AFRAS 170a final

Details and consequences of Nat Turner's Rebellion

- 1831, Privileged slave from Virginia initiated a large scale revolt that inspired great fear in whites - Very bloody- he killed 57 whites and panicked whites killed 100 blacks - black and white abolitionists respected him - evoke great fear by south, whites

Mary Ann Shadd Cary

- 1840: started her own school for black and white children in Canada - Promoted integration/ Against colonization unlike Bibb, Hebson and Delany - Advocated AA Migration to Canada where slavery was forbidden - Knew that Canada not a permanent solution because discrimination was rampant - Moved to Canada after the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 - came back to US after start of Civil War to help recruit Black union soldiers - Became active in Woman's suffrage movements

AASS: Roles of Blacks

- Allowed black men to participate in meetings without formal restrictions - Ratio of whites to blacks was 60:3 - Black men participated but did not lead

Anti-Slavery Societies

- American Antislavery Society: most significant abolitionist organization of the 1830' - immediate end to slavery( immediatism), no compensation to enslavers, blacks stay in the US -Watkins,Greener,Grice, and white Quaker Lundy,Garrison - blacks could hold position but rarely did

Frederick Douglass differences with Black nationalists

- Douglass opposed separate black institutions - predicted African Americans would eventually merge into a greater identity - Freedom in the U.S. - Delany and Garnett (AKA Nationalists): favored migration and nationalism Delany: Promoted mass black migration to Latin America or Africa Garnett: Welcomed white assistance for his plan to foster Christianity and economic development in Africa some not all Africans should migrate

AASS: Splinter Groups

- Failure of Moral Suasion - Issue over role of Women - Garrison became increasingly radical Called for Disunion based on the Idea that US constitution was pro-slavery Denouncing religion DID NOT SUPPORT VIOLENCE ---Split into: 1. "Old Organization" with those who remained with Garrison 2. AFASS - Church Oriented lead by Lewis Tappan 3. Liberty Party - Political party based on ending slavery: advocated aggressive action against slavery in the south: Directly involved in encouraging Northerners to go to the south and help slaves escape: NY faction most aggressive, didn't support constitution or Garrison, allowed women to help

Significance of Black Convention Movement

- Started by Hezekiah Grice- young black man who worked with Garrison - First convention was at Bethel Church with Richard Allen presiding - Conventions were small and informal - PLACE TO DISCUSS THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY AND BUILD BLACK LEADERSHIP - Venue for discussing and publicizing black concerns - Main issue was abolition, but also focused on: Improving conditions for black northerners Integration of public schools, Rights of AA to vote, serve on juries, and testify against white people in court Black self help through temperance, sexual morality, education, and thrift - Conventions regular for 5 years- faltered as black abolitionists put their hopes in AASS

Why did some abolitionists become increasingly militant during 1840s?

All above are correct - were willing to consider forceful action against slavery. - This led to the breakup of the AASS and the separation of black and white abolitionists.

Growing free black population:

New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and Cincinnati.

Which was true of African-born slaves in British America's Chesapeake colonies? a. They were more likely to run away than their American-born counterparts. b. They were less likely to run away than their American-born counterparts. c. They were less likely to form alliances with neighboring Native Americans than their American-born counterparts. d. They were more likely to form alliances with neighboring Native Americans than their American-born counterparts.

b

Who was Crispus Attucks? a. He was a free black man who famously petitioned the Massachusetts Assembly for his freedom. b. He was a runaway slave who became the first martyr of the American Revolution. c. He was a Virginia slave who served honorably in the Continental Army. b. He was a runaway slave who served as a spy for the British during the American Revolution.

b

Who were Virginia's first colonists? a. Convicts and debtors b. Gentlemen and soldiers c. Merchants and soldiers d. Priests and gentlemen

b

Why did cotton become a more marketable commodity in the late eighteenth century? a. It was a relatively new crop in the American South and was thus considered a novelty. b. Rebellious colonists boycotted British goods during the Revolutionary War, which led to an increased demand for homespun fabric utilizing domestically grown cotton. c. The British imposed a ban on exporting textiles to America, which increased demand for American-grown cotton. d. Cotton cultivation started to yield high profit margins because cotton was considered a luxury in Europe.

b

Why was formal marriage important to the African American community after slavery ended? a. Formal marriage was critical to being able to find a job. b. Formal marriage was critical to forming an identity as a freed person. c. Formal marriage was important to African Americans' views of sexuality. d. Formal marriage was important in order to secure political rights.

b

Why was there a reduction in white indentured servitude in eighteenth-century America? a. Europe's Seven Years' War reduced the flow of European workers to America. b. There was growing opposition to employing white servants in colonial America. c. The Anglican Church prohibited indentured servitude on moral grounds. d. White colonists were no longer willing to treat their kinsmen as servants.

b

Why did New England slaves have a difficult time establishing families? a. Slave owners feared that families would increase the likelihood that slaves would demand freedom. b. Slave women had a difficult time finding suitable partners. c. There was a shortage of available partners for slave men. d. High rates of intermarriage between slave women and white men diluted the strength of slave households.

c

Why did New Hampshire choose not to impose a ban on slave importation after the Revolutionary War? a. The newly framed U.S. Constitution had already imposed such a ban. b. Popular sentiment did not call for such an action. c. The state did not import enough slaves to require one. d. The state's large population of natural-born slaves prevented the need for additional imported slaves.

c

Why did the institution of slavery fail to extend into the frontier colonies of French Louisiana and Spanish Florida? a. Louisiana and Florida did not need African labor because they could rely on a large enslaved Indian labor force. b. Constant warfare with Indians weakened the resolve of white settlers in these colonies to establish cash-crop economies. c. Louisiana and Florida were too isolated to maintain a secure slave-labor force. d. The plantation economies developed in these colonies relied on a European immigrant labor force.

c

How did slave owners in Carolina address slaves' religious education? a. They encouraged their slaves to become members of the Anglican Church as quickly as possible. b. They had their slaves accompany them to church where they could receive the instruction they desired. c. They believed that religious training made their slaves more compliant and better workers. d. They initially displayed little interest in it and were warned that religious gatherings might provide an opportunity for escape.

d

What made the constitution of the Confederate States of America different from the United States Constitution? a. The Confederate States mentioned that African American slaves counted as a full person for purposes of government representation. b. The Confederate States excluded African American freedmen from voting. c. The Confederate States did not mention slavery. d. The Confederate States included a provision that explicitly protected the right to hold slaves as property.

d

What pressured President Lincoln to push towards emancipation during the course of the Civil War? a. A strong demand for black labor in the Union army b. Petitions from black free men in the North c. Political pressure from white abolitionists d. The actions of slaves who freed themselves and fled to Union lines

d

What type of plantation employed the largest number of Southern slaves by the 1850s? a. Sugar b. Rice c. Tobacco d. Cotton

d

What was President Lincoln's policy toward slavery in border states who remained loyal to the Union when the Civil War initially started? a. Lincoln guaranteed that slavery would continue in the border states until the Civil War ended. b. Lincoln recommended that slavery end immediately in the border states. c. Lincoln suggested that slavery would continue indefinitely in the border states until it naturally died out. d. Lincoln proposed a plan for gradual emancipation that would compensate slaveholders.

d

What was the eighteenth-century revival movement that swept through colonial America called? a. The Enlightenment b. The Revolution c. The Great Reformation d. The Great Awakening

d

What was the impact of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? a. The Fugitive Slave Act abolished slavery in the District of Columbia. b. The Fugitive Slave Act expanded northern states' authority to capture runaway slaves. c. The Fugitive Slave Act made it more difficult for fugitive slaves to be captured and returned to their owners. d. The Fugitive Slave Act made it easier for fugitive slaves to be captured and returned to their owners.

d

What was the purpose of Frederick Douglass's slave narrative, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave? a. To link Douglass's escape from slavery to his Christian faith b. To highlight the difficulty former slaves had making a living in the North c. To highlight the cruelty of Douglass's owner d. To recount his representative journey from southern slave to free black person

d

What was the role of black churches in cities in the New South? a. Black churches were at the forefront in the fight against the disfranchisement of African Americans. b. Black churches provided places for African Americans to gain wealth through serving as ministers and in other jobs. c. Black churches provided places where women assumed top leadership positions. d. Black churches provided community services to poor and elderly African Americans as well as spiritual encouragement.

d

What were black laws? a. Laws that called for the creation of a free black homeland within American territory b. Legislation that called for the universal and immediate emancipation of slavery c. Nineteenth-century laws that prohibited the spread of slavery in new states and territories d. Laws that imposed various restrictions on the movement of free blacks in northern states and territories

d

Which of the following describes the efforts of African Americans to locate missing relatives in the years immediately after the Civil War? a. African Americans searched town records in order to discover the fates of their family members. b. African Americans only looked for their missing family members within the region surrounding their plantations. c. African Americans looked for children but were less likely to look for wives or husbands. d. African Americans traveled hundreds of miles in order to locate missing relatives.

d

Which of the following describes the relationship between black activists in the North and white abolitionists? a. Black activists coordinated with white women reformers but not white men in the abolitionist movement. b. Black activists assisted white abolitionists and did not work separately. c. Black activists worked independently of white abolitionists. d. Black activists worked with white abolitionists but also operated independently to fight slavery

d

Who was Denmark Vesey? a. A white abolitionist who started an antislavery newspaper b. A runaway slave who became an articulate spokesman for the abolitionist movement c. A prominent white Southern politician who sponsored a number of tough fugitive slave measures in Congress d. A freeman of color who planned an elaborate slave revolt in nineteenth century South Carolina

d

Why did Baltimore, Maryland, attract free blacks? a. The city had liberal policies regarding the movement of free blacks within its city limits. b. The city had a large population of antislavery whites who maintained a tolerant attitude toward free blacks. c. The city maintained a staunch position against the fugitive slave laws of the era. d. Jobs were more plentiful and it was easier to elude capture and re-enslavement in Baltimore.

d

Why did free blacks increasingly support emigration from the United States during the late 1850s? a. Free blacks were not Christians and wanted to move to a country without a Christian majority. b. Free blacks could not obtain land in the new western territories in the United States. c. Africa was growing more prosperous at the time and thus more attractive to African Americans. d. Free blacks believed that the Dred Scott decision limited their future prospects in the United States.

d

How did Nat Turner's Rebellion affect whites' views of slavery? a. The Rebellion made whites rethink their previous assumptions about the inhumanity of blacks. b. The Rebellion intensified whites' fears of future slave revolts across the South. c. The Rebellion deepened whites' appreciation for the free black population, since they served as informants. d. The Rebellion caused whites to see slavery as an immoral institution.

b

How did Pennsylvania end slavery in its borders? a. By judicial ruling b. By legislative action c. By executive order d. By federal injunction

b

How did the Missouri Compromise address regional concerns about slavery? a. The Missouri Compromise revoked the Three- Fifths Compromise. b. It prohibited slavery in territories north of a specified border. c. It called for the admission of Missouri as a free state. d. The Compromise established a tougher set of fugitive slave laws.

b

What accounted for the growth of Afro- Christianity in eighteenth-century America? a. Enthusiasm among white slave owners to provide religious instruction to their slaves b. The emotional style of preaching featured in the Great Awakening c. A proclamation issued by the Anglican Church encouraging the conversion of Africans to the Church d. The active missionary efforts directed at blacks by Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians

b

What accounts for the increase in racial discrimination during the 1830s in states where slavery had already ended? a. Few African Americans resided in states where slavery had already ended. b. White residents were no longer assured of the subordinate status of African Americans. c. African Americans in the North were less educated than African Americans in the South. d. African Americans competed directly with white residents for skilled jobs.

b

What approach did white antislavery activists support to combat the high incidences of racial prejudice in the antebellum North? a. They mounted a campaign aimed at educating the white population about the immorality of racism. b. They focused on reforming the conduct of African Americans. c. They petitioned Congress to enact more aggressive policies outlawing racially inspired violence. d. They appealed for help from the white religious community.

b

What did Booker T. Washington emphasize in his autobiography, Up from Slavery? a. He stressed that African Americans had to fight for their rights in order to be successful. b. He emphasized how his hard work enabled him to rise from slavery and attain success. c. He underscored that blacks would not become prosperous until they left the South and migrated to the North. d. He emphasized how African Americans needed to seek industrial jobs in order to become prosperous.

b

What sparked riots in cities in the North during the 1830s and 1840s? a. African Americans exercising their right to vote b. A large influx of African Americans to cities in the North c. Demands for improved housing by African Americans in cities in the North d. Economic gains by African Americans at the expense of white working-class residents

b

What theological message did the New Lights ministers of the Great Awakening emphasize? a. That slaves should remain humble to their masters and to God b. That everyone was equal in the eyes of God c. That there was a direct correlation between one's station on Earth and salvation d. That God ordained rebellion against the institution of slavery

b

What was the impact of the Dred Scott decision on freed blacks in the North? a. It made it more difficult for them to secure access to jobs in the North. b. It diminished prospects for a meaningful future in the United States since they were not considered citizens. c. It made it easier for them to help slaves escape to the North. d. It made it easier for them to vote if they lived in the North.

b

What was the mission of the Hampton Institute after it was founded during the 1860s? a. To train black professionals who would serve the African American community b. To train black teachers who would become leaders of the African American community c. To teach black students self-respect and the value of hard work d. To teach blacks how to work with white leaders in society

b

What was the name of Spanish Florida's free black settlement? a. St. Augustine b. Fort Mose c. Bas Du Fleuve d. Pensacola

b

What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation overseas? a. It made it more likely that Great Britain would assist the Confederacy. b. It undercut efforts by the Confederate government to gain diplomatic recognition from Europe. c. It provided the Union army with volunteers from abolitionists in Europe. d. It provided the Union with material assistance from European countries, especially Great Britain.

b

Where was the United States' free black population concentrated after the Revolutionary War? a. In the urban areas of the Deep South b. In the Upper South and the North c. In the coastal areas of the Deep South d. In the western frontier areas of the new nation

b

Which of the following factors led to the growth of slave population in the antebellum South? a. Increased direct importation from Africa b. Increased natural reproduction c. Heightened migration from the Caribbean d. Improved mortality rates among slaves

b

Which state's admittance threatened to upset the balance between slave states and free states in nineteenth-century America? a. Alabama b. Missouri c. Maine d. Ohio

b

Which two states enacted immediate emancipation laws in the 1770s and 1780s? a. New York and New Jersey b. Delaware and Connecticut c. Vermont and Massachusetts d. Maryland and New Hampshire

c

What was the goal of the American Anti-Slavery Society?(AASS)

immediate emancipation without compensation

Why did Frederick Douglass become disillusioned with AASS?

they seemed to value him more as a fugitive slave rather than a leader

What did the Democratic party and Whig party have in common?

they were led by enslavers, and neither really championed black rights

White perception of free blacks regarding rebellions

thought free blacks were dangerous and responsible for enslaved revolting

Goals of the American Colonization Society(ACS)

to gradually free enslaved people, send them to Africa( Liberia)

Most white northerners between 1820 and 1860...

wanted nothing to do with blacks

Madison Washington

- Led a revolt aboard the Creole ship that was taking 135 African slaves from Virginia to New Orleans - Sailed the ship to the British Colony of the Bahamas where slavery had been abolished - Fishermen in the Bahamas surrounded and protected the ship: slaves got freedom

The Amistad

- Led by Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque) - 53 Africans mutinied aboard the Spanish schooner La Amistad - Accused of piracy and murder, defended by John Quincy Adams and won +set free on 3/9/1841 because slave trade was illegal in Virginia - they murdered the crew for freedom - Supreme Court ruled in favor of the slaves on ship because Slave Trade had been stopped, it was self defense

Justification of racism in the 1830's and 40's

- Manifest Destiny: God intended the U.S. to expand its territory - "Scientific" Racism: pseudoscientists claimed whites were a superior race - Thomas H. Huxley 1871: "No rational man believes a negro is is equal to white man" - All men had spirit and history except for Africans

AASS: Tactics

- Moral Suasion- AASS reform strategy, was an appeal to Americans to support the abolition and racial justice on the basis of their Christian consciences - argued slavery was an inefficient labor system that enriched a few masters while hurting the American economy, attacked Northern Industries - organized petitioning campaign aimed to agitate slavery issue in Congress - Led mostly by women - Congress passed the Gag Rule forbidding any more petitions related to slavery, could make rules to stop or make slavery worse John Quincy Adams worked to repeal the law (not an abolitionist but a supporter of the 1st amendment) - 1835: Great Postal Campaign sent antislavery literature to southern post offices and individual slave owners

AASS: Criticisms of the North

- Northerners just as guilty: - Northern Industries thrived from cotton produced by slave labor - Supported a government that helped slave owners and introduced the harsh Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 - In North, AASS gave public lectures about slavery and distributed anti-slavery literature - Northern mobs assaulted abolitionist agents, disrupted their meetings, destroyed their newspaper and attacked black neighborhoods

American Anti-Slavery Society goals

- Organization for immediate abolitionists like Garrison -Immediate uncompensated emancipation and equal rights -Bridge racial differences

Frederick Douglass' and the AASS

- Remained loyal to Garrison's AASS when other black abolitionists left - He was becoming a famous orator, and he felt Garrison was not letting him use his talent - White colleagues wanted him to continue the role of fugitive slave (token slave in AASS) - Left and began writing the North Star - Angered Garrison endorsing Liberty party over Garrison's plan of disunionist Douglass: Born in Maryland and escaped slavery to New England in 1818 opposed separate black institutions

Maria W. Stewart

- Wrote the Address to the Masonic Hall - First female black public speaker, addressed male audience! - Looked at the poor conditions of black workers (mostly black women workers) - Leader of Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, along side Forten

Underground Railroad

- it was unorganized and not as effective as most think. - Several loosely organized semi secret biracial networks that helped slaves escape from border states North and Canada (not really helpful for deep south states) - Earliest appeared in the 19th century - Best documented case: Ripley, Ohio and Washington D.C. ---Colorful Myth: Called this because it wasn't really effective at all- because people who ran away from enslavement didn't trust anyone - even the people trying to help them. - Most people who escaped enslavement planned their own escape and didn't rely on underground railroad - NO centralized leadership or organization - 100's of different networks of people who were not working together, or even know each other, working to free southern slaves - During the 1850's, Harriet Tubman became the most active worker of the railroad - Steamboat engines promoted northward escapes - Ultimate destination was Canada west (Ontario) - " railroad" code word, "conductors" people who assist escapes, "freight" escaped slaves

Democratic Party during Jacksonian Era

- led by Martin Van Buren - appealed to slaveholders - defeated Adams and elected Jackson in 1828 - Jackson: pro southern agenda (states rights, economic localism, expansion of slavery)In reality concerned with the rights of white men -Concerned with property rights - expanding slavery to new regions, "slave power" conspiracy - Little to no interference from government - Included slaves as property

American Colonization Society (ACS)

- led by white abolitionists. - Consisted of major slave holders and politicians - "claimed" to be opposed to slavery( leave or be enslaved) - abolish slavery gradually, give slaveowners financial compensation for freeing their human property. - send/"free" former slaves to Africa(Liberia) - prominent advocate Paul Cuffe( Massachusetts), AME bishop Daniel Coker - By 1860, only 10,000 African-Americans emigrated to Africa gradual emancipation - William Lloyd Garrison supported it, but later NO - blacks supported this at first but realized it was a trick soon after - British free black colony-Sierra Leone

Black women and the abolitionist mov-t

- risked to harbor fugitive slaves - save earnings to purchase freedom for themselves and others - church and benevolent societies - made auxiliaries- fundraising for larger organizations

Role and significance of Black Churches

- the most important institutions in the black communities. -served as community centers and meeting places for many black organizations. - it was still affiliated with white denominations and some blacks still attended white churches.

Ideas and actions of William Lloyd Garrison

- wanted non violence - immediate, uncompensated end to slavery - black men and women could join - started American Antislavery Society - wanted integrated schools - "Liberator" was his newspaper - critiqued Norths use of slavery in South for economic profit - at first supported ACS, but later No

first African-american newspaper and who was it owned by?

-"Freedom's Journal" - Samuel Cornish( against ACS) and John B. Russworm(pro ACS)

Abolitionist newspaper

-"The Liberator", Boston - Garrison led it

Politics and Attitudes during the Jacksonian Era

-1800-1860 : Market Revolution - American economy based on farming, skilled artisans, and local markets changed to marked by commercial farming, factory production, and national markets. -1807: Robert Fulton and steam boat powered river vessels faster transportation revolutionized trade - Market Revolution helped create mass political parties began dropping qualifications that limited the right to vote - Democratic Party formed to counter the Republicans (Adam-Clay) led by Martin Van Buren appealed to slaveholders defeated Adams and elected Jackson in 1828 Jackson: pro southern agenda (states rights, economic localism, expansion of slavery) - Whig Party formed in contrast to Democrats (Clay and Adams) nationalist approach christian morality opposed territorial expansion( attracted slavery's opponents) worried about growing number of immigrants endorsed evangelicalism claimed they opposed slavery Not really all that anti-slavery- leaders were slave holders -Political Paranoia

Reasons and consequences of anti black riots

-Black neighborhoods and buildings burned -Coincided with the start of abolition, who gained strength in the 1830s. - the worst riots in Philla led by Irish immigrants. - in Cinncinati, Providence, New York city and Philadelphia became infamous.

Reasons for growing militancy in abolitionist movement

1. Inspired by the revolts on the Amistad and the Creole Desire to do more to help Slaves escape to freedom Henry HIghland Garnett - "Address to Slaves"- suggested slaves may need to use violence against their masters, did not support Douglas 2. Break up of AASS Weakened abolitionist loyalty to national organizations Caused them to explore other tactics 3. Frustrated that white Abolitionists did not live up to their words of racial equality failed to employ AA in their businesses Excluded AA from positions in Anti-slavery organizations More rhetoric than action 4. A Growing Violence against AA in America Especially with "slave catchers" responding to Fugitive Slave Law

Differences between men and women's anti-‐slavery societies

Womens: - All of their anti-slavery societies concentrated on fund raising - Inspired feminism -Women anti slavery societies were more integrated and less racist - Black women had a greater role than black men in integrated AS societies

How did Confederate slave owners react to Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation? a. Masters worked hard to prevent word of emancipation from reaching their slaves. b. Masters ignored the Emancipation Proclamation, believing that the slaves could not read and therefore would not learn about it. c. Masters told slaves about the Emancipation Proclamation but insisted that it did not apply to them. d. Masters informed some slaves but not others.

a

How did slaves withstand being separated from family members by sale? a. Embracing nonrelatives as fictive kin b. By singing and dancing c. Disrupting sales by formal protests d. Accepting their owners as family

a

How did the Northwest Ordinance address the issue of slavery in new American territories? a. By lending tacit approval to the legality of slavery anywhere south of the Ohio River b. By imposing a ban on slavery on all territorial areas west of the Appalachian Mountains c. By levying a tax on slaves brought into new territorial areas west of the Appalachian Mountains d. By setting aside settlements in new territorial areas exclusively for newly freed slaves

a

What percentage of the population did slaves comprise in New York City by the early 1740s? a. 20 percent b. 50 percent c. 10 percent d. 5 percent

a

What was one of the characteristics of African migrants to French Louisiana? a. They saved the colony from near extinction through the labor they provided. b. They were vastly outnumbered by the white settlers of the colony. c. They quickly formed strategic alliances with the area's native population. d. They brought their expertise in tobacco growing with them.

a

What was the attitude of the border states towards secession? a. Most border states remained in the Union but not without controversy and conflict. b. Most border states remained in the Union and vigorously supported the Union cause. c. Most border states attempted to secede but failed because Lincoln sent troops to all border states. d. Most border states remained loyal to the North because of economic ties with the region.

a

What was the initial purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau after the Civil War? a. The bureau was charged with assisting the former slaves' transition from slavery to freedom. b. The bureau was responsible for establishing the South as a productive agricultural region again. c. The bureau was responsible for placing blacks in manufacturing jobs in the South. d. The bureau was responsible for establishing a network of segregated free public schools that would educate former slaves.

a

What was the role of black women in the Civil War? a. Many established charitable organizations that assisted contraband slaves. b. Many fought in the Union army. c. Many fought in the Confederate army. d. Many grew food and produced supplies for the Union army.

a

Where were most African American neighborhoods in relation to white neighborhoods in northern cities between 1830 and 1860? a. Northern black neighborhoods were close to, but mostly separate from, white neighborhoods. b. They were both far from and separate from white neighborhoods. c. Northern black neighborhoods were often integrated with European immigrant neighborhoods. d. They were on the outskirts of cities so that African Americans could have access to land.

a

Which statement accurately describes the scope of slavery in mid-eighteenth-century New England? a. The use of slave labor expanded into occupational sectors where it had previously not existed. b. The use of slave labor diminished as more whites began to manumit their slaves. c. Newer settlements in the region passed strict laws forbidding slavery from expanding to new territories. d. Slavery was abolished throughout the region except in its coastal cities.

a

Besides Georgia, which other colony never mobilized its black population for service in the Continental Army? a. North Carolina b. Virginia c. South Carolina d. Maryland

c

How did black authors during the 1830s and 1840s seek to increase support for abolition among whites in the North? a. They depicted the evils that occurred in slave societies in the Caribbean. b. They staged antislavery protests in southern cities that included readings from their works about the evils of slavery. c. They used moral suasion in novels that suggested that slavery was immoral and counter to the nation's ideals. d. They petitioned white politicians with documented stories of the evils of slavery.

c

How did slave labor for cotton cultivation differ from the slave labor utilized in the cultivation of other cash crops? a. The labor required for cotton cultivation was comparatively easier than labor required for other crops. b. The amount of labor required for cotton cultivation ebbed and flowed with the change of seasons. c. Cotton crops demanded continuous year-round labor unlike other crops. d. Cotton crops had shorter growing seasons than other cash crops.

c

What did the Amistad and Creole insurrections demonstrate? a. The power of America's "slaveocracy" extended to the open seas of international waters. b. The actions of American courts tended to support the slave-owning status quo. c. Slavery had limited support outside of the slaveowning South. d. Blacks themselves had come to accept the permanence of the institution.

c

What legal rights did slaves possess in African society? a. Their status as slaves left them without political or civic rights. b. They were prohibited from engaging in free marriage. c. They were extended a number of civic rights and privileges. d. Their status prevented them from acquiring wealth.

c

What role did slave elders play in the slave community on antebellum plantations? a. They kept watch over very young or ill children while their parents worked in the fields. b. They taught the community's children basic literacy skills. c. They taught the children how to negotiate the rigors of daily life as slaves. d. They served as intermediaries between younger slaves and their masters.

c

What was the goal of the National Equal Rights League? a. To establish a colony for former black slaves in Africa b. To demand that former slaves receive free land in compensation for their labor under slavery c. To advocate for legal equality without regard to race and black male suffrage d. To advocate for suffrage for black men and women

c

What was the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin on the abolitionist movement? a. It increased support for slavery by depicting the slaves as happy and well cared for by slave owners. b. The book depicted the evilness of slave owners to increase support for abolition. c. The book increased support for abolition by depicting slavery's effects on black families. d. It resulted in less support for abolition by depicting slavery's effects on black families.

c

What was the purpose of lynching during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Lynching served as a way for African Americans to avenge crimes by white southerners against blacks. b. Lynching was a way to put African Americans to death since the legal system did not allow capital punishment. c. Lynching operated as a form of social control designed to terrorize blacks into subordination. d. Lynching was a way to reduce high crime rates in the South.

c

What was the role of women in black churches in the years immediately after the Civil War? a. Black women sometimes served as preachers in black churches. b. Black women formed less than half of attendees. c. Black women performed most of the church work. d. Black women held most of the leadership roles.

c

What were the underlying causes of the New York City draft riots? a. High inflation for basic necessities in the North b. High unemployment in New York City among immigrant populations c. Resentment among white working-class men toward black slaves d. Food shortages in New York City

c

Which of these distinguished the African population in New England from the African population of the Carolinas? a. There was a prevalence of Christian converts in the area compared to that in the Carolinas. b. Pilgrims' and Puritans' religious ideals strictly forbade slave-ownership. c. The lack of a labor-intensive cash crop economy created little need for enslaved workers. d. Colonial legislatures in New England included the prohibitions of slavery in their charters.

c

Why did northern whites oppose the expansion of slavery?

economic reasons

Main task of all the women's anti- slavery societies

fund-raising. They held bake sales, organized anti-slavery fairs and bazaars, and sold antislavery memorabilia.