creole slaves were __________. slaves born in Africa slaves born of a European mother and an African father slaves born of an African mother and a European father slaves born in the Americas
d
From which of the following was the wealth of the Kongo Kingdom derived? control of the Islamic slave trade control of the trans-Sahara trade access to silk and spices access to salt and iron
d
Which of the following was true of West African villages? In most instances, men did all of the farm work. All villages were matrilineal. Incorrect Answer All villages were patrileneal. In most cases, one lineage occupied each village.
d