Ag Content prep 1

Types of elasticity (3)

1) Income elasticity of demand, 2) Price of elasticity of demand, 3) Price elasticity of supply.

Research SAE

An extensive activity where the student plans and conducts a major agricultural experiment using the scientific process. The purpose is to provide students "hands on" experience in: 1) verifying, learning or demonstrating scientific principles in agriculture. 2) Discovering new knowledge, 3) Using the scientific process. (EX- various planting media on plant growth, protein on fish growth, rooting hormones development)

Barriers to entry

Are those forces that make it diffuclt for firms to enter an industry. If barriers to entrya re low, even firms in highly concentrated industries have littler opportunity to set prices above competitive levels. Barriers to entry include 1) absolute unit cost advantages, 2) economies of scale, 3)capital access and cost, 4) preferential government policies.

Sheet Erosion (water)

As water moves over the surface of the soils, some of its concentrates in low places cut deeper depressions or channels.

Animals are classified by the type of food they eat

Carnivore, herbivore, and omnivore.

Explicit Vs Implicit

Cash payments are an example of an explicit cost, while implicit is the opportunity cost.

Humus

Colloidal, amorphous, dark brown materials; substances left after breakdown of fresh plant and animal residues and microbial biomass.

Dark Brown or Black

Color indicates high organic matter (presence of humus) or dark minerals, or the presence of moisture, wet soil is darker than dry soil. Darker colors do not always mean higher organic matter

White soils

Colors are common when salts (Na+, Ca2+) or calcium carbonate CaCO3 (lime) deposits exist.

Plant ID

Contestants identify samples of grasses, forbs, legumes, and woody plants and for each indicate length of life, season of growth, origin, and the economic values of the species on wildlife and grazing.

Mineralization

Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium form. Release of amino groups during decomposition of organic material. Major source of nitrogen in no fertilized soil.

Manufacturing copper

Copper ore is crushed and then washed in water to remove the lighter earth particles. It is then mixed with coke and limestone and placed into a small blast furnace. The liquid copper settles to the bottom of the furnace and the impurities float to the top. Once removed the copper is refined further by the electrolysis process Electrolysis is a chemical change or decomposition. Pure copper bars are used as cathodes (negative poles) and impure copper to be refined forms the anodes (positive poles). Copper sulfate with some sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte. When the electric current is turned on, pure copper leaves the anode and deposits on, or plates, the cathode.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for beef cattle

Cow/calf enterprises are based on feedstuff resource which have limited alternatives uses; year round grazing with some feeding in confinement. Maximize economic efficiency: focus on optimal rather than maximal level of production and develop nutrition programs over intervals of time. Supplementation for optimal levels, but must compliment feed resources. Allow for leveling or moderation of short term or season deficits or feed surpluses. Animal factors include: birth weaning (milk production, forage availability, supplements), Weaning puberty (genetics, feed availability, implants), Breeding calving (nutrition and growth of the heifer/fetus). Early lactation. Feeding methods and management: Supplement:Ionophore or not, dry or liquid. Delivery:Cost, convenience, nutrition desired. Energy/protein supplementation, feeding frequency, self feeding, and liquid supplements and blocks.

Protein types

Crude protein, true protein, non protein nitrogen

Feeding dry cows and bred heifers (dairy cattle)

Decrease quantity of rations to prevent over accumulation of body fat.

Expansionary effects on Us money supply

Expansionary money policy will shift the money supply curve to the right. When the Fed purchases securities in the open market, increases total reserves. When the Fed lowers the discount rate, increases total reserves, when fed reduced the required reserve ration, increases the money multiplier.

Expectations of rising prices

Expectations of rising prices lead to speculation (This further makes the situation worse for the poor), since 2011 food prices have fallen badly compared to previous average. More production of food has increased availability and affordability of food.

Clarity

Explains concepts in a way that is understood by students. Questions are answered in a complete manner. Subject matter contains organization and structure. Use appropriate examples and illustrations.

Medium of Exchange: 4 characteristics

Facilitates payment for goods and services. To be effective and efficient medium of exchange, money must be: generally accepted, high value relative to its bulk and weight, easily divisible into small parts, must be difficult to counterfeit.

PAC Amp / Cutting speed.

High voltage, Amperage range from 10-200 amps. Some automated machines may have 1,000 ampere capacities. Higher the amperage capacity the faster and thicker they will cut. High cutting speeds are possible Up to 300 inches per minute. 25 feet a minute, ¼ mile an hour.

Decibles

Humans can withstand 80 decibels within an 8 hour period or 110 within a 30 minute period. 85 or more decibels could lead to a 10% loss in hearing.

Seasonality of Undernutrition

Hunger is seasonal, unless there is famine. Reasons- Agriculture: the main industry, jobs, and incomes are seasonal, Production, prices, food availability are all seasonal.• During the off season- No jobs/income, higher food prices, less food availability. Results: Under nutrition.

Lessons for policy makers

If domestic food supplies are adequate during a disaster in some regions of the country, the emergency food relief from abroad is counterproductive. Reasons- effect on domestic farm prices and local farm incomes. The multiplier effect and Continual aid leads to dependency. Ex: Guatemala earthquake of 1976.

Barter Economy

In barter economies households and business exchange goods and services as a means for paying for their purchases. There is no money to serve as a medium of exchange. Households own all the primary resources (land, labor, capital, and management), While they supply annually to businesses, which need these resources to produce goods and services which households buy. Households would have to barter amongst themselves to obtain the mix of goods and services they desire.

Starting the PAC Arc

In many of today's better plasma cutters, a pilot arc between the electrode and nozzle is used to ionize the gas and initially generate the plasma prior to the arc transfer. Other methods that have been used are touching the torch tip to the work to create a spark, and the use of a high-frequency starting circuit.

Supply curve, how long will they supply it?

In the short run, the supply curve is that portion of its MC curve during perfect competition that lies above its AVC. This suggests that the business will supply this product in the current period as long as it is able to cover its variable costs of production.

Alternative current

In the united states, the alternating current delivers through a typical outlet reverses direction 120 times per second, so it takes 1/60 of a second to complete a cycle. Advantages of AC- Welds have moderate penetration. Large diameter electrodes can be used with high ac currents to obtain greater filler metal deposition rates and faster welding speeds Generally less expensive than dc welding machines of equal quality, current output, and duty cycle rating.

Tractor Technician

In this three part competition, team members appraise components and parts of tractors and agricultural implements and make recommendations for services needed and not needed, complete a written exam and finally the team of three members, working as a group, will compete in locating and correcting five deliberately placed malfunctions in diesel fueled tractors and safely navigate the repaired tractor through a driving course within the 25 minute time limit.

Isoquants at the extreme : perfect substitutes, perfect complements, imperfect substitutes.

Isoquants at the extreme can be either perfect substitutes or perfect complements. A set of isoquants for a perfect substitute is a straight line, which implies a constant MRTS. Imperfect substitution have a decreasing rate of MRTS as one moves down the isoquant. A set of Isoquants for a perfect complement forms 90 degree angles, both capital and labor are required to produce a specific level of output.

Malnutrition

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat. It is over or under consumption. 1) Over nutrition, 2) Secondary, 3) Dietary deficiency or micronutrients malnutrition, 4) Under nutrition.

Mycorrhizae (fungi)

Meaning "fungus root", are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. The plant roots transmit energy rich organic substances to the fungi, and the fungi aid in transmitting nutrients and water to the plant roots. The fungal Hyphae extend the plant's root 100-fold. They reach additional water and less mobile nutrients. They provide a protective cover which increases plants resistance to drought.

Fallacy of composition

Meaning that which is true in an individual situation is not necessarily true in the aggregate. Ex. Walt Wheatman adopts a new technology that doubles his wheat production. If no one else follows him he will see an increase in profit, but if others do believing they will see an increase in profit supply would expand and prices would fall.

Land

Members of land evaluation teams judge sites based on characteristics of the soil and observations of landscape conditions, then recommend land treatments considering factors such as soil characteristics, vegetative conditions and planned use for the site.

Mixed economic system

Mixed economic system The united states has a mixed economic system; that is markets are not entirely free to determine price in some markets, but are free in others.

Stage four

Modern age: Birth rates and death rates are low and almost equal. Population and life expectancy become stable, fertility rate equals the replacement rate.

Store of value (wealth)

Money is a liquid asset which has value in investment. Money itself has no intrinsic value.

Monetary Economy

Money typically changes hands in a monetary economy when paying for goods and services.

Current situation and future projections

More people today than ever before, higher standard of living, and now demographic transition: complete in developed countries/moving toward completion in developing countries. Future projections: given current trend, fertility rates will continue to decline and life expectancy will continue to increase.

What groups of people are undernourished

More prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas in the developing countries. Reasons- More people living in rural areas, rural incomes are lower, seasonality of jobs, jobs are lower paying because of low productivity, agriculture the main sector, surplus of labor.

Muck

Organic soils whose organic material is too decomposed to be recognized.

Total output / production =

Output / acre x acre harvested where output / acre = yield. Harvested not planted acres. Focus here I on crops for production.

Johann Heinreich Pestalozzi

Principle of informal education. Hands on learning (pragmatism "learning by doing")

Water Jet Cutting

Process that uses a high pressure jet of water, with or without an abrasive added, to cut a wide variety of materials. Materials can cut: Carbon steel, Stainless steel Aluminum, Titanium, and more Filtered water and pressure raised to 30,000 psi-90,000 psi, flow rate is 3.5 gpm. Water is forced through a sapphire, ruby, or diamond orifice, forming a high velocity jet. Water under high pressure can do extreme damage to a person, so stay far way.

Plantae-plants

Produce carbon foods using CO2 and energy from the sun. Plant roots exude (secrete) many substances including: 18 amino acids, 10 sugars, 10 organic acids, various proteins, microbe attractants and repellents.

Production

Production will not occur in stages I or III, it will only occur in 2 always as stage I has no maximization of profit and stage III you're losing money. Stage I and III are irrational stages, II is rational. To find the level of input use or output level in stage II we need the price of the product and cost of the input.

Product differentiation

Products differentiation refers to the extent buyers at each level in an industry perceive a difference in the products offered to them by alternative suppliers. A seller in an undifferentiated product market has difficulty in setting a higher price than what the forces of supply and demand would dictate because buyers simply would shift to other suppliers to obtain the quantities of the product needed. Products can be either positively or negatively differentiated in the minds of buyers, however only a positive attitude toward the uniqueness of a product allows its seller to set prices. A negative attitude drivers buyers to other products.

Methods to measure protein utilization (3)

Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Biological value (BV), Animal outcomes (growth rate, milk, yield, egg production, etc.)

Smith Hughes Act of 1917

Provided federal funds for vocational programs in agriculture and trade and industry (including home economics).

Units of accounting and basis for record keeping

Provides basis for accounting. Business is done by the monetary unit of accounting.

Investment Function

Reflects an inverse relationship between the rate of interest and the level of planned investment. I= AI - MIS(R). I represents the level of investment expenditures, AI represents the autonomous level of investment, or the investment that would take place if the market interest rate were equal to zero. MIS represents the marginal interest sensitivity of investment or slope of the investment function. R represents the market rate of interest.

Investment schedule

Reflects the investment expenditure plans of businesses and households corresponding with specific rates of interest. They consist of fixed investments in business assets (factories, office building, trucks, etc) and change in business inventories.

Unitary Elastic

Represented as equal to one, the percent change in quantity is the same as the percentage change in price.

Perfectly Inelastic demand

Represented as perpendicular to the horizontal axis or completely vertical.

Consumption Function

Represented as when a household sector's disposable income goes up in Lower Slobovia, its level of planned consumption goes up also. Can be depicted as C (consumption) = Ac (autonomous consumption) + MPC (the slope of the consumption function) X DPI (DIsposable personal income). C=Ac+MPC(DPI).

Necessity

Represented by less than one, but greater than zero is classified as a necessity and a normal good. (positive)

Views of Lester Brow and Hal Kane

Some developing countries may never complete the process because developing countries are either in stage II or Stage III and lack resources. Either feed people or preserve resources. Deplete the resources or let people go hungry.

Mixed economy

Some sectors are privately controlled and some by the government, almost all economies are mixed economies, role of watchdog agencies. Free market has performed better do to Adam smith's invisible hand and joseph Schumpeter's creative destruction.

Nozzle / Water shroud nozzle

Sometimes call the cup. Made of ceramic or any other high-temperature resistant substance. Helps prevent the internal electrical parts from accidental shorting and provides control of the shielding gas or water injection if they are used. Water shroud nozzle may be attached to some torches. Water surrounding nozzle tip is used to control the potential hazards of light, fumes, noise, or other pollutants produced.

Spark, Oxyacetylene torch test, Fracture test, and color test.

Spark Test a sample is tested by lightly touching the rim of the grinding wheel to the metal. You are looking for 1) Color of the spark, 2) Number of explosions (along the length of the individual spark), 3) length of spark, 4) Shape of the explosions (forking or repeating). The Oxyacetyle test is used to determine weldability of steel. It consists of melting a pool in the steel, if the metal is thin, the pool penetrates through the thickness of the steel until a hole is formed. Should be done with a neutral flame and not spark excessively or boil. If the metal melted has a shiny appearance then its good for welding. -Fracture Test - is used extensively and consists of breaking a portion of the metal in two. The surface of the fracture shows the grain structure of the metal. If the grains are large, the metal is ductile but weak, if they are small, the metal is stronger and has a better toughness- Color test- iron and steels (grey and white) Nonferrous metals (yellow and white), Copper (caramel color), Brass and bronze (gold), Aluminum (white), Aluminum alloys (silver gray)

Specialization

Specialization allows for higher output and in production provides the basis for trade among producers and consumers.

What are added to meet requirements for different physiological functions.

Specific mineral or Vitamin Supplements

There are two types of beads used in arc welding

Stringer - narrow weld beads made without out oscillating the weld pool. The only motion of the electrode is forward, the bead width should be 2-3 times the diameter of the electrode. Weave - wide beads made by moving the weld pool side to side as it progresses along. The electrode is moved uniformly back and forth across the weld line while also moving forward. For best bead control it is recommended that a weave bead be no wider than 6 times the electrode diameter The travel angle is a 20° drag angle, and the work angle is 0° or 90° from the base metal.

Marginal propensity to save

The MPC to save is the change in saving as disposable income changes. If the marginal propensity to consume is 0.90 (90%), then the marginal propensity to save is 0.10 (10%). Represented by Change in savings / Change in DPI.

Program of activities

The POA is a document which defines the chapters goals. An outline of the steps needed to meet these goals. A written guide that allows FFA members, administrators, alumni, advisory committee members and others to know the course that the chapter plants to follow. Simply states the POA is a record WHAT is going to be of done, WHO is going to do it, WHEN it is going to be done, WHERE it will happen, WHY it is happening, how it will be done, and HOW MUCH it is going to cost.

FFA Meeting room set up

The Sentinel is stationed by the door, The reporter is stationed by the flag, The treasurer is stationed at the emblem of Washington, The secretary is stationed by the ear of corn, The advisor is by the owl, The vice president by the plow, and The president by the rising sun.

What is the meaning of oxygen debt in horse and how is this related to feeding practices

The amount of extra oxygen required by muscle tissue to oxidize lactic acid and replenish depleted ATP and phosphocreatine following vigorous exercise. It allows for prolonged strenuous exercise to continue without the collapse of the animals. The need for ATP exceeds the ability of the animal to provide oxygen for maximum muscle activity

Importance of economic principles

The knowledge of economic principles provides the manager with a set of procedures and rules for decision making. It will help him/her for making plans for organizing and operating a farm or ranch business.

Leaching fraction

The leaching fraction can be defined as the ratio of electrical conductivity of applied water to that of drainage water. When the amount of water to wet the soil is calculated, the leaching fraction indicates the addition water that must be added for leaching.

Measuring profit

The level of profit is equal to the level of output, multiplied by the average profit, or the difference between price and average total cost.

Least cost input use for a given budget

The point of tangency between the isocost line and the highest possible isoquant will indicated the least cost combination of inputs associated with the firm's current budget constraint. The only way the firm can move to a higher isoquant were if it was able to attract additional funds or if both input prices were declined to point where the isocost line became tangent with the higher isoquant.

Conditions for profit Maximization

The profit maximizing firm will operate where the slope of the iso revenue curve is tangent to the production possibilities curve (PPF). They seek to maximize the revenue for the least cost combination of inputs. They will want the MRPT is = to the relative prices of products being produced. Ex- Change in canned fruit / Change in canned vegetables. Both sides of the equation will have a negative value.

Soil Texture

The relative portions of soil separates of varying sizes. It is often considered the most important as it affects water intake rates, water storage, the ease of tilling, the amount of aeration, and soil fertility.

Poverty

The state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possession or money

Peat

Undecomposed or slightly decomposed organic material accumulated under conditions of excessive moisture.

Class a fires only

Water

Horizontal and vertical welding

When welding a butt, edge, or outside corner joint, the electrode should be pointed upward at an angle of about 20°. When angled this way the arc force counteracts the sag of the molten metal. A short arc length and lower amperage is also needed. Vertical Welding. Two different directions, vertical up or vertical down. To control filler metal sagging: Use a current setting on the low side of the recommended values that will still produce a well-fused weld. Use a short arc. This will prevent more filler metal to transfer from the electrode to the weld pool. Make multiple smaller pass welds. Molten metal in a narrow weld pool cools more rapidly and tends to sag less Use a whipping motion to allow the pool to cool slightly. Quickly move the electrode tip away from the weld pool and then quickly return it to its previous position.

Thomas Malthus and his failures

Wrote an essay on the principles of population 1798. Premise on growth of population and food. Believed there was two choices preventative checks such as delayed marriage and positive checks such as natural disasters and epidemics. Reasons for Malthus failure- There was no acknowledgment of demographic transition, he ignored the role of technology in production of food, and ignored the impact of family planning and contraceptives. They did not exist at the time, but he could not visualize changes in social norms.

Secondary Malnutrition

arises when an individual's dietary intake is sufficient, but energy is not adequately absorbed by the body because of infectious conditions such as diarrhea, measles or parasitic infections, or medical or surgical problems affecting the digestive system. Malnutrition can also occur because of increased metabolic demands following illness or surgery. Under nutrition increases the effect of secondary malnutrition (under nutrition). Safe drinking water and sanitation can help. Over 3.4 million deaths from water, nearly 94% deaths occur in developing countries. Every 21 seconds a child dies from water related illness.

Stanley wood

as a global problem, soil erosion is not likely to be a major constraint to food security.

How do SAE help me

develop skills that can be used in getting a job, provides the opportunity to make money, develop skills that can be sued in starting your own business, helps development management skills. Learn record keeping skills, improves analytical and decision making skills, teachers responsibility, and provides the opportunity to explore possible careers. Develop knowledge and skills that could be helpful in college, as a hobby or for recreation. Provides the opportunity to win awards. FFA proficiency awards are based on SAE program. In addition to winning awards, money can be won at regional, state, and national levels.

Change in income (normal and inferior)

o Normal goods- are those goods for which a rise (fall) in income will lead to increased (decreased) consumption. Ex. Gasoline, housing, and steak. A rise in income leads to a rightward shift in the consumers demand curve. o Inferior goods- are those good for which a rise (fall) in income will lead to decreased (increased) consumption. The use of butter or margarine or buying a new car or riding the bus. A rise in income leads to a leftward shift in the demand curve.

Acidic soils

occur primarily in the high rainfall regions of the world where basic cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) are leached out a replaced by H and Al. Lime is added to acidic soils to raise pH (reduce acidity), thereby increasing soil fertility, microbial activity, and crop production.

Salinity (salts)

occurs in low rainfall regions, in soils formed from saline parent material, in locations where poor irrigation practices have polluted the soils with salts, and in regions where salty groundwater has risen dangerously close to the surface due to land clearing or irrigation. Managing soil salinity is more problematic than soil acidity due to a lack of simple soil remedies.

Feedstuffs high in crude protein (4)

oil seed meals (several), Immature legumes and grasses (many), Hays and haylage (many), Non-protein nitrogen sources (Urea and biuret).

Electrode

part of the welding circuit that is responsible for forming the arc when electricity is flowing from the power source.

Organic waste

plant and animal residues/manures, sewage sludge, composts, food processing wastes. Slow release. Nutrients are low (1-8% N, 0.2-2% P, 0.5-3% K)

Price determination

price above equilibrium is considered a surplus while below is a shortage.

Pedeology

those who study soil as a geological entity, its origin, morphology, geography, and taxonomy.

Can we add more irrigated land

½ to 2/3 future gains in food production will come from irrigated land. The world banks and UNDO potential for additional 110 million Ha. Enough to produce food for 1.5 to 2 billion people. Empirical evidence shows much small gains too optimistic.

Texas AG Career Clusters (8)

1) Plant systems, 2) Animal Systems, 3) Biotechnology systems, 4) Power Systems, 5) Natural Resource Systems, 6) Environmental Service Systems, 7) Agribusiness systems, 8) Food Products and Processing Systems.

FFA Emblem

Consists of 5 sections as a representation of the history, goals, and future of the organization. 1) The cross section of the ear of corn, 2) The Rising Sun, 3) The plow, 4) The eagle, 5) The owl

Resources of production

1) land (everything given to mankind, 2) Labor (takes no risk), 3) Capital (what allows us to produce more), 4) Management (takes risk)

Monopolistic competition characteristics

1) many producers, but smaller than under perfect competition, 2) All produce differentiated products, 3) entry and exit are still relatively easy.

Oligopoly characteristics (AUTOMOBILE)

1) only a few large sellers (Automobile), 2) differentiated products, 3) Entry and exit in the market become difficult.

High energy feedstuffs

Greater than 70% TDN, less than 20% Crude protein.

Explain the time phases relating to weight change of ewes throughout a 13 month period

From lactation to weaning ewes lose 10 pounds, but will gain the the weight back if they are dry up until breeding. They will slowly begin to gradually gain weight, but during gestation they will face a sudden increase in there normal weight up to 30 pounds and then face a decline after lambing.

Amp

Measure of flow of current in a conductor

Plant available water

is the actual amount of water in the soil that is available to plants. Think of available water capacity as the size of the container and plant available water as how full the container is.

Average physical product

it is the average amount of output produced per unit of input at each input level and is usually denoted as APP. APP= TPP/Input level

Multipurpose dry chemical

Class a, b, and c

Class D

Combustible solids (magnesium, potassium)

Complements

Complements are goods that are consumed together. When one of the compliments prices rice the other will decline and shift towards the left, but when prices drop they will shift to the right.

Types of consumer expenditures

Consumer expenditures are classified as durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. A new Tv is an example of a durable good, while food is an example of a nondurable good.

Cardinal Utility

Consumers can put a number on the amount of satisfaction received, based on assumption. 1) utility can be measured 2) utility from consuming one good is independent utility from another good.

Volt

Measure of electrical pressure

Elasticity

Measures the % change in quantity supplied or demanded in response to a 1 % change in price or income.

Profit

The diffThe difference between the Total Revenue and Total Cost will give profit. Profit= TR-TC.

Leaching

The process of removing soluble components of percolating water.

Field Capacity

is the amount of water in the soil when the water potential equals -33kpa (- 10 kpa for sands). The field capacity is a measure of the greatest amount of water that a soil can store under conditions of complete wetting followed by free drainage.

Fallow

is the practice of leaving land unplanted, commonly in altering years to accumulate extra water to be used in the next growing year.

Budget parts

1) Capital outlay- (Big ticket items) > 5,000. 2) Equipment- Under < 5,000 (computers, clippers, etc) 3) Curriculum (AET, ICEV, TEXTBOOKS, BOOKS, PAPER COPY) 4) Consumables (Welding rods, gas, wood, screws, flowers, etc) 5) Teacher Travel (Stock show, Ag convention) 6) Student Travel (FFA Activities account) 7) Operation and maintenance FFA Activities

Dry matter intake (dairy cattle)

3.5 to 4.5% of body weight for lactating cows.

Scarps (from rocks)

A cliff or steep slope (fault scarp)

Absorption

A fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid.

Tallas (from glaciers)

A sloping mass of rocky debris at the base of a cliff

Bluffs (from rocks)

A steep bank or cliff, formed by water.

Arab World and Sub-Saharan Africa water

Absolute scarcity / Water Scarcity

3 components to burn

Air, Heat, fuel

Mesas (from rocks)

An isolated flat topped hill, smaller than a plateau.

Epipedons

At the soil surface

Positive economics

Based on current status and future change. Can be understood as the what is and what would happen questions and policy issues.

Spot

Black/White spotted.

Cover crops

Cover crops are crops grown in the off season. They are usually legumes or cool‐season grasses. When water is limited (semi‐arid regions), farmers are hesitant to grow cover crops b/c they may deplete soil water storage.

Horizon E

Elluvial - Occurs between Horizon A and B and is used to describe the leaching of clay, iron, and aluminum oxides from the soil.

Glacial Tilt (from wind)

Glacial deposits

Prices in regards to elastic and inelastic

If its elastic and you lower prices you will gain more revenue. If it's inelastic and you lower your output, but increase your prices you will make more revenue.

Complements

If the cross price elasticity is negative.

2) Blocky Structure

Irregular blocks, usually 1.5- 5 cm in diameter.

Precipitation wetting depth

Precipitation given x (Fc- Ov)

70118

Runs at amps 150/165

Socrates

Socrate's method: teachers pose a series of questions designed to help the learned arrive at the understanding of an idea.

Processing Defined

Special treatments that involve changes in feedstuffs or mixed feeds.

Fiduciary monetary system

The value of money is tied to the confidence the public has in its acceptability of completing a transaction.

Pedons

Used to classify individual soils and are defined as the minimum soil volume 1m2 to 10m2 and as deep as the roots go.

Ideal Market Hog

Weight 275, Back Fat .8", LEA 6.0+, Muscle 2+, USDA Grade #1

Gross Farm income

cash receipts from farm marketing + government payments + other income from farm sources.

Arginine

causes high blood ammonia levels and rapid death.

Yellow or red colors

indicate the presence of iron (Fe) oxides (possibly S, but it's often impure)

Alan wild

shortage of water will limit agriculture development

Nutrient metabolism (5)

water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

Size of production in the United states

(Its huge) livestock sales account for 45% of farm/ranch income in the U.S. and 55% in Texas.

Lap Joint, Corner,T Joints, Butt Joints

Commonly made in the flat or horizontal position, fillet welds are used for lap joints. A corner joint can be either an inside or outside joint. A T-Joint is formed by placing one piece of base metal on the other to form a T shape. A butt joint is two pieces of base metal butted together with a small gap between them. It is recommended that the edges be grooved, and for maximum penetration multiple passes are needed.

Organic Soils

formed from plant residues in ponded or cold, wet areas where organic matter decomposition is slow and anaerobic (lacking O2); they are referred to as peat or muck soils.

Organic colloids

Organic colloids(very high CEC) • Humus • Negative charge, results for the ionization of H from COOH or OH group • Amorphous

Autonomous consumption

is the minimum level of consumption or spending that must take place even if a consumer has no disposable income, such as spending for basic necessities

Edaphology

those who study soil as a habitat for organisms and particularly as the medium in which plants grow. Ex. Foresters, agronomists, ecologists, range scientists, or botanists.

John Dewey

"Learn by doing", scientific process. Students should have a strong interest in the subject. Experiential learning (reflection component).

4) Columnar Structure

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Normative economics

Focuses on how things should be.

Feed Cost swine

Account for 60 to 70 percent of the total production costs.

The income approach

The income approach measures activity in the resources market.

Relative feed value (RFV)

%DDM (Digestible dry matter) X % DMI divided by 1.29

Saturation (equation)

Ep x water column

Capital cost barrier

Exists when the capital investment required for efficient operation is large.

Budget 2 types

Local (Taxes) and Federal (Carl Perkins)

Pedon

The smallest volume that can be called a soil individual.

Nourishment

To feed or sustain an animal or plant with substances necessary for life.

Welding fundamentals

To make a good weld, you must consider these things The current (amperage) output of the welding machine. The polarity, and type of electrode. The arc and its manipulation. The preparation of the base metal. The type of base metal.

Mica

a group of metamorphic minerals whose formation is associated with volcanoes and hydrothermal vents, and have silicon and oxygen as their 2 main components (include biotite and muscovite)

Eskers (from glacier)

a ridge of sediment former as glacier bottom melted and tunnels formed in the ice leading to sands being deposited along the flow channel.

Saline-Sodic

are high in salinity and high in the proportion of sodium salts relative to calcium and magnesium. SAR > or = 13

Dogs can utilize

diets containing about 50% carbohydrates.

Kettles (from glacier)

holes formed where Ice blocks were lefts and a wash of sediment built up around them before melting.

Do incomes grow faster in poor countries

gap in incomes between rich and poor countries. Reasons more physical and human capital. Better infrastructure and education. Some economists believe that over time the gap will shrink: higher rate of return in poor countries, attract more investment, lead to higher income in those countries.

Fill freeze

general purpose electrodes and are used in all positions, they are easy to strike an arc and produces cleaner welds.

Wittwer

global warming will have localized impact, but crop loss worldwide will be significant from rising sea levels.

Vitamin D

helps absorb calcium. Deficiency causes rickets (soft bone).

Metamorphic and examples

igneous or sedimentary rocks hardened or altered by heat, pressure, or reactions with chemical solutions Ex. Gneiss, slate, marble, quartzite

Committee reports

inform chapter of progress made, provide a system of responsibility, allow for discussion and ideas, allow for feedback from members.

Minerals

inorganic substances that are homogeneous, have a definite composition, and have characteristic physical properties such as shape, color, melting temperature, and hardness. Rocks are a mixture of minerals.

MVP (Marginal value product)

it is the value of revenue produced by adding one more unit of input. MVP= Change in revenue/ Change in input level.

Easter Boserup (Technology and population

necessity is the mother of invention, population change led to the creation of technology. Critics argue the other way.

Viroid

no protective coat around RNA

Placement SAE

placement of students on farms and ranch, in agricultural businesses, in school laboratories or in a community facilities to provide a "learning by doing" environment. (EX- florist shop, farm supply store, riding stables, greenhouse, etc)

Secondary Minerals

precipitated or recrystallized from solutions that contained elements from the dissolution of other minerals.

Main motion

present an item of business for consideration and action.

Momentum in population growth

replacement rate is 2.11 children/couple. It means no growth and stable population. Rapidly rising population and demographic momentum. EX the population pyramid of Nigeria and its wide bade according to FAO, a sudden reduction of fertility rate to 2.11 will still result in 2 billion more people by 2050. It takes years for a population to stabilize.

Proteins must be

soluble and metabolizable to be valuable as a supplement

Saturated flow

the flow of water forced by pressure or gravity that overcomes matric attraction

Sheep and goats are adaptable

to many different systems, and usually productivity is dependent on feed resource available.

Designing feeding strategies for sheep and goats

to maximize utilization of energy and protein from grass, shrubs, and forbs.

Prion

various nucleic acids without a protective coat. They store genetic material, but cannot carry out physiological functions of their own (they replicate acellular within living cells).

Fast Freeze

welds puddles and slag solidifies or freezes quickly, least amount of flux coating and smallest amount of slag covering. Very forceful arc, but gives the deepest penetration. Excellent for out of position welding. The farmers rod, cleans dirty surface.

Om (mass water content)

wet-dry / dry = Om

Simon Kuznets

when a country adopts new technology, in the early stages the gap between rich and poor widen (increases), stabilizes, and then narrows down.

Fc (field capacity) solution

Fc=1(Ep)/2

PASS training

Pull, aim, squeeze, sweep

Marine Sediments (from water)

Sediments deposited in oceans or reworked by oceans.

Relationship of nutrient priority

1) Water, 2) Energy (from carbohydrates, fats, and / or proteins), 3) Proteins, 4) Minerals and Vitamins.

Soil clays term usage

1) a particle size composed of any mineral < 2 microns. 2) a name for a group of minerals of specific composition. 3) A soil textural class

Rectifier

Converts AC currents to DC.

Carcass Weight Pricing

Dressing percentage is the most important factor.

In animal nutrition, the most important factors to address are

Energy utilization and protein utilization.

Vacuum Furnaces

Greatly reduces the amount of gas in the metal. The gasses that are formed in a vacuum furnace are pulled away from the molten metal by vacuum pumps. Two main types of vacuum furnaces: Vacuum Induction - is used when close control of the chemistry of the metal is of prime importance. Vacuum Arc - uses a consumable electrode produce highly pure metal

Net farm income

Gross farm income - product expenses.

The aggregate supply curve ranges

Has three ranges. 1) The Keynesian depression range, 2) The normal range, and 3) the classical range.

Demand

Is always - slope

Efficiency of conversion of ME

Maintenance (70%), Production (22-27% growth, milk and eggs), Work (19%).

1) Histosols

(organic soils) (peat and mucks) consisting of variable depths of accumulate plant remains in bogs, marshes and swamps.

Soil water interactions determine

1. the rates of water loss by leaching, surface runoff and evapotranspiration 2. the balance between air and water in soil pores 3. the rate of change in soil temp 4. the rate of metabolism of soil organisms 5. the capacity of soil to store and provide water for plant growth

Direct current - or DC straight

30% heat in base metals with electrode heat 70%. It is good for thin metals, but has poor penetration.

Johann Amos Comenius

Advocate of modern education, lifelong learning and extracurricular activities. Education is designed for career preparation. (Instruction: SAE and FFA) balance.

Vitamin C

Causes Scurvy

Children and adult dependency ratio

Children's dependency ratios- Is the % of population under 15 divided by the percentage of working age population. Adult dependency ratios- Over 65%/ % of working age population. In a rapidly rising population- high child dependency ratios, fewer adults to raise and educate children, lower income per capita, poverty, and under nutrition.

Five Characteristics of an effective teacher

Clarity, Variability, enthusiasm, task oriented/business like behavior, and student opportunity to learn the material.

Contractionary effects on US money supply

Contractionary money policies will shift the money supply curve to the left. Feds sells securities in the open market, reduces total reserves. When feds increases the discount rates, reduces total reserves. Feds increases the required reserve ration, decreases the money multiplier.

Class K

Cooking media (fats)

Reclaiming salinized soils

Deep plow via deep chisel plowing, internal drainage, irrigation, and organic mulching (cover cropping)

Plato

Developed the first college of higher education. Idea of idealisms (the essence of existence was the idea).

Supply

Different amounts of a good that a producer is willing to supply at different price levels; ceterius paribus.

Desertification

Downward spiral of arid quality of land.

Reasons for hope

FAO, World bank, IFPRI, and other optimistic. Future yields will grow at a lower rate. Projected growth rates range from 1.4 to 1.9 a year. Actual growth I 1.4.

Irish potato famine (1845-1849)

Famine occurred in Ireland in 1845-49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. During this time Illiteracy was 72%, wide spread poverty, 213 population in agriculture, 40% farmers were tenants (Crop share or cash rent), diet of 34% of the population was potatoes and buttermilk. 37% lived in one room. Cheap labor kept inefficient Irish land lords in business. The potato blight of 1845-1849 destroyed entire crops resulting in 290,000 to 1.25 million deaths.

Aristotle

Father of scientist, Idea of realism (parts of a car make the entire car), established the scientific method.

What do goats like to eat and why?

Goats like to to eat forbs and shrubs. They are intermediate feeders and prefer these over grasses compared to sheep.

Equal marginal principle

If one of the inputs are in limited amount, the MR=MC cannot be attained. In this case, the manager have to decide on the allocation of the limited input. The equal marginal principle says that a limited input should be allocated among the alternative uses in such a way that the marginal value products of the last unit used on each alternative are equal. When the MVPs are equal, profit cannot be increased by a different allocation of the limited input.

Substitutes

If the cross price elasticity is positive.

Independent

If the cross price elasticity is zero.

Main factors affecting food production

Land and water determine supply of food. • Quality of available resources: land and water, Quantity of available resources, intensity of input use, and technology.

Wool

Members within a team each evaluate fleeces for fineness, length and yield, rank fleeces within a group and give reasons for their placing of those classes. Contestants must be very familiar with all grading standards and evaluation techniques because no measuring devices are to be used during the contest.

What is NO. 1 in feeding animals

Metabolizable energy

Psychrophiles

Microbes able to tolerate cold temperatures; 15 C to 20 C (59 F to 68 F).

Rill & Gully erosion

Minor channels called rills, later gullies are formed by increasing volumes of water. Rills can be erased by tillage, but gullies are too large. Gullies are no longer common on farmland, but rills are.

Natural causes of famines

Natural causes: drought, floods, high winds, tidal waves, hot/cold weather, insect infestation, and plant diseases.

Ewes and nannies with multiple offspring

Need to be seperated for optimal feeding and performance.

Marketing orders

Orders for specific products permit the setting of a higher price by controlling the flow of products into the market.

Class A fire

Ordinary Combustibles (wood, paper, cloth)

Nutrient Mobility

Phosphate ions are adsorbed to soil solids they are the least mobile anions in the soil. Potassium and ammonium ions also move slowly because of attraction to CEC sites. Nitrate is quite mobile it moves with water. Farmers should place P and K where they want it to be; nitrate will diffuse throughout the soil.

Long run equilibrium P=?=?, equilibrium is achieved when?

Point where P=MC=ATC, which results in equilibrium. A market achieves equilibrium at the minimum point on the industry's LAC curve (market equilibrium).

Particle Size Analysis

Procedure to separate groups into various sizes. All rocks, pebbles, roots, etc. are removed, then soil is screened through a 2-mm sieve.

Priorities for diet formulation

Proteins and minerals/vitamins.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for rabbits

Rabbits are strict herbivores. Diets are primarily pelleted. Pellets reduce dust problems in rabbitry, rabbit diets can be extruded. A pelleted balanced diet will maximize performance

Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4)

Rapidly reacts in the soil to form insoluble phosphate. No efficient mechanism in the soil retains it in large qualities. Thus it is believed most P retained by plants comes from organic phosphate of decomposition.

Long run Average cost (LAC) Mc=?=?

Reflects the tangencies with a series of short run (ATC)SAC curves, these help economists determine the profitability of different operation sizes. In the long run all inputs are variable. There are no fixed inputs. LAC equilibrium is where MC=LAC=PLR.

Impact on intellectual development

Relationship between undernutrition and cognitive ability and intellectual development. Under nourished are born impaired in these aspects. Chronic malnutrition impairs mental development directly and indirectly (less active).

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

Relatively cheap; 33 N, half in ammonium for and half in nitrate. Is explosive mixed with diesel.

Luxury good

Represented as greater than one is classified as a normal good and a luxury. (positive)

Marginal propensity to consume

Represents the slope of the consumption function. It tells us how much consumption will change if consumers disposable income changes. MPC = Change in C / Change in DPI. A MPC of .70 means that consumers in Lower Slobovia spend 70 cents of every after tax dollar on consumer goods and services.

All animals

Require the same number of nutrients at the body cell level, they differ in the degree of digestibility and absorption of nutrients.

Momentary shorting

Requires the electrode tip and nozzle tip to be momentarily shorted together. This is accomplished by automatically moving them together and immediately separating them again.

Rhizobium (monera)

Rhizobia are bacteria that fix nitrogen (diazotrophs) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). They are the most well known symbiotic bacteria.

SAE

SAE (supervised agricultural experience)- prepare them for a job/scholarships. It is a planned practical activities conducted outside of class time in which students develop and apply agricultural knowledge and skills. (Not to make money, fun).

Halophyte

Salt loving plants

Marking tools

Scratch awl- is a tool with a wood or plastic handle and a pointed steel shank. It is used like a pencil to scratch the surface of a metal to make a mark. Scriber- is generally given to very small, metal, sharp tipped markers. Files will work. Soft stone is a soft, grey rock that shows up well on most metals. Dividers- have two steel legs with sharp points that are used to make arcs and circles on metal. Center punch- is a steel punch with a sharp point used to make a small indention or hole in the metal.

Alluvium

Sediments deposited by streams or rivers.

Sedimentary (Sandstone, Limestone, Shale)

Sediments deposited in water and consolidated (hardened into a mass of rock. They are formed from what were at one time rock, mineral, and soil particles or soluble substances that became consolidate or cemented into hard masses

Limestone

Skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral and mollusks. (Calcium Carbonate CaCO3)

Steel making methods

Steel is produced by reducing hot iron and/or scrap steel in one of several types of furnaces. Basic Oxygen Electric Open Hearth Vacuum Crucible Induction

Steps to using SMAW

Step 1) proper dress Step 2) check for hazards Step 3)connect your ground cable / clamp to the work or table. Put on the same side of you as the electrode. Step 4) Turn on your welding machines Step 5) set to your desired polarity and direction the current flows. Step 6) Set amperage which is based on the metal thickness, position of welding and electrode type and diameter. Step 7) put the electrode in the jaws of the electrode holder.

Poultry

Students apply classroom knowledge to evaluate production, processing, marketing and consumption of chickens, turkeys, processed products and eggs. Participants complete a written exam, solve a management problem, evaluate animals and products, as well as identify various poultry products.

Veterinary science

Students working in teams demonstrate their technical competency with small and large animals by completing a written exam, critical-thinking scenario questions, identifications and hands-on practicums.

Total cost (TC)

TVC + TFC

The normal range

Takes the form of the firm and market level supply curves. The general price level will begin to rise as demand increases, more slowly at first and then more sharply when the curve becomes more inelastic.

ANSI

The American national safety institute or ansi is a research branch of the us government that develops safety equipment for American workers.

Short run and long run

The LAC is tangent to the SAC when it is declining. When the LAC cost curve is rising, it touches the SAC to the right of their minimum points. The minimum point on the LAC is the only point that touches the minimum point on the SAC curve. The LAC becomes relatively flat after declining rapidly.

Recessionary gap

The amount by which equilibrium output Ye falls short of the full employment output level Yfe. The rationale is that the economy could have produced output YFe without creating much inflation, but for one reason or another, the economy produce only output Ye. AD intersect AS to the Left of Yfe.

Hydrogen Bonding

The bond of a hydrogen atom already strongly attached to one electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and less strongly to a second electronegative ion. H bonds are common between water molecules, between water and mineral oxygens and between organic substance hydrogen atoms and mineral oxygens.

Cohesion

The bonding of water molecules to another water molecule.

Adhesive bonding

The bonding of water to the surfaces of solid particles (attraction of unlike molecules).

Permeability

The condition of a water saturated soil that controls water flow through the root zone or through horizon of interest.

Wealth effect on Consumption function

The consumption function will shift to the right (left) if consumer wealth increases (decreases).

Open Market (FOMC)

The federal reserve can sell and buy government securities to alter their money supply. Selling government securities decreases reserves at institutions and thus affects their ability to make loans. When FOMC issues the directive to buy government securities, an increase in reserves in the banking system occurs. This is the most frequently used monetary policy.

Electrical conductivity measured in?

The flow of a current through a soil extract, measured in Siemens per meter or some variation thereof. This method typically determines salinity. At low salt concentrations EC is directly proportional to salt content.

Immobilization

The incorporation of NH4 + NO3 into the bodies of plants or microbes.

Marginal revenue

The marginal revenue under conditions of perfect competition is the price the producer receives from the market. It can be found by: Change in total revenue / Change in output.

National product

The monetary value of the products flowing to households through the product markets represents national product.

Monopolist curve facts

The monopolist will maximize profits by operating where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and then determine the highest price for its product. If the monopolist firm produced at a lower level, the firms profit would not be maximized. If the monopolist produce at a higher level, the costs of producing the addition unit would exceed the revenue received from their sale.

Legume (monera)

The most important symbiotic relations involve bacteria and plants from the legume family. Legumes (pod bearing plants such as peas, beans, alfalfa, and clovers) have beneficial effect on both the companion crop and whatever crop is planted next in the same soil.

Measuring GDP

The nationals output is referred to as gross domestic product (GDP). There are two basic approaches to measure GDP, 1) The expenditures approach and 2) The income approach.

Income elasticity of demand

The ratio of the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in income.

Shutdown

The shutdown level of output occurs when the price of the product is just sufficient to cover the business's AVC. A rationale competitive firm will cease production in the short run only when the product falls below the AVC of production.

Budget line

The slope of the budget line will change if 1 or both prices change. when the budget increases, there is a parallel shift, unless the price shifts.

Entrepreneurship SAE

The student plans, implements, operates, and assumes financial risks in a farming activity or agricultural business. (EX-Show animals, owning/operating a lawn care business)

Cation exchange capacity

The total amount of a soil's negative sites is referred to as cation exchange capacity (CEC) • the cation exchange sites mostly hold Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ in soils of ph>6 • In more acidic soils, the sites are mostly occupied by Al(OH)2+ or Al3+ ions • Lesser amounts of

Aggregate expenditures

The total value of planned consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports in an economy. AE= C+I+G (Planned Gov. Expenditures).

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for sheep

They are adaptable to numerous situations and in most situations productivity is based on feed resources. A balance in body composition should be achieved over the production year. Water quality is the most important to sheep than any other species, if anything is wrong they will have decreased consumption which results in lower dry matter consumption/performance. Not tolerable to supplemental copper and may cause toxicity.

Agricultural Advocacy

This contest will be designed to inform the general public and consumers about the importance and value of the agriculture industry and how agriculture impacts human lives. Agricultural Advocacy teams will be made up of 3-5 members from the same chapter.

AG Sales

Three or four-member teams demonstrate the professional sales process including customer relations, advertising and promotion, telephone skills and product display. Members also complete an exam, present a project summary and make a sales presentation for an agricultural product. They complete one of four practical problems and cooperatively solve a market analysis problem.

Rescind

To cancel action taken by the chapter.

Amend

To modify the motion that is under consideration

Withdraw or Modify a Motion

To permit the modification or withdrawal of a motion from consideration by the chapter.

Reconsider

To permit the reevaluation of a vote previously taken on a motion and to again consider the question.

Equity

Total assets - liabilities.

Energy in diets and rations is expressed as

Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and Metabolizable energy (ME).

Accounting profit

Total revenue - total cost

Economic profit

Total revenue- total cost - opportunity cost. It is always less than accounting profit

Redistribution incentive paradox

Transfer purchasing power from the rich to the poor. EX- China and Soviet Union. Paradox: effects of socialism vs capitalism. Equality Vs. Inequality, surplus vs. deficit.

PAC starting methods

Two methods are used to establish a current path through the gas High frequency alternating current Momentary shorting

Grades / determined by?

U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2, U.S. No. 3, and U.S. No. 4. The official grade for slaughter barrows and gilts having acceptable quality is determined by considering two characteristics: (1) The estimated backfat thickness over the last rib (2) the muscling score. In slaughter barrow and gilt grading three degrees of muscling -thick (superior)- 3, average -2, thin (inferior)

Laser Beam cutting

Uses a constant beam,Done with automatic equipment, Oxygen or inert gas can be used as an assist gas to remove molten metal from the cut. Advantages: Does not require to be located near the cutting operation, Deflected by mirrors and reflected to hard to reach areas, Base metal is not part of electrical circuit. Extremely narrow kerf, a small heat affected zone Lower noise and fume levels Highly reproducible cuts

Erosion Tolerance Level (T)

Usually 5 t/a per year. Some believe the value of T should be as low as 1 to 2 t/a per year. It is the maximum rate of annual soil loss that will permit crop productivity to be maintained indefinitely.

Six nutrient Categories (45 Total)

Water (1), carbohydrates (1), proteins (10), fats (3), minerals (16), and vitamins (14).

Hydrolysis

Water in the soil or rock that splits into H+ and OH- causing dissolution of minerals.

Unsaturated Flow

Water movement in soils that are not saturated with water. Water will move towards the drier region to lower potential. The rate of flow increases as the water potential gradient increases and also as pore size increases. When water is near PWP the flow is slower.

Perticulation

Water moving through the soil profile

Land degradation

Water, sand, over grazing, drought, salt.

Law of Demand

When prices fall consumers buy more, when prices increase they buy less. Its an inverse relationship.

Return to size (Decrease/increase in expansion and output effect)

Will cause a LAC to decline, become relatively flat, and then increase. If an increase in output is exactly proportional to an increase in inputs, constant returns to size exist. If the increase in output is more (less) than proportional to the increase in input use, the returns to size are increasing (decreasing). (Decreasing (increasing) return to size will exist if the firms LAC cost are increasing (decreasing) when the firm is expanded.

Moraine (from glacier)

a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.

Outwash (from glacier)

a plain formed by glacial sediment deposits. (water gushing from rapidly melting ice that carries sand and gravel)

Mulch

act as barriers to moisture movement out of the soil. Most mulches also keep soil temperature cooler by shading the soil. Mulches lighter in color will also lower the temperatures by reflecting more incoming solar radiation than the soul would. They are effective for the first days or weeks, but over a long period of time they lose their intended purpose.

Covalent bonding

also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Sludge

also called biosolids, are the solids settled out in sewage treatment plants and are much like livestock manures. They are well adapted for applications to turf grasses on gold courses, cemeteries and around public buildings.

Bentonite

an impure deposit of montmorillonite or other swelling clays. Used to seal earthen ponds to spread water over fired, to thicken plants, in cosmetics, and industrial production.

Floodplain (from water)

are the landforms built by these Alluvium deposits in the low areas where streams and rivers over flow.

Mutualism

association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits

Future age structure and need for food

based on demographic transition, the population will experience a decline in fertility rate, increase in life expectancy, smaller % of children, larger % of adults, change in structure and faster growth in need for food than the population growth, and narrow future population pyramid.

There are 16 minerals and 14 vitamins required

by body cells, and supplements are used (the only way) to fortify diets with those likely to be insufficient.

Facultative Anaerobe

can be either aerobic or anaerobic in presence or absence of O2.

Strategic management

consists of charting the overall long-term course of the business.

Undernourishment

consuming < 1,800 calories/person/day

Detritus

debris from decomposing rock and from dead plants and animals (like dirt)

Taurine

deficiency causes degeneration of photoreceptors cells in the eyes leading to blindness and cardiac failure

Supply & holds what constant?

different amounts of a good that a producer is willing to sell at different price levels. It is always a positive slope. Holds everything else constant: 1) Price of inputs / factors of production/ resources, 2) price of related goods, 3) technology.

Salt balance

exist when outgoing salt is equal to incoming salt

Fast filled

high deposition rate, "drag rod" or "jet rod", rate aided by the iron powder that is in flux coating. Limited to flat and horizontal positions (position 2) The slag created over the weld cools slow and increases the strength of the weld.

Pingalia (2002)-

impact of the green revolution without the green revolution, food production in developing countries would have been 20% lower, world food and feed priced 35-65% higher, average calorie availability 11-13% lower. The green revolution has benefited all consumers. Through the poor may have benefitted more than the rich because they spend more of their budget on food.

Permanent wilting point

is the amount of water in the soil when the water potential is -1500 kPa. When at this point water is held so strongly plants can't extract it for their needs. It represents lower water availability.

Autotrophic (bacteria)

manufacture their food by the synthesis of inorganic materials, such as plants do in photosynthesis. They obtain carbon from CO2. Probably the most important autotrophic soil bacteria are those that can oxidize NH4 to nitrite (NO2) than to nitrate (NO3). They grow fastest with abundant nitrogen, aeration, moist nonacidic soil, and 68-104 temp.

Micronutrient malnutrition or dietary deficiency

not enough micronutrients.

Inflationary gap

occurs when planned aggregate expenditures are greater than the economy's full employment output. This will occur when the aggregate demand curve AD intersects the aggregate supply curve AS to the right of Yfe. The size of the inflationary gap would be the difference between eh equilibrium level of output and Yfe.

Preferential government policies

patents, copyrights, the import controls that protect one or more sellers from all or some of the potential entrants to a domestic industry.

Oxidation Reduction

reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.

Duroc

red with drooping ears

Change in taste and preference

refer to changes in the composition of the population, attitudes, toward nutrition and health, attitude toward food safety, lifestyles, technological forces, and advertising.

Consumption bundles

refer to combinations of goods being considered

A 1% improvement in feed utilization in the US

returns about 130 million annually. There are about 2,000 different types of feedstuffs available in the US.

Obstacles of wide spread use of animals-

suffer from nay diseases in sub Saharan Africa. Millions die every year. Many countries lack animal clinics, lack of fund to buy animals. We limited or not possible if land is steep or rock, beneficial if only surplus exists.

Temporary wilting point

the PWP indicates low water availability; in such conditions wilting plants do not readily recover except when additional water is added to the soil. The plant recovers at night when respiration is slow.

Change in supply/quantity supplied:

(1+3=Shift in supply)(1-4 shift in market) 1) technology, 2) prices of inputs, 3) prices of related goods, 4) Number of producers.

12) Spodosols

(Soils with humus under sand) sandy, acidic, found in cool climates, are some of the poorest soils for cultivation. Used for crops but need lime and fertilizer. Usually O horizons, with well leached E horizons are expected. Bh or Bs with accumulation organic matter.

4) Andisols

(Volcanic Material more than 60% volcanic ejecta) They have enough weathering to produce dark A horizons and early stage amorphous clays. They have high cation exchange and adsorption and immobilization of phosphorus.

Barrow, Gilt, Sow, Boar, Stag

(a) Barrow. A barrow is a male swine castrated when young and before development of the secondary physical characteristics of a boar. (b) Gilt. A gilt is a young female swine that has not produced young and has not reached an advanced stage of pregnancy. (c) Sow. A sow is a mature female swine that usually shows evidence of having reproduced or having reached an advanced stage of pregnancy. (d) Boar. A boar is an uncastrated male swine. (e) Stag. A stag is a male swine castrated after development or beginning of development of the secondary physical characteristics of a boar.

9) Ultisols

(highly leached soils with subsoil clay) leached, acidic, and of low to moderate fertility. They are highly productive soils because they exist in areas with long frost free periods and warm climates. A thick E and accumulated clay in Bt. Often appear red.

11) Oxisols

(highly oxidized soils appears bright red and yellowish.Most intensively weathered of all soils.) Weathering is accelerated by moisture and hot temperature. Appears yellowish to bright red rich in iron and aluminum.

Water flows

(like heat and energy) flows from areas of higher potential to areas of lower potential Ex -30 to -40

5) Vertisols

(shrink/swelling clay) Popular in central Tx. They expand and contrast more than any other soil due to high clay content. (Swelling and shrinking churn and mix the upper horizons)These soils exist in most in temperate to tropical climates with distinct wet and dry seasons. Mixed A horizon. Houston black is the most common soil series.

3) Inceptisols

(slightly developed soils with weak horizon development) weak to moderate horizon development due to cold climates, waterlogged soils, or lack of time for stronger development.

2) Entisols

(soils with little or no horizon development / undeveloped) Slight soil development. Floodplains, volcanic ash deposits, unconsolidated deposits with sands eroded away, and sands. They lack horizons due to ineffective weathering and age.

Reasons for concerns

- pessimists: yield s have reached a plateau, further gains will be small. The harvest market is already close to maximum. Current high yields due to input intensity and degradation are environmental not sustainable. Emphasis's now is on reducing environmental impact, not on increasing yields. Underfunding of research by government private sector research is for profit and poor farmers cannot afford it.

Perfect competition characteristics

1 & 2) Number of sellers and the nature of their product, 3) barrier to entry 4) Economic environment

Vitamin A deficiency

1 in 3 preschool age children and 1 in 6 pregnant women. May cause night blindness, respiratory problems, and a compromised immune system. Children are more prone to Vitamin A deficiency.

Electrode Identification 3 ways:

1) American Welding society designation. (they must make every electrode in a class physically, chemically, and production oriented the same) 2) Manufacturer's trade name or designation. 3) A color dot or by the end of the electrode.

Structure (5)

1) Analyze from the ground up, 2) Level Top, 3) Flexible Movement, 4) Flex to Pasterns, 5) Even Toed.

Systems

1) Animal Systems, 2) Environmental Services/ Natural resources, 3) Food products/processing, 4) plant systems, 5) power / structural / and technical systems, 6) social systems.

Give three things that are unique about feeding cats

1) Cats require twice as many meat proteins as dogs, 2) It is harder for cats to lose weight with caloric restriction and increased exercise. 3) Require Vitamin B niacin in diets, because it cannot be converted from TRYPTOPHAN like most animals.

Crude protein requirements in Chicken, swine, horses, sheep, and cattle

1) Chicken 18-25%, 2) Swine & horse 12-18%, 3) Cattle & Sheep 8-14 %.

Events that affect Market Equilibrium price and quantity demanded

1) Demand increase, shifting the demand curve to the right (increase in equilibrium price and quantity demanded). 2) Demand decreases, shifting the demand curve to the left (Decrease in Equilibrium price and quantity demanded). 3)Supply increases, shifting the supply curve to the right (Price equilibrium decreases, while quantity demanded increases), 4)Supply decreases, shifting the supply curve to the left (Price equilibrium increasing, while quantity demanded decreases)

Blast furnace major functions

1) Deoxidize the iron ore, 2) Melt the slag, 3) Melt the iron, 4) Carbonize the iron, 5) Separate the iron from the slag.

Give three things that are unique about feeding dogs

1) Do not feed onions, because the disulfide component causes hemolytic anemia, 2) Avoid grapes and raisins that cause Kidney failure. 3) Do not feed Antifreeze which contains a sweet tasting ethylene glycol, which is very toxic.

Different aspects of the farm (4)

1) Economical-what to produce, how to produce, what input and how much, finance of the business, market of the product. 2) Environmental- Climate, weather, government policies, and international events. 3)Technological- Development of new seed, weed and insect control, new animal health, feed ingredients, new design/control/monitoring new machinery, 4) Other- Changes in income tax rules, environmental regulations, and farm commodity programs.

Higher energy feedstuffs or diets means

1) Higher in ME than presently being fed, 2) TDN and ME may range from 20% to 100% in feedstuffs.

Decision making steps

1) Identify and define the problem or opportunity- Problems may be identified by comparing results from the business to the levels that could be attained or that similar farms are achieving. EX- lower producing cotton farm due to lack of fertility/pest. 2) Identify alternative solutions, 3) collect data and information, 4) Analyzing the alternatives and deciding, 5) Implementing the decision- Resources need to be acquired, financing arranged, a timetable constructed, and expectations communicated to partners and employees. Any decisions will not be useful until it is implemented, 6) Monitoring and evaluating the results- Managers must have a system in place to access the results of any decisions. This will help them to identify the deviations from the expected outcome. Profit and loss statement would help summarize the economic impact of a decision. , 7) Accepting responsibility.

The world is faced with (4) & Concern

1) Increasing population, though at a lower rate now. Most increases are in countries that can least afford, 2) Declining per capita availability of major resources, especially land and water, and, 3) Increasing demand on limited and declining resources, 4) Implications of finite resources for allocation among different uses [explain]. Concern: The worlds inability to adequately feed its existing population.

Balance(6)

1) Long fronted, 2) Tall fronted, 3) Smooth shoulder, 4) Levelness of top, 5) Adequate length of body, 6) Equal proportion of body parts- Smooth and flow together.

Four General Business Strategies

1) Low volume, High Value Producers- Lack of access to additional land, labor, and capital effectively limits the potential of many growers for expanding their businesses. The key to success is producing higher valued commodities. EX- Bison, Ostrich, emus, etc. 2) High Volume, Low margin producers- Profit margins are thin, thus saving as every nickel is possible. EX- Produce generic feed, oil seeds, fruits and vegetables, etc. 3) Specialty Product and service Providers- Specialize in just one or two skills and become one of the best at performing them. EX- Custom harvesting, cattle feeding, raising stock, etc. 4) Part time operators- Account for 52% of all farmers and 14% of all agriculture sales. These are lifestyle farmers. There primary management concerns are to limit their financial risk and balance farm labor needs with off farm employment.

Assembling the oxyfuel gas welding outfit.

1) Make sure the cylinders are secured, 2) Before the regulator is attached, the cylinder opening should be cleaned out. The cylinder opening is cleaned by quickly opening valve slightly, then closing it, this is called cracking, 3) Inspect the sealing surfaces then install the regulator., 4) The hose connecting the regulators to the torch should be fastened firmly to the fittings at the end of the hose, 5) Before attaching the hose to the torch, the hose should be blown out or purged, then attach the hose to the torch body, 6) Test for leaks, 7) select a welding torch tip based on the orifice.

3 reasons why money is fiduciary and positive

1) Money is acceptable by others when purchasing goods and services, 2) Demand deposits and currency have been designated as legal tender by the federal government, 3) Money also is a predictable value in the nominal term.

Monopoly implications (11)

1) Monopoly faces market demand, 2) MR is not equal to price, 3) absolute power in setting prices, 4) price is higher than in the previous markets, 5)Monopolist can set P or Q , but not both, 6) Monopoly profits can be negative, 7) In practice, the monopoly price is below the profit maximizing price to avoid entry of competition and antitrust laws, 8) Economic profit can exist in the LR, 9)Monopoly does not have a regular supply curve in SR, 10) Consumers pay the highest price compared, 11) Consumers do not have alternatives compared to other markets.

Selection of Market Hogs (6)

1) Muscle, 2) Optimal leanness, 3) Width, 4) Structural soundness, 5) Balance, ) Performance.

Major functions of vitamins (Small organic matter)

1) Physiological roles - vision, calcium absorption, antioxidants, blood clotting, etc. 2) cellular roles- Protein synthesis and catabolism, fat synthesis and catabolism, nucleic acid synthesis (DNA), energy production (heat), etc.

Major Uses of minerals (elements)

1) Structural components of the skeleton, teeth, and soft tissues. 2) Constituents of body fluids and tissues as electrolytes, 3) catalysts in enzyme and hormone system.

Functions of the Federal Reserve (7)

1) Supply the economy with paper currency, 2) Supervise its member banks (Federal reserve notes), 3) provide check collection and clearing services, 4) maintain the reserve balances of depository institutions, 5) lend to depository institutions, 6) Act as the federal government's banker and fiscal agent, 7) regulate the money supply.

Three pronged British response to the Irish potato famine.

1) Technology policy- failed research takes a long time, 2) Trade policy (delayed success) Ireland couldn't import food as part of the corn laws of 1815 and its implications, 3) Poverty alleviation policy was a success (Public work programs and other social services: housing, food, etc.

Important aspects of supply and demand in determining price in a market (3)

1) The level of output in the industry, 2) The responsiveness of supply and demand to price changes and the responsiveness of demand to income changes, 3) The proportion of consumer food expenditures accounted for by the industry's product.

Forms of market structure (5)

1) The number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, 2) The degree of market concentration by the firms, 3) The degree of product differentiation, 4)The barriers to entry, 5) The economic environment in which firms operate.

Structure characteristics of competitive market behavior (4)

1) The number and size of sellers and buyers, 2) the degree of product differentiation, 3) The extent of barriers to entry, 4) The economic environment within which the industry operates (conditions of supply and demand)

Table 6.2 shows

1) The total number of undernourished people dropped over time, 2) As % of population, this has been even more dramatic, 3) However, the drop is not evenly spread out across developing countries, 4) Progress has slowed or stagnated because of price increase since 2001, even if total production continues to increase, 5) Yearly price fluctuations are more serious concern than food production.

Characteristics of an indifference curve

1) They slope downward to the right (X) 2) They are convex to the origin. 3)They do not intersect each other. 4) They are dense everywhere

Reasons for holding money

1) Transaction demand for money (to conduct day to day business, 2) Precautionary demand (unexpected expenditures that may arise), 3) Speculative demand for money (Demand to hold money as an asset in expectations that other asset prices will fall)

Product market structures can be classified as perfectly competitive if

1) the products sold by businesses in a sector are homogenous. (The product sold by one business is a perfect substitute for a product sold by the other business). 2) Any business can enter or leave the sector without encountering serious barriers for entry. (Resources must be free to move in and leave). 3) There must be a large number of sellers of the product. 4) Perfect information must exist for all participants regarding prices, quantities, qualities, sources of supply, and so on. If these four conditions are met a business can be called perfectly competitive.

Evapotranspiration

1) the transpiration loss and 2) the evaporation loss from soil. • The amount of water loss from mature plants is 50-90% as much as the loss from a free water surface with the same area

Perfect competition

1)Homogenous or a perfect substitute for the product sold by another business in this market, 2)Enables them to choose between a large number of sellers, 3) no barriers for entering or leaving, 4)Adequate information must exist for all participants regarding price, quantity, qualities, source of supply, etc.

Oligopoly Implications (8)

1)Non price competition among sellers, 2) Action by one gets reaction from others, 3) more stable prices, 4) emphasis on advertising and promotion, 5) sellers are price makers, 6) there is a leader in the market, 7) Economic profit may exist in the LR, 8) Consumers pay higher prices than price in the previous two markets.

Turning off the equipment

1. Close acetylene torch valve, then the oxygen valve. 2. Tightly close cylinder 3. Open the hard valves 4. Wait until the pressure reaches zero 5. Turn screws all the way out 6. Lightly close both hand valves.

Characteristics of decisions (4)

1. Importance: based on the importance and potential casualty of the issue, the decisions need to be prioritized e.g. Building a new confinement hog building need much more importance than sorting hogs into pens. 2. Frequency: If the decisions are more frequent, the decision making are often made based on some rule of thumb. 3. Imminence: The decisions need to be made based on time available for the decision-making process. 4. Number of alternatives: More the alternatives, more complicated the decision-making process.

Turning on the torch

1. Inspect the equipment. 2. Inspect the regulators and adjusting screws should be turned all the way out before the valves are opened. 3. Open the acetylene cylinder valve slowly until the regulator high pressure reaches its maximum then turn the valve at ¼ to ½ a turn. 4. Slowly open the oxygen cylinder valve all the way 5. Adjust working pressure, turn the adjusting screw in clockwise until appropriate pressure is shown. 6. Proceed to crack the acetylene valve on the torch, light the gas, open oxygen valve and adjust the flow until neutral flame is obtained (acetylene will be turned on 1st and then oxygen.

Factors affecting Wind Erosion

1. Soil erodibility based on texture and aggregation 2. Surface roughness ("ridge roughness") 3. Climate factor based on wind speed, rainfall, and temperature 4. Length of field of unsheltered area in direction of prevailing wind • Arid or semi‐arid regions have the highest degree of susceptibility • 1/3 of global land surface • Downward spiral in arid quality of land is desertification

Tractors and machinery

1961 to 2006 increase in numbers of tractors from 11.3 to 27 million and harvesters from 7.2 million to 3.6 million. Demand is growing @ 6+ % per year. Global sales in 2013: 2,150,000. Reasons for lack of mechanization is almost the same as lack of fertilizers use in developing countries.

Minimum TDN for maintenance

52% for cattle and sheep, not applicable for swine and poultry, for horse use body condition score but can relate back to TDN (about 60%)

World bank study (1997)

88 countries studied for growth and income. Findings failed to make correlation between growth and income inequality. In contrast to Ahluwalla. Found that income inequality improved slightly in about half the cases and worsened in the other half. However, countries with greater inequality of wealth grew more slowly than countries with less inequality. So, wealth and growth are reduced.

Pet food label rules

95% rule- 95% of the meat in the product name must be in the diet. 25% dinner rule- any product called beef dinner for dogs must contain a minimum of 25% beef, etc. 3% rule- identifies additional minor ingredients, beef dinner with cheese must contain 3% cheese.

Buffering capacity

: The ability for the soils to resist a change in pH. Soils with high CaCO3 content can buffer acid introduction very well

Declining return

A business cannot keep on doubling its inputs indefinitely and expect its output to double. Eventually there will be a decrease in return to size whether it be the farmer, or the ability to manage larger areas do not increase as operations do.

Plasma Torch

A device depending on its design, which allows the creation and control of the plasma for welding and cutting processes.Plasma torch supplies electrical energy to a gas to change it into the high energy state of a plasma

Capitalism (free market)

A free market economic system in which individuals own resources and have the right to employ their time and resources, however they choose, with minimal legal constraints from the government. Efforts to maximize their own gains in a free market benefit society. Capitalism differs sharply from socialism or communism, because resources are generally collectively owned and the government decides how human and non-human resources are to be used across the economic sector. Decisions are of self interest.

Creed Speaking

A member presents the FFA Creed from memory and answers questions about its meaning and purpose. This event is just one way to boost self-confidence, earn recognition, and develop powerful, organized and professional communication skills.

Mineral "apatite" (rock phosphate) Ca5(PO4)3

A natural, calcium phosphate form. Rock phosphate and other phosphates of Fe, Mn, and Z make up the inorganic phosphate minerals.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for poultry

A number of factors should be considered including palatability (moisture content, variety of ingredients, contaminants such as molds), Physical condition of feed (fineness of particle size, hygroscopic properties), Physiological effects of both the bird or the product it produces, avoid growth inhibitors. Feed must be processed and meet energy needs. Amino acid, mineral, and vitamin nutrition is critical. Housing requires ventilation, temperature, moisture level, and sanitation.

Physical Properties of Iron and Steel

A physical property is a characteristic of a metal that can be observed or measured.Physical properties of steel are affected by: Carbon Content, Impurities ,Addition of various alloying metals, Heat treatment. More important properties of steels are: Tensile strength Compressive strength, Hardness , Elongation, Ductillity, Brittleness ,Toughness, Grain size

Terrace (from water)

A step like form, typically bounded by a scarp, typically cut by water cutting deeper.

Soil Color

A strong indicator of soil developmental processes and mineral content. Soils can be gray, black, white, reds, browns, yellows, and green. Development and distribution of color in soils results from chemical and biological weathering.

Average Physical product (APP)

APP = TPP (output)/ input. Shows the level of output from a level of use of specific input, holding other inputs in the production function constant. • -Average physical output is equal to output divided by the input level. As long as the APP is rising, you should expand input use.

Protein supplements are used to

Add (supplement) proteins to fortify the energy feedstuffs in diets or rations.

New technology

Agricultural technology will continuously be evolving. This will help the farmers in: 1. Gains in production efficiency such as crop varieties for growing conditions, resistant to herbicide, insects and disease, and more high-values chemical composition (high protein, unsaturated oil content) 2. Livestock performance such as introducing new genetic characteristics and improving nutrient use in feed 3. New non-food uses of agricultural products such as biodiesel and ethanol E.g.: Global Positioning System (GPS): identify location, characteristics of soil and crop and there by help in efficiently utilizing the farm resources (GPS with automatic guidance system) Managerial Issue: Whether to adopt the technology or not.

Sandra Patel (1997)

Agriculture cannot increase water use without causing substantial environmental problems. Falling water tables around the globe, less than 1% of worlds fresh water is readily accessible for direct humane use. Water withdraws triples over the last 50 years. • Water cannot triple again without damaging ecosystems. Still by 2025 withdrawal of water predicted to increase both in developed and developed countries. Water shortages are all readily occurring in many places as 36 countries have water shortages.

Input costs

All inputs to production (land,labor,capital, and management) have cost. The cost of two inputs can be captured in an iso-cost line. Inputs use depends on input priced, desired outputs, and technology.

Socialism (centrally planned)

Almost all resources are owned or controlled by the government. The states decisions are more political than economic.

Forestry

Along with identification of both hardwood and pine species, team members evaluate sites for best management practices based on environmental factors, analyze plots for future production, product volume and identify plant species and their effects on timber-forage-wildlife relationships.

(Contour) Strip covering

Alternating strips of solid‐planted crops with row crops, for example, strips of hay or grains (e.g. wheat, barley) can alternate with corn or sugar beets (in rows).In some cases, erosion reduced by more than 50% than if either crop were planted alone.

AC polarity

Alternative current switches between - and +. 50% heat in base metal, 50% heat in electrode. Over all good, reliable welding polarity. Some penetration and metal distortion.

Change in demand

Although a change in the price of a product will result in movement along its demand curve, changes in the prices of substitutes and complements or changes in consumer income will cause the damn curve to shift.

Manufacturing Aluminum

Aluminum is normally produced by separating and processing the oxide found in bauxite ore. After it is extracted it is dissolved in a molten bath of sodium-aluminum fluoride. A electric current is passed through the bath and pure aluminum is obtained by an electrolysis process called the Halls Process.

Factors that affect forage utilization by animals (4)

Amount of cell wall contents- cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica, and pectin's. Maturity (stage of maturity), Amount of non-protein nitrogen, amount of mineral content.

Air carbon automatically

Amperage, air pressure, air volume, and travel speed are adjusted higher than manual Must add new electrodes for continuous gouging Travel angle at 45 degree angle 5x faster than manual gouging

Safety and personal / physical factors

An accident is defined as an unexpected undesirable event. Behind every accident there is a personal or physical factor responsible. Personal includes : stress, illness, fatigue, age, lack of knowledge, drugs, etc. Physical factors include: Equipment failure, time of day, housekeeping.

Range

An actual pasture is evaluated on the basis of characteristics of the soil exposed and observations of landscape conditions- slope, gullies, etc. Team members make pasture management recommendations using information provided on a "pasture condition sheet" and by observing landscape and vegetative features. The range evaluation portion of the competition requires members to record the degree of utilization, kind of site, range condition and the predominant decreaser, increaser, and invader plant species while also recommending range management practices.

Edge Joint

An edge joint is a joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly parallel members. On thin metal, no preparation is necessary. Thicker metal the edge should be ground, gouged, or machined to provide a bevel, V-, U-, or J-groove.

Greenhand FFA Quiz

An exam testing knowledge of the Grays Guide to Parliamentary Procedure for FFA and FFA knowledge including history, facts, business structure, leadership and programs is given to individuals. Quiz teams can be made of 3 or 4 members.

Chapter Agricultural Quiz

An exam testing team members' understanding of the FFA, agricultural education, current agricultural events and parliamentary procedure is given. Teams can be made of 3 or 4 members.

Polysaccharides

Another instance of organic substances comprising soil organic matter. They are chains of sugar molecules that help to cement soil aggregates together.

Deep banding (knifing)

Application of strips of fertilizer into the soil. PROS: NH4 doesn't escape into the atmosphere. Put most fertilizer where roots have access to it, important for P & K. CONS: needs specialized equipment due to deep tillage and high energy.

Arc Welding / Arc length

Arc Welding can be defined as a group of welding processes that melt the base metal using heat from an electric arc. Arc Length is the distance from the end of the electrode to the base metal. A small change in arc length causes a change in the welding current and voltage. A constant current power supply works to maintain the current as constant as possible even with a change in arc length. With a short arc, the bead will be high, with poor penetration and overlap. If the arc length is too long, the bead height will be too low, with poor penetration and under cut.

Air carbon cutting

Arc between a carbon electrode and the base metal to melt the metal. Grouging occurs when a stream of pressurized air directed through electrode holder blows the molten metal away. Equipment: Standards constant current SMAW power source, electrode holder, compressed air, and carbon graphite electrode. Quality is determined by forward speed, smoothness of travel, positioned air jet, and pressure or volume of air.

Shielded Metal Arc cutting

Arc process for cutting and gouging metal Same equipment as SMAW Thickly covered electrode with slow burning cover is used High velocity gas from electrode blows molten metal out of the cut AC current or DCEN Cuts are clean, carbon-free surface ready for welding. Used to cut: Steel, Stainless steel, Cast iron Aluminum, Brass, Other base metals. Typical uses: bevel plate prior to welding, Gouge out weld defects, Remove old welds, Remove frozen bushings.

Filter strips

Are a relatively new technology designed to control transport of nutrient and pesticide enriched sediments. Usually filter strips are planted on the lower end of a field to prevent sediments from entering adjacent ditches or streams.

Famines

Are localized, temporary severe food shortages caused by natural disasters and poor policy responses. They are either nature made or man-made. o 1) A situation where more than 5 people in 10,000 are dying everyday due to malnutrition and hunger. 2) A catastrophic food crisis that results in widespread acute malnutrition and mass mortality. 3) Regional failure of food production or distribution systems leading to sharply increased mortality.

Mineral Soils

Are most sils about 98% world wide.

Fulvic and Humic Acid

Are soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solutions, but humic acid is larger and will precipitate out (be insoluble) when the solution is made acidic.

Near Monies (M2)

Are those financial assets that can be converted to cash quickly with little or no penalties. They are M1 + time deposits, such as CDS, savings accounts, shares in money market funds, such as government and corporate businesses.

Terraces

Are used to reshape the land in areas of high intensity rainfall. They reduce the slope steepness and therefore the velocity of runoff water. It is recommended for only intensively used, eroding cropland. Used in the Andes and China.

Goats

Are very active and often trample in feed and water containers. Resulting in decreased quality of contents.

Texas FFA Areas

Area 1 : (Panhandle) Castro, Childress, Crosby, Area 2 : (West Texas) Val Verde, El Paso, Area 3 : Harris, Fort Bend, Galveston, Area 4 : (North) Archer, Baylor, Callahan, Area 5 : (North Central) Dallas, Denton, Area 6 : (North East) Bowie, Marion, Rusk, Area 7 : (Hill Country) Bexar, Comal, Hays, Mason, Uvlade, Area 8 : (Mid Central) Anderson, Somervell, Navarro, Area 9 : (South East) Chambers, Liberty, San Jacinto , Area 10 : (South Tip) Aransas, Refugio, Zapata, Area 11 : (West of Houston) Austin, Washington, Colorado, Area 12 : (Central) Bastrop, Bell, Travis, Williamson

Law of diminishing marginal utility

As a consumer consumes more and more of a good at a point in time marginal utility derived from each additional unit will decline.

Engles law

As a household's income increases, the proportion or amount spent on food will decline.

Milk Quality

As a result of event outcomes, members develop a greater understanding of quality production, processing, distribution, promotion, marketing and consumption of dairy products. Team members complete a written exam, evaluate milk samples, identify cheeses and distinguish real and artificial dairy foods. Teams are composed of three or four members. The top three scores are tabulated in the team score.

Law of diminish marginal return

As successive units of variable input are added to a production with other inputs held constant, the marginal physical product eventually declines.

Sentinel

Assist the president in maintaining order. Keep the meeting room, chapter equipment and supplies in proper condition.Welcome guests and visitors. Keep the meeting room comfortable. Take charge of candidates for degree ceremonies. Assist with special features and refreshments.

Vice President

Assume all duties of the president if necessary. DEvelop the POA and serve as an ex officio, non voting member of the POA committees. Coordinate all committee work. Work closely with the present and advisor to assess progress toward meeting chapter goals.

Job Interview

At the competition, each member submits their resume, completes a job application for an agricultural position on site and participates in an interview via telephone, in person one-on-one and with a panel of possible employers.

Average fixed cost

Average fixed costs decline over the entire range of production because they do not vary with output.

Average revenue

Average revenue reflects the revenue per unit of output the business receives for its product and can be found by: Total revenue / output. (under perfect competition curves will be flat as will marginal revenue)

Nutritional management and feeding regimens for dogs

Balances dog food diets have the right amount and proportion of the six essential nutrient categories (water, protein, vitamin, fats, carbohydrates, minerals). There are four AAFCO (American association of feed control officials) rules- 95% rule- 95% of the meat in the product name must be in the diet. 25% dinner rule- any product called beef dinner for dogs must contain a minimum of 25% beef, etc. 3% rule- identifies additional minor ingredients, beef dinner with cheese must contain 3% cheese. Other approaches include barf (Bone and raw food)- fresh quality ingredients, it requires a lot of work and can lead to people cutting corners. 1) Do not feed onions, because the disulfide component causes hemolytic anemia, 2) Avoid grapes and raisins that cause Kidney failure. 3) Do not feed Antifreeze which contains a sweet tasting ethylene glycol, which is very toxic.

Discovery FFA Degree

Be enrolled in agricultural education while in grades 7-8. Dues paying member. Participate in at least one FFA chapter activity outside scheduled class time. Submit written applications for degree.

Absolute poverty

Being unable to afford basic human needs such as clean water, shelter, healthcare, and education.

Poland China

Black/6 white points drooping ears

Berkshire

Black/6 white points erect ears

Gleying

Bluish, greyish, and greenish subsoils with or without mottles, indicate longer periods each year of waterlogged conditions

Nutrition during childhood years affect

Body weight, height, and mental development. It can have a lifelong effect on physical health, mental development, and productivity in job related work. Under nutrition impacts health, mental capacity, and economic productivity.

Manufacturing Copper Alloys, Brass, and Bronze

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. When a third or fourth element is added to brass or bronze to improve its physical properties, an alloy brass or an alloy bronze is created. Elements added to brass are: tin, manganese, iron, silicon, nickel, lead and aluminum. Elements added to bronze are: nickel, lead, phosphorous, silicon, and aluminum.

Basic differences in roughage types

C3 plants (produce an intermediate compound with 3 carbon), C4 plants (produce an intermediate compound with 4 carbons), Temperature for growth (cool season vs. warm season); C3 has wider temp. range (alfalfa, etc)

Montmorillonite and saponite

CEC medium, 2:1 lattice silica to alumina sheets. Sticky clays called smectites. They are expansive clays, water easily moves in between the layers and causes them to expand. They develop in arid or semi arid regions. Was detected on mars.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for goats

Can easily feed from a variety of plants. Grasses followed by forbs and shrubs provide the most energy value, while the opposite provide the most protein value. Supplemental feeding is required in periods when forage does not meet physiological needs during lactation or rapid growth. Grains are used to add more energy and protein.

Hard surfacing metals

Certain metal alloys are extremely hard and are often used to surface other materials to provide increase wear resistance and are categorized accordingly: Ferrous metals with up to 20% alloying elements Ferrous metals with over 20% alloying elements Nonferrous metals with alloying elements Tungsten carbide with some other alloying elements Granules of tungsten carbide

Marginal Revenue

Change in total revenue received from selling one more unit of output. MR= Change in Total Revenue/Change in Total Physical product (Po- Price of output)

Processing results in

Changes of feedstuffs that may involve physical appearance, chemical breakup, and a combination of physical and chemical.

Soil Magnesium

Commonly supplied by soil minerals, Mg deficiency is corrected by adding lime (dolomite) to acidic soil. Other common fertilizers: potassium magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate (epsom salt). Plants use MG in Chlorophyll molecules and activation of enzymes. "Grass tetany" disease of domestic animals caused by low MG in blood.

Number of firms and size distribution

Competitive conditions tend to break down when the number of firms involved declines. The fewer the number of firms and or the greater the % of product sales accounted for by a few firms in the market, the greater the concentration of the market and the greater the likelihood that prices are determined by forces other than supply and demand.

Sandstone

Composed of sand grains of minerals usually quartz or feldspar, rocks, or organic matter.

Thermophiles

Composting microbes tolerate relatively high temperatures: 55 C to 65 C (131 F to 149 F)

Conservation tillage

Conservation tillage is any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous year's crop residue (such as corn stalks or wheat stubble) on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. It maintains at least 30% of the soil surface covered by residue.

Input categories

Consist of land, labor, capital, and management. o Land- includes all resources provided by nature, renewable or nonrenewable. o Labor- All labor services. o Capital- Refers to manufactured goods. A key aspect of capital goods is that they do not provide consumer satisfaction directly but rather aid in the production of other goods and services. Nondurable capital include fuels and chemicals are used up entirely during a period, while durable ones such as machinery are used over periods of time. -Management- seek a profit maximization as part of these input categories.

Soil sulfur

Constituent in 2 of 20 amino acid. Found in several vitamins and plant oils. In protein sulfur is 1/10 the content of N. Availability of S for plants is hard to predict due to major portions come fro SOM which depends microbial activity which is dependent on climate. Soils contain many sources of S: Pyrite is common, gypsum is found in many arid soil, as are sodium sulfate. Rainfall dissolves sulfur oxides from burning fossil fuels. Deficiens are not common since many fertilizers constina sulfur.

Total economic surplus

Consumer surplus + producer surplus. Consumer surplus is found below the demand line and above the equilibrium price. Producer surplus is below the equilibrium price and above the supply curve.

Contracting and vertical integration:

Contract: guarantee that a constant supply of product of a minimum quality and type Vertical integration: Buyer supply inputs and management and the farmers are leasing their facilities to produce the commodities. Managerial Challenge: The decision to choose the better option for the farm so that it can maximum profit.

Water Erosion Control

Controlling soil detachment: Cropping and cover crops that keep the soil covered, Vegetation absorbs the energy of the rain drops, Leaving stubble - reduces impact of raindrops, holds winter snow, protects topsoil from wind, increases infiltration.

Transformer

Converts high voltage and low amperage to low voltage and higher amperage. In us all AC is 60 hertz and 50 hertz in U.K. Per second.

Controlled N release fertilizers

Crops recovery of N is 40-70%, slow release N fertilizers are used to increase the % used by plants. Financial savings and less pollution (N leached). Commonly used in turf mgmt, EX- formaldehyde UF, sulfur coated urea (SCU), polymer coated N, organic products

Money (M1)

Currency, demand deposits, traveler's check, checking accounts, balance in credit unions.

Measures of Under Nourishment

Daily per capita calories supplies available as % of requirements, % of children under three years who are either underweight or under height. Under 5 child mortality and low birth weight. Most of the worse off children are in Africa especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Frequent droughts and floods.

Rabbit feces and cecotrophy

Digesta is seperated in the colon and selective excretion occurs. Particle sizes are separated by contractions and fine particles and fluids move back and are excreted. There is a pattern of soft and hard feces excretion and dry matter intake.

DCEN and DCEP Fundamentals

Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN) or Direct Current Straight Polarity (DCSP) is when the electrons flow from the negative terminal of the machine to the electrode. Uses of DCEP and DCEN: DCEP- Deeper penetration, All positions, Weld thick material, Can weld nickel, aluminum, copper, etc. DCEN- Shallow penetration, All positions, Weld thin material.

Land degradation

Effects on production and subsequent abandonment. Types of degradation: soil erosion, chemical imbalance, unsuitable physical characteristics.

Fertility Management overview

Efficient land managers may spend < 20 % of production costs on fertilizer for yield increases up to 50%. Fertilizers may not be profitable when: water is the most limiting factor, other issues arise, pest, acidity, extreme cold. And increased yield has less market value. Compared to other production problems, fertility is relatively easy to solve. Many crop disease are linked to poor fertility.

Class C

Electrical fire (motors, switches, wires)

Point of order

Enforce the rules by calling action to a violation of the rules or mistakes in procedure

Environmental and Natural Resources

Environmental and natural resource education has a responsibility to ensure an educated public and provide students prepared to enter careers in environmental and natural resource industry. The purpose of the environmental and natural resource career development event is to stimulate student interest and to promote environmental and natural resource instruction in the agriculture food and natural resource curriculum and to provide recognition for those who have demonstrated skills and competencies as a result of environmental and natural resource instruction.

Federal Reserve system

Established by the federal reserve act of 1914. The federal reserve system began operating as a US central bank. The board of Gov. has several members in Washington DC. The board supervises 12 district federal banks and 25 branches. The board determines reserve requirements, reviews and determined the discount rate, margin requirements on stock market credit, and in the past determined the ceilings on yields paid by banks to their depositors. Each member serves one 14 year term. The chairman and vice chairman are appointed by the president.

Morrill Act of 1862

Established land Grant college systems through the sale of federal lands. It provided agriculture instruction at the college level. It made one Morrill Land Grant university for every state (Federal money). It was originally established for white males to become farmers. It established AG education at the teacher level.

Vocational Education Act of 1963

Established the agricultural cooperative training program and pre employment laboratory training courses. Also made funds available for instructional materials service (Boss would be the career and technology director).

Smith Lever Act of 1914

Established the agricultural extension service, which was to disseminate the research of the experiment stations.

Concerns about GM

Europe banned use of GM crops. Require labeling due to allergic reaction to FM foods, may weaken immune system, may crease diseased immune to antibiotic (GM have antibiotic resistant gene), insecticide gene may harm non-targeted insets, possible development o super weeds. Extinction of wild varieties through invasion by GM crops, exploitation by corporation, small farmers lose to rice farmers, not good to play with nature. Over 20 years in US no evidence.

MC = MR (marginal revenue = marginal cost)

Expansion of the business's variable input use in the current period is profitable at the margin or as long as the marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost. A business should not increase the use of an input if marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, or if the change in cost of purchasing addition inputs is greater than the revenue the business would receive from their use. Furthermore, as long as a higher profit is preferred over a smaller profit, a business should not stop expanding production if marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. PROFIT FROM PRODUCTION IS MAXIMIZED WHEN THE FIRM OPERATES WHERE MARGINAL COST IS EQUAL TO MARGINAL REVENUE.

The food and fiber industry sectors

Farm input supply, farm sector, processing and manufacturing, wholesale and retail, and the consumer sector. The food and fiber sector accounts for roughly 12-15% of the US GDP.

4 main types of classifications

Fast freeze, fast filled, fill freeze, low hydrogen.

What is applied animal nutrition

Feeds and feeding

Primary energy and protein in feedstuffs

Feedstuffs of most diets and rations do not meet the mineral and vitamin requirements of animals.

Starter fertilizer

Fertilizer added with the seed during planting. Key nutrients are P and K due to their low mobility in the soil.

Fixed cost Vs Variable cost

Fixed cost are also known as sunk costs, overhead costs, or indirect costs. They are things that don't change and you may own, while variable cost is the cost of said gas you need for your tractor or the cost of renting per day. Variable costs are those that vary with the level of output

Deltas (From water)

Form at the mouth of rivers from waterborne sediments where the deposits fall into calm waters. (lakes, calm seas or bays), deltas form. Very large deltas exist at the mouths of the Mississippi and Nile River.

Nozzle Tip

Has a small, cone-shaped, constricting orifice in the center. The electrode setback space, between the electrode tip and nozzle tip is where the electric current forms the plasma. The preset close-fitting parts provide the restriction of the gas in the presence of the electric current so the plasma can be generated. The diameter of the constricting orifice and electrode setback are major factors in the operation of the torch. As the diameter of the orifice changes, the plasma jet action will be affected. When the setback distance is changed, the arc voltage and current flow will change.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for Horses

Horses have a unique digestive tract, high energy potential, maintenance is more important, water demands are more critical at times, electrolyte demands are more critical at times, fiber demands are more critical, often fed individually, selective eaters. he horse is a simple stomached animal which has the ability to utilize forages. Feeding programs are designed to be compatible with physical limitations. Nutrient requirements differ with classes, size, and use. Feed management factors include palatability, dust level, composition, ratio of ingredients, level of feedings. Must concider physiological and exercise functions (growth, lactation, breeding, maintenance, work. Feedstuffs can make up most of daily ration

Other fuel gases

Hydrogen LP (liquefied petroleum), propane, and butane Natural gas Polypropylene-based fuel gas

Plasma Vs Oxy Fuel

In general, fabricators consider oxy-fuel to be superior to plasma for cutting steel when thicknesses exceed about 1/2 inch. This is because of the slight bevel (4 to 6 degrees) in the cut face that plasma produces. It is not noticeable in thinner materials, but becomes more so as thicknesses increase. Also, at thicknesses above 1/2 inch, plasma has no cutting speed advantage over oxy-fuel. If you are planning to cut non-ferrous metals such as stainless or aluminum, which cannot be cut by oxy-fuel, consider a 50 to 80 amp, 220 volt plasma cutter. Plasma cutting is by far the simplest and most economical way to cut a variety of metal shapes accurately. Plasma cutters can cut much finer, faster, and more automatically than oxy-acetylene torches.

Constant return

Increasing return to size cannot go on indefinitely. Eventually, the firm will enter the phase of constant returns to size, where doubling of all inputs doubles output. This can be brief or fairly long and cover a large range of output levels.

Three measures of return to size

Increasing, constant, and decreasing. The business will normally pass through a phase of increasing returns to size or economies of size before encountering constant and then decreasing returns to size, or diseconomies of size.

The cross price elasticity of demand.

Indicates potential changes or shifts in the demand curve as the price of other goods changes (measures the change in the quantity demanded for one good in light of a 1% change in the price of another good)

The keynesian depression range

Indicates that there is a perfectly elastic range of output over which increases in demand result in increases in supply accompanied by rising prices.

Induction heating

Induction heating is a process that raises the temperature of a material by means of electrical generation of heat within the material. The metal to be heated is contained in vessel called a crucible, electrical conductors are wound around the crucible to form a coil. The electricity passing through the conductor generates heat and melts the steel, the current as provides a stirring motion in the metal to make it more uniform.

Cause of Water Erosion

Irresponsible ag practices such as removing plant cover with excessive plowing, burning crop residues, over‐grazing, clear‐cutting forests. Soil peds are disintegrated by direct impact of raindrops and can move soils up to 1.5m. Soil moves into pores, clogging occurs, reduces infiltration,increases runoff, and suspended sediments become abrasive.Finer particles are washed away.

Contour cropping

Is tilling and planting at right angles to the natural slope of the land. On terraces contour cropping should be parallel to the terraces. It successfully controls erosion during low intensity rainfall on moderate slopes of 2% to 8%.

Buttes (From rocks)

Isolated hill with a steep often vertical sides and small relatively flat tops; smaller than mesas and plateaus.

Law of diminishing marginal returns and Three properites

It explains the mechanism of MPP with additional units of input is used. It states that as additional units of a variable input are used in combination with one or more fixed inputs, marginal physical product will decline. Three properties of the law of diminishing marginal returns. 1. One or more fixed inputs must be used in addition to the variable input. 2. The definition does not preclude diminishing marginal returns from beginning with the first unit of variable input. It is usually the case in agricultural application. 3. The law is based on the biological processes found in agricultural production. It is due to the inability of plants and animals to provide same response indefinitely to successive increases in nutrients or some other inputs.

Homesite Evaluation

It has long been said that soil is our most basic natural resource. Not only agriculture, but also life on earth is dependent upon the wise use of soil. The Home Site Evaluation Career Development Event introduces students to non- agronomic use of land including, but not limited to, the suitability of various types of land for building sites, home sanitation systems, impoundment structures, lawns and other construction considerations.

Production Function

It is a systematic way of showing the relation between the resources or inputs that can be used to produce a product and the corresponding output of that product. It is also called Response Curve, Yield Curve, or Input/Output relation and are often represented as table, graph or mathematical equation.

Marginal physical product

It is additional or extra output produced by using an additional unit of input. It is the ratio of change in TPP and change in input level used. It is usually denoted as MPP. MPP= Change TPP/Change input level. It is more accurate measure of the change in the production than APP.

Consumer Surplus

It is the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay and what he actually pays. (you'd pay 10 dollars for the hamburger, but it only cost you 5 dollars)

Total Revenue

It is the total revenue earned by the farm or ranch through the sale of the output

MIC (Marginal input cost)

It is the unit price of input being added MIC= Change in total cost/Change in input level. Profit Maximizing level of input MVP=MIC.

Raindrop splash Erosion (water)

It occurs when raindrops hit bare soil. The explosive impact breaks up soil aggregates so that individual soil particles are 'splashed' onto the soil surface. Raindrops fall with an approximate speed of 900 cm/s causing them to beat bare soil into flowing mud. The soils most readily detached by raindrop splash are fine sands and silts. Coarser particles are not shifted about as much because of their weight. Clays/loams are not detached due to their strong force of cohesion, but can be dispersed by repeated freezing and thawing actions, high exchangeable sodium, excessive tillage, and by destruction of the soil organic matter. As muddy water flows down through natural openings of the soil into the profile below, the soil sediment plugs the pore openings. This results in a non aggregate soil surface that cause the pore spaces to clog and dry allowing for soil to readily flow away when flooded again.

The Keynesian Cross

It shows the equilibrium level of aggregate expenditures in the economy where they equal aggregate output. The point at which this ray at 45 degrees crosses the economy's aggregate expenditures curve indicates the equilibrium of output.

Optimistic views

Julian Simon- produce on rooftops and indoors in cities, build multi story high rises to produce food, create new plant varieties for brackish water, no or low till method of plowing, Drip irrigation to save water, develop plants that can use salt water safer and environment friendly fertilizer.

Kaolinite

Kaolinite (low CEC, 1 silica tetrahedra layer:1 alumina octahedral layer) • Residues from extensive weathering in high‐rainfall, acidic soils • Almost no substitution of Al for Si occurs so low CEC • One plane of O2‐ layer is substituted by OH‐ creates strong H bonding to adjacent layer that don't allow water penetration (non‐expanding) • Named for Chinese "kauling" meaning high ridge; the name for the hill from which the first kaolinite was shipped to Europe for fine china dishes • Predominate clay in southeastern US

FFA Mottoa

Learning to do, Doing to learn, Earning to live, Living to serve.

Suspension

Least dense particles carried furthest in suspension (<0.05mm dia)

Continuous Casting

Liquid steel from a furnace is moved in a ladle and is poured into a reservoir or tundish. From there the metal flows vertically into a water cooled mold. The molten metal that is in contact with the sides of the mold cools quickly and shrinks away from the mold. As the column of steel leaves the mold, jets of water are sprayed on the metal to cool and solidify the entire column. As the metal leaves the withdrawing rolls, it is cut to desired lengths for further processing

Nozzle Insulator

Located between the electrode tip and the nozzle tip Provides the critical gap spacing and electrical separation of the parts. The spacing between the electrode tip and nozzle tip called the electrode setback is critical to the proper operation.

Injector-Type (Oxyacetylene torch)

Looks similar to the positive pressure torch but the inside is a little different. Injectors are placed in the torch body before the mixing chamber to inject the gases into the mixing chamber. One advantage is that it can operate using a very low acetylene pressure, due to the low pressure it can draw out the last remnants of gas from the cylinder which reduces waste.

Material well being of society

MP > Ap or MP < AP and implications. It is not the aggregate economic growth, but per capita economic growth that is important for the well-being of a society. Total output = labor x avg labor production (0 = L x AP) per capita output: O/population = (L/Pop x AD)

Profit maximizing output level

MR equals MC. Changing the price of either output or input might change the profit maximizing level of the input. However, if the change of both output and input by same factor, there will not be any change in the profit maximizing level. For output its MR=MC or Po= Pi/MPP. This explains that the marginal physical product or output is equal to the ratio of input price and the output price at profit maximizing input level.

17 Macro and Micro nutrients

Macronutrients (derived from air and water) 1)Carbon (C), 2) Hydrogen (H), 3) Oxygen (O) Macronutrients (Primary) 4) Nitrogen (N), 5) Phosphorus (P), 6) Potassium (K) Macronutrients (secondary) 7)Sulfur (S), 8) Calcium (Ca), 9) Magnesium (Mg) Micronutrients 10) Iron (Fe), 11) Molybdenum (Mo), 12) Boron (B), 13) Copper (Cu), 14) Manganese (Mn), 15) Zinc (Zn), 16) Nickel (Ni), 17) Chlorine (C

Torch Body

Made of a special plastic that is resistant to high temperatures, ultraviolet light, and impact. Provides a good grip area and protects the cable and hose connections to the head. Torch body is available in a variety of lengths and sizes.

Farm Business Managment

Management skills and economic principles are applied to agriculture and agribusiness situations as team members complete a written exam and solve farm analysis problems.

Power switch on PAC

Manual power switch used to start and stop the power source, gas, and cooling water.Thumb switch on the torch body most often used.Foot control can be used.

Ammonium sulfate NH4SO4

Manufactured from recovered coke oven gases. Contains 21% N high cost so less popular. Most strongly acid forming.

Wattage or watt

Measure of energy available or work that can be done

Stage three

Mid to late transition stage: Birth rates start to decline. People desire small families; birth rates are still higher than death rates. Death rates fall even further and reach their maximum. Population reaches its maximum

Lime

More than 90% of agricultural lime is impure.

Order

Most general category of soils. 5 belong to a variety of climates, 1 permafrost, and 6 a product of time.

Mesophiles

Most soil bacteria and actinomycetes, however, have optimum activity temperatures like those of the mesophiles (middle group) 25 C to 37 C (77 F to 99 F).

Growing plants can cause major pollution

Nitrates, phosphates, pesticides. Nitrates percolate through soil to groundwater. Once rare, nitrate pollution of wells is common near heavily fertilized fields and feedlots and dairies. Phosphates pollute surface water.

Carbon:nitrogen

Nitrogen most often controls the rate of organic matter decomposition; it is needed to build proteins in new bacterial and fungal populations. The nitrogen content in the microorganisms and in organic material is given through this ration. A wide organic carbon total nitrogen ratio indicates a material relatively low in nitrogen content. Bacteria require 1g N for each 5‐6g C (5:1). Process of decay can be hastened with more N. Plants growing in a high C:N environment are deficient in N because the soil microorganisms are able to use the N before the p.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for swine

Nutrition and feeding management are very important. Feed cost account for 60-75% of the total production costs. Soybean meal is the protein supplement in the majority of diets and compliments the grain in diets with its good profil of amino acids.

OSHA

Occupational safety and health administration

Root interception

Occurs as roots explore new soil that contain untapped supplies of nutrients.

Nitrification

Oxidation of ammonium to nitrate by microorganism. Most small amounts of NH4 (ammonium) is nitrified in 1-2 days (rapidly) unless soil is strongly acidic, waterlogged, or cold. large amounts of nitrites seldom accumulate which is good due to their toxic nature.

Oxyfuel gas welding flames

Oxyacetylene - (oxygen and acetylene) most common, used for welding and cutting. Oxyhydrogen - (oxygen and hydrogen) used for welding and cutting. Oxypropane - (oxygen and propane) a liquefied petroleum gas used for cutting Oxynatural gas - (oxygen and natural gas) used for cutting.

Total variable cost (TVC)

PL (price of labor) x labor (labor is the only variable)

Faces across 12 months for lactating cows (Dairy cattle)

Peak production phase (2.5 months), Maximum intake phase (3.5 months), Body weight regain phase (4.0 months).

Rufus Stimson

Pioneered 16 theorems of vocational education. In agriculture these 16 theorems can be condensed into 7 major categories: 1) Authentic instruction, 2) Authentic self evaluation, 3) Higher order thinking skills, 4) Agriculture education curriculum, 5) Agriculture teacher, 6) FFA and agriculture education, 7) Planning for change in the agriculture education.

Stocker (Pasture) Beef cattle

Placing animals on a high forage grazing program for about 60 to 100 days. Animals grow at slower rate than on concentrate diets, but cost of gain is lower. Animals grow and develop body structure without accumulating too much fat.

Applications of demand

Policy makers, farmers, consumers, manufactures, and food processors.

Man made causes of famines

Poor government policies, warfare, regressive political systems, revolutions, political instability, CORRUPTION (LEADING CAUSE), MISMANAGEMENT, and armed conflict.

Stage One

Pre-industrial; relatively high birth rates and death rates, birth rates exceed death rates, periodic population loss from calamities, very slow population growth.

Chaplin - inv

Present the invocation at banquets and other functions. Coordinate FFA participation at local area churches during National FFA Week. Conduct reflections services at summer camps and conferences.

Total Assets

Real estate+ value of non real estate + financial assets

Treasurer

Receive, record and deposit FFA funds and issue receipts. Present monthly treasurer's reports at chapter meetings. Collect dues and special assessments. Maintain a neat and accurate FFA Chapter Treasurer book or the computer software. Prepare and submit the membership roster and dues to the National FFA Organization in cooperation with the secretary. Serve as chairperson of the Financial committee.

Safety colors

Red- safety equipment. Yellow and black- raised entrance. Yellow- caution Orange- warning/moving parts. Light Green or light gray- refer to the safer parts of the machine or equipment Ivory- used for visibility purposes. Green- safety color.

Muscle

Refers to the amount of meat within each individual market swine. It is important to look for the expression through the shoulder and forearm. However it is the view from behind and down the top that gives the most accurate view.

Real GDP

Reflects the effects of inflation, which is accomplished by dividing nominal GDP by the implicit GDP price deflator ( A price index representing a weighted average of the prices of all goods and services that are captured in GDP)

Perfectly elastic demand

Represented as perfectly flat or horizontal

Slope of investment function

Represented by the change in investment expenditures if the rate of interest changes. MIS = Change I / Change R. The greater the value of MIS the more sensitive the investment in Lower Slobovia economy will be to changes in the market rate of interest.

Iso-cost line / Effect of capital and labor (fall/rise & steeper/flatter)

Represents different combinations of two inputs that have the same total cost. A rise (fall) in the price of capital relative to labor will cause the Isocost line to become flatter(steeper). If labor's wage rises(falls), the iso cost line would become steeper (flatter). . Ex- PL x L + PK x K=Cost

Indifference curve (isoutility curve)

Represents the combination of consumption bundles that provide a consumer a given level of satisfaction. The slope of the indifference curve is the marginal rate of substitution. The consumer is indifferent to all points on the curve as they provide the same level of utility.

Nutritional management and feeding regimen for dairy cattle

Require a lot of feed to achieve the levels of production expected. Requirements change over the lactation and dry period cycle. At peak production energy and protein increases 3 to 10 times over late gestation. Lactation and gestation can be broken down into five phases- Feedy dry cows and bred heifers, transition period (last two weeks before parturition. Nutritional changes may help prepare for parturition and lactation). Peak milk production (periods of negative energy balance, cows metabolize body fat, rumen bypass), Maximum dry matter intake (Reach 3.5% to 4.5% of body weight, protein needs are somewhat lower than early lactation),and late gestation (easiest phase to manage, cow is pregnant, nutrient intake normally exceeds requirements, minimize feed costs) Diarrhea is a major concern in the care of calves prior to weaning.

Three of the most important factors in safety on the job are

Staying health in body and mind, becoming well trained in the required job, and having a good attitude.

Manufacturing Iron and steel

Steel is produce by adding small amounts of carbon to pure iron to create an alloy. The Alloy or mixture of iron and carbon is called straight carbon steel or plain carbon steel. They are produced by adding elements such as nickel, chromium, or manganese to plain carbon steel. The first step in the production of steel is to refine the iron ore making hot iron which is taken directly to a basic oxygen furnace sometimes where it is poured into molds and allowed to cool. Once it solidifies its called pig iron which contains high carbon content making it brittle. In order to produce the steel, the carbon in the iron must be removed in the oxidizing atmosphere of steelmaking furnaces where the oxidized atmosphere burns off. Controlled amounts of carbon and other elements are then added then allowing for it to be cast into slap or ingot where it is then formed.

Non-ruminants and ruminants differ in SIZE of digestive compartments that are common in animals

Stomach (gastric pouch), Small intestine (SI), Large intestine (LI)

Crops and lime

Strongly acidic soils restrict growth of plants. The addition of lime raises the soil pH and eliminated two problems: excess toxic Al3 and slow microbial activity. The adsorbed acidic Al are replaced with Ca from the lime.

Wildlife

Students apply the information gained through enrollment in the agricultural science wildlife management course to demonstrate and identify plant species, proper habitat management practices, safety procedures, game laws, management techniques as well as compass and pacing skills.

Forage

Students apply their knowledge of various forage species to evaluate hay based on physical properties, identify species common to pastures and complete quiz that tests team members' knowledge of different aspects of forages. Teams consist of 3 or 4 members.

Meats

Students develop skills for careers in the meat animal industry as they complete a written exam; evaluate beef carcasses for quality and yield grade; identify various meat cuts, place beef, lamb and pork carcasses, and place wholesale and/or retail cuts.

Nutrition and economic well-being

Substantial return to height in both the US and Britain, Taller people got higher wages due to good nutrition, health and cognitive effect which translates to premium earnings.

Endopedon

Subsurface horizons

Average total cost (ATC)

TC / Output (based on one unit). DIVIDE TOTAL COST BY OUTPUT

Financing of programs during the Irish potato famine

Taxed the rich land lords, tax base: number of tenants living on the landlord's property. Implications- eviction of tenants and migration to the US.

Chapter Conducting

Teams conduct a mock chapter meeting to demonstrate knowledge of basic parliamentary law and the use of correct parliamentary procedures. At the conclusion of the meeting, team members are asked questions regarding parliamentary law

Student opportunity to learn the material

The ability to focus on various kinds of learning, utilize performance objectives. Criteria for learning is used to evaluate students progress.

Leaching requirements

The amount of extra water added to leach the soil. It is the minimum leaching fraction that the crop can tolerate without yield reduction. A salt balance is required such as salt added = salt removed.

Numbering system for steels

The code is based on a number with 4 digits. The first digit classifies the steel. The second digit represent the percentage of alloy metal in the steel. Ex. 3 represents 3.25 to 3.75 of nickel. The last two digits represent the carbon content of the metal in hundredths of one percent. Ex 15 represents .15%

Cotton

The cotton CDE tests students' ability to identify USDA cotton grades based on industry standards. While much of the industry employs technology to grade cotton, by using their senses to apply cotton-grading standards, students gain a fundamental grasp of how these grades are derived. Students must make observations and judgments and render a final decision, life skills that will serve them well, regardless of career choice.

Gravitational potential

The effects of vertical position on the ability of soil water to do work. -The more elevated water is relative to the reference plane, the greater is its ability to do work. -Gravitational potential is not affected by soil properties and cannot be measured on a soil sample brought to the lab - it is strictly a field phenomenon -Water can spontaneously move downhill but not uphill. -ψg can be either positive or negative depending on whether the water in question is above (+) or below (-) the reference plane -The effects of gravitational potential are small compared with the effects of other components.

Infiltration

The entry of water downward In the soil surface.

Worldwide estimation of land degradation

The global land assessment of degradation study (1991) 22% of agriculture land and 38% of crop land. 2 billion ha of land is degraded. Reasons: Erosion 83%, chemical imbalance 12%, Physical characteristics 5%. Total degraded land increased from 15% in 1991 to 25% in 2011. 1/3 of the land is degraded.

Effects on Money multiplier

The greater the incidence of currency drains, the smaller the multiplier will be. A bank's desire to hold idle excess reserves for reasons of safety and liquidity will also lower the value of the money multiplier. The greater the level of desired excess reserves, the lower the money multiplier will be.

Entomology

The insect contest introduces high school students to the fundamentals of entomology and develops skills in identification of common insects and their relatives using taxonomy and nomenclature used by practitioners in the industry and in the scientific community. Understanding insects and key species is of utmost importance to agricultural crops and animal production, conservation, human and companion animal health and well-being. The basic entomological principles to be covered include: 1) insect structure and function, 2) metamorphosis, 3) insect identification, and 4) importance to people. The event is supported by curriculum of the following agriculture food and natural resource coursework: Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Livestock Production, Small Animal Mgt., Equine Science, Advanced Animal Science, Landscape Design, Turf Grass Mgt., Horticultural Sciences, Advanced Plant and Soil Science, Practicums in Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, Applied Entomology, and Veterinary Medical Applications.

Least cost combination

The least cost combination of inputs is found by shifting the Iso-cost line in a parallel fashion until its tangent (just touches) the desire isoquant. This point of tangency represents the least cost capita/labor combination of producing a given level of output. The slope of the Isoquant is equal to the slope of the isocost line at this point. The least cost combination of inputs requires that the market rate of exchange of capital for labor equal to the rate of exchange in production (MRTS)

Market supply elastic/inelastic

The more (less) elastic or flatter (steeper) the market's supply curve is, the greater (lower) the impact a price change will have on total revenue, all other things constant.

How fertilizers can improve the enivornment

The more trees, grass, crops we grow the more CO2 can be removed from the atmosphere. More plant cover = less erosion. More crop production in stable landscapes = less crop production in fragile landscapes.

Manure

The most pragmatic means of disposing of manure is by adding it to soil, where its nutritive value can be recycled by growing plants. Cattle manure average 3 5 N, 0.8 % P, 2 % K, 25 % organic carbon, plus varying amounts of other elements essential for plant growth. Due to water content, barn yard manure has a low fertilizer grade. Micronutrient content is higher in manures than chemical fertilizer, though manures supply low quantities of plant nutrients per dry weight. This could be said due to the nutrients the animals are fed. Manures have high soluble salt content and provide a means to spreading weeds as they survive the journey through gestation.

Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. Be able to draw this!

Analysis of plants

The only way to be sure that nutrients have been available to plants is by measuring the nutrients that plants have taken up. Many of the following may alter nutrient uptake, even though the nutrient is adequately soluble: • Soil temp • Plant growth rate • Soil water contents • Aeration • Root damage, pest infestations • Antagonistic or synergistic interactions among nutrients • The plant is the final arbiter of whether a nutrient is truly available

History of plasma arc cutting

The plasma-arc process had its origin almost 50 years ago, during the height of World War II. Plasma cutting was accidentally discovered by an inventor who was trying to develop a better welding process. In an effort to improve the joining of aircraft materials, a method of welding was developed that used a protective barrier of inert gas around an electric arc to protect the weld from oxidation.It was discovered that by restricting the opening through which the inert gas passed, the heat produced by the process was greatly increased. At the same time, the smaller opening caused the flow of gas to speed up dramatically, ultimately blowing out a channel in the work. The plasma-arc cutting process started seeing commercial use in the first few years of the sixties. It was an extremely expensive process to undertake, and most cutting was performed by large burning services

Own Price elasticity of demand.

The ratio of the percentage change in quantity to the percent change in price. Because demand curves slope downward to the right, the measure of own price elasticity is always negative. It falls when the product price falls.

Income elsatiticty

The ratio of the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in income. %Change Quantity/% Change Income

Production Function

The relationship between outputs and inputs is captured in a production function. It is a rule associating an output to given levels of the inputs used. Output is measured in physical units such as bushels of wheat, gallons of milk, and cases of canned peas. Output = F(Labor I land, capital, and management) Everything to the right of ( I ) is fixed with the left (labor) being the variable.

Reutlinger triangles

The rich over consumes and the poor, under consume. Reutilinger and selowsky (1976) quantified this consumption pattern. These triangles show that the nutrition impact of different purchasing power of different income groups.

National income

The sum of wages, rents, interest, and profits accruing to laborers and capital resource owners in the resource markets represents the economy's national income.

Horizon A

The surface soil. These few upper inches of soil are enriched in organic matter because of plants growing on the surface. Soluble material is washed downward and out of the surface horizon which makes it an eluvial horizon (eluvial meaning washed out; and emigrant leaves a country). A Horizon has the most nutrients as it is enriched in humus and low in soluble salts but it is susceptible to erosion loss. (Top Soil)

Macro Policy objective

The theoretical goal of macroeconomic policy is to eliminate inflationary or expansionary gaps when they occur.

SMAW Arc

The welding arc, when viewed through the helmet lens, can be divided into two separate parts: the stream and the flame. The arc flame consists of neutral gases that appear to be pale red, the vaporized metal in the arc stream appears yellow, and the liquid metal in the stream appears green.

Welding tip

The welding tip is where combustion takes place. The tip size indicates the orifice size and the relative gas rate the tip is capable of producing. Always use tips for that particular torch. Avoid dropping tips. Use the right size tip cleaner to avoid enlarging the orifice.

Disposable income

There are two things that people can do with a dollar of disposable income: They can consume the dollar, or they can save it.

Households and government

There is a flow of money from households to government in the form of tax payments. Households, in turn, receive money from the government in the form of social security payments, unemployment compensation, and other forms of payments (net taxes).

Protista

They are single celled (Unicellular) organisms (algae, protozoa, slime, molds), They improve soil aggregation and are important decomposers.

AG Tech and Mechanical Systems

This event tests both technical and agricultural mechanics skills. A team of three or four members must demonstrate their ability to work with others while solving problems. During the event, members complete a written exam and demonstrate problem-solving and hands-on performance skills. The event takes a "systems" approach and emphasizes machinery and equipment systems, related industry and marketing systems, energy systems, structural systems and environmental/natural resource systems.

Adjourn

To terminate or close the meeting

Torch Head

Torch head is attached to the torch body where the cables and hoses attach to the electrode tip, nozzle tip, and nozzle. Torch and head may be connected at any angle such as 90°, 75°, 180° (straight), or it can be flexible. Because of the heat in the head produced by the arc, some provisions for cooling the head and its internal parts must be made.Cooling for low power torches may be either by air or water. High power torches must be liquid cooled.It is possible to replace just the torch head on most torches if it becomes worn or damaged.

Total cost

Total cost= total variable cost + total fixed cost. - is the cost associated with the use of all inputs to production. A business's total cost in the short run can be divided into fixed cost and variable costs. Fixed costs do not vary with the level of input use and that variable costs are those costs that do vary with the level of input use.

Charles Sanders Pierce

Unconscious/Unreflective understand of the concept. Being aware of characteristics of a concept. Being able to apply the concept to other concepts encountered in the future. Reflection component.

3) Prismatic Structure

Vertical columns, usually found in lower horizons. They develop in early stages.

Soil Separate (Sand to clay 2.0 - .002)

Very Coarse Sand-Diameter (2.0-1.0)Thickness of a coin. Coarse sand (1.0-0.5). Medium sand (o.5- 0.25) Sugar or salt crystal. Fine sand (0.25-0.10). Very fine sand (0.10-0.05) thickness of a book page. Silt (0.05-0.002). Clay ( 0.002) Smaller than bacteria.

Desert Pavement

Very coarse sand (1mm to 2mm D), gravels, peds, and clods are too large to be rolled by the winds, so wind eroded soils have surfaced covered with coarse fragments larger than 1 mm in diameter. This very coarse desert soil surface i known as desert pavement.

Priorities for animal body

Water and energy

Julian Simon (1996)

Water shortage is merely doom saying. Human ingenuity and creativity will save the problem: Water harvesting, recycling, shipping water across countries, towing icebergs, desalination plants. FAO recommends increased efficiency in water use. Per person and total water use in the US is less than it was 25 years ago.

Hydration

Water softens minerals that absorb water; swelling pressure develops internally and calcium and magnesium move.

Feeds are composed of (7)

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and some non-nutritive substances.

Measuring Market activity

We can measure aggregate economic activity in product markets (national product) or resource markets (national income). Both values are identical in the national income and product accounts maintained by the federal government.

Selecting the proper electrode

Weld groove design Required tensile strength of the weld Base metal composition Position of the weld joint Rate at which you want to deposit the metal Type of welding current Penetration required Metal thickness Experience of the welder Specifications for the weld When a groove weld is made, the electrode must be small enough in diameter to easily manipulate it in the root of the weld. The metal composition of the base metal will determine the metal composition of the electrode used.The welding position will determine the electrode used.

Restarting and finishing a beed

When a weld is stopped it leaves a crater at the end of the weld, to successfully restart a weld strike the arc about 3/8" ahead of the forward edge of the crater. Then move the arc backward rapidly until the new molten weld pool just touches the rear edge of the previous crater. As soon as the two edges touch continue the forward movement..

Law of demand

When prices fall consumers buy more, when prices increase they buy less. Its an inverse relationship.

The classical range

When the economy reaches its capacity to supply goods and service in the current period, the aggregate supply curve becomes perfectly inelastic. this range is referred to as the classical range because it takes on the properties of the aggregate supply curve originally.

Inelastic

When the price elasticity of a demand is less than one. The percentage change in the quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in the product price (most agricultural products).

Real income effect

When the price of one good falls and the consumer's real income increases then the consumer will buy more of x, y, or both with the same income. (The consumer can buy more hamburgers or tacos (or both) even though income has not changed.)

Split application

When total applied fertilizer is split into multiple application. Done if large applications are needed in some soils (Sand). Soils may have low retention.

Nutritional management and feeding regimens for cats

While the same principles of feeding dogs applies to cats. They require twice as many proteins as dogs. They require Taurine- deficiency causes degeneration of photoreceptors cells in the eyes leading to blindness and cardiac failure. Arginine- causes high blood ammonia levels and rapid death. They require a preformed source of Vitamin A unlike dogs, Supplemental vitamin D as they cannot get it from the sun, and vitamin B niacin because it cannot be converted from tryptophan like most animals. They can utilize plants, but plant based diets can caused feline urinary syndrome or urological disorder FUD resulting from custis and inflammation of the urethra. Good fiber sources are beet pulp, tomato pomace / apple.

Chester White

White with drooping ears

Yorkshire

White with erect ears

Landrace

White with large drooping ears.

Wind Erosion Equation (E,f,I,K,C,L,V)

Wind equation: E = f (I,K,C,L,V) E = estimated erosion (Mg/ha) (1 Mg = 1000kg) f = erosion as a function of factors I = soil erodibility factor (based on texture, aggregation) K = roughness of the surface C = climatic factors that contribute to erosivity L = length of the unsheltered field V = vegetative, stubble, residue

New London, texas

Worst school disaster in us history. 290 students and teachers killed. Natural gas explosion in shop caused by leaking natural gas and a spark from a wood sander.

Manufacturing Zinc

Zinc is normally produced by a distilling process.Zinc ore is heated with coke in a clay crucible and the zinc vapor is then condensed in a clay condenser. It may also be refined by an electrolysis process. Zinc is used mainly as an alloying metal and for galvanizing.

Various schools of traditional thinking

ability school (some smarter than others), individual choice school (hard work), the human capital school (education), family background (better upbringing), segmented labor market, wealth inheritance school, discrimination school, the stochastic school (luck factor).

Cyanobacteria (bacteria) held in check by?

also known as Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (blue green algae). They can fix nitrogen and can be found from the Antarctic to Death Valley, their population is often held in check by shortages of phosphate.

Law of supply

an increase in price results in an increase in quantity supplied

Global warming

an increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and leads to an increase in the amount of heat trapped and thereby to an increase in the average temperature of the earth.

Feed additives

an ingredient or combination of ingredients added to the basic feed mix or parts thereof to fulfill a specific need. Usually used in micro quantities and requires careful handling and mixing.

Colloid

any solid substance whose particles are very small, thus its surface particles are very small. Soil colloids are primarily clay and humus, they can be either mineral (clays), organic (humus), or crystalline. Chemical properties of soils are determined by colloids

Fossil Soils

are paleosols buried in the geological sections of the earth's crust but deeper than present soil development processes and have remained essentially unchanged since burial.

Anthrosols

are soils that exhibit the deliberate actions of people. They are as diverse as the culture that produced them. They include a range of soils from simple middens to complex layers of soil resulting from repeated cycles of cropping, irrigation, and animal husbandry.

Silica (SiO2) and Alumina (Al2O3

are the most abundant structural units in these soil minerals, with lesser amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron.

Actinomycetes (Bacteria)

are the source of numerous beneficial antibiotics and are important decomposers. They are filaments that resemble fungi, but are smaller and smell of freshly mown grass / hay, freshly plowed soil, or musty cellars. They include pathogens that cause strep throat, leprosy, tuber, and potato scab. No nucleus, they are prokaryotes.

Overall nutrition and feeding management

are very important aspects of both swine and poultry production.

Nutrition And environment in pigs

are very important factors for nursing pigs.

Dietary transition

as income increase, people use more animal product calories than plant calories. When proportion share of calories derived from animals: Animal product in diets increase, plants calories increase.

Heterotrophic (bacteria)

derive their food (reduced carbon) and energy directly from organic substances. Fungi, protozoa, animals, and most bacteria are heterotrophs. Include both N fixing and non N fixing groups. Heterotrophic bacteria that do not fix N are the most prevalent in soil and account for much decomposition of organic materials.

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

exchange rate Vs purchasing power parity. PPP is a measure that translates how much it would cost in local currency spent in the local market to buy the same quantity of goods that could be purchased in the US with one dollar. The ppp is a better indicator of income in developing countries. It measures somewhat the gap in income between the rich and the poor countries

Relict Soil

exposed paleosols that were formed in a previous time under environmental conditions quite different from those currently existing.

Virus

has a protective protein coat around its RNA or DNA; sometimes even a lipid containing envelope surrounds the nucleic acid.

Major sources of greenhouse gases

human activity, carbon dioxide 80%, methane 6%, nitrous oxide 15%.

Zinc deficiency

impairs brain and motor functions. 17.3% of global population, 30% in some areas of people at risk. Helps absorb micronutrient promotes immunity.

Commensalism

in biology, a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.

Playa (from rocks)

is a barren basin that serves as a temporary sink for drainage water, mostly from sporadic storms in arid regions. A playa is lined with sediments eroded off the landscape elsewhere.

Needs assessment

is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need. When doing so you want to look at not only the demographics, but major industries around you. This is done to gain further understanding of the community and to allow yourself to teach more effectively as you focus courses based on the community.

Allelopathy

is any beneficial or harmful effect of the chemicals produced by one plant on another plant.

Protein supplementation Swine

is critical. Swine are limiting in lysine and poultry are limiting in methionine.

Soil water potential (matric, solute, pressure, or gravitational)

is defined as the work that water can do as it moves from its present state to the reference state, which is the energy state of a pool of pure water at an elevation defined to be zero. In most cases the soil potential is less than zero which gives it a negative value. Negative potential means that work must be done on the water to remove it from the soil to a pool of water at the zero state. The more tightly water is held by soil, the greater in absolute value is the negative number describing its potential.

Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

is done by producing an arc between the base metal and a consumable, flux coated metal electrode. The electrode acts as an electrical conductor and filler metal. Electrical current flows from the welding machine to the electrode, from the electrode to the base metal across an arc, the arc heats and melts the base metal and melts the electrode, the current returns from the base metal to the welding machine to complete the circuit.

Maximal dietary energy

is found by 100 minus water, and minus digestion and metabolism loses from carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and additives. Feedlot cattle: 64 % on as is basis; 82% on DM basis. Swine: 68% on as basis; 79% on DM basis.

Animalia

is one of the five generally accepted kingdoms of living organisms. Includes worms, nematodes, arthropods, mollusks, jellyfish, coral, vertebrate animals, insects, etc. They are multicellular organisms, Heterotrophs (animals ingest food), and undergo sexual or asexual reproduction.

Health of rabbits

is related to feeding and nutrition practices. Fine dust can enter the respiratory system and may carry pathogens. Hair producing rabbits (angoras) can die from hairballs.

Adsorption

is the adhesion (clinging up unlike molecules) of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface.

Available water capacity

is the amount of water that would be available to plants if the soil were at field capacity. It is equal to the difference in water content between field capacity and permanent wilting point. Field capacity is the upper limits, while permanent wilting is the lower limit. The largest available water capacity is found in silt loam and loamy soils.

Humin

is the portion of humus that is insoluble in dilute sodium hydroxide.

Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)

is the portion of total exchangeable cations (in units of centimoles of charge per Kilogram) that are sodium. ESP = Exchangeable Na / Total Exchangeable cations (100%). The value is used extensively to indicate the hazard of sodium induced soil dispersion, which can severely reduce soil hydraulic conductivity. An ESP value equal to or greater than 15 indicates a sodic soil.

Water quality

is very important to sheep. Consumption decreases if water is stagnant, has objectionable odor, or water temperature is too hot or too cold.

Gravitational water

is water held more loosely than -33kpa. This portion of water will drain freely from the soil by the force of gravity. In sandy soil the reference is -10kpa.

Horizon C

it is deep enough down that it is unaffected by the migration of materials. It is called the parent material as it contains the material that horizon B and A developed from.

Arthropods (animalia)

joint footed invertebrate organisms. Ex: Mites, spiders, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, etc. They feed on mostly decaying vegetation and help aerate the soil.

Application of animal nutrition involves

knowing the nutrient composition of feedstuffs, diets, and rations and knowing the nutrient requirements of animals.

Relative poverty

lack a usual or socially acceptable level of resources or income as compared with others within a society or country.

Reasons for less optimal use in poor countries

lack of Money/credit/savings, high distribution cost, lack of market for surplus output, no domestic production of fertilizer, poor yield in response to traditional yield, lack of foreign exchange to import fertilizers.

The pour people mostly live in developing countries with common characteristics being

landless laborers or small farmers, poorly educated/uneducated, Menial low paying jobs, live on small farms, in debt, and have large families.

Transition period (dairy cattle)

last two weeks before parturition. Nutritional changes in amount of potassium and calcium in rations to prepare for parturition and lactation.

Horizon B

lies below horizon A. It is lower in organic matter than A, but is higher in the soluble or suspendable materials such as salts and clays that migrated downward out of A horizon. The B horizon is a illuvial horizon. (illuvial means washed in; an immigrant enters a country)

Intrusive

magma near the air, but not expelled into exposure to the air, cools more slowly which is composed of large crystals.

Human development Index (HDI)

measures quality of life and includes income and capital, health, and exaction. Chart- high income /capita and high HDI, low HDI and high poverty rate mean low income and capital. Similar HDIS do not mean similar income, similar incomes do not mean similar HDI'S. Despite HDI, income does matter. Compared to poor people in low income countries. Poor people in high income countries are: financially better off, live longer, and fewer are undernourished.

Types of SMAW

mild steel, low alloy, stainless steel, hard surfacing, cast iron, aluminum, copper alloys.

Chemical imbalance

mono cropping depletes soil nutrients, increased irrigation causes salinization, intrusion of se water in aquifers, soil acidity due to continuous fertilization.

Relationship of MPP to APP

o If the marginal physical product curve is rising (>) the APP, the APP curve must be rising. o If the marginal physical product curve is declining (<) the APP, the APP curve must be declining o The marginal physical product curve therefore cuts the APP curve from above at that point where the APP product curve reaches its maximum.

Protein quality is determined by

pattern of amino acids in feedstuffs or diet as compared to animal needs for biological functions.

1) Granular Structure

peds are granular aggregates glued together mostly by organic substances but mixed by rodents, earthworms, frost action, and cultivation that all edges are round and the peds are small. Granular structure is limited to surface horizons unless buried by sediment. Resembles cookie crumbs, usually < 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing.

Hunger affects school performance in two ways

performance / inability to pay attention and missed school due to nutrition.

FAO report 2011

potential exists to bring more and under crops. Developing countries have 11.2 b ha of rain fed land with crop potential. Only 2.9 B ha suitable for crop production, currant arable land use is 1.4 b ha. It differs region to region: South Africa has little potential. North Africa: None, Brazil/Congo/ DR/ and surrounding area: plenty, Latin America: Good potential.

Rumen escape protein (bypass protein)

protein that escapes microbial degradation in the rumen.

Creep feeding

provides nursing lambs the opportunity to eat supplemetnal feed.

Scarcity

refers to the finite quantity of resources that are available to meet society's needs. Scarcity is a relative concept.

Ahluwalids (1976)

study of 60 nations validated Kuznets hypothesis: in the early stages, the poor benefited less from economic development than the rich. Education led to more equal income distribution, rapid population growth led to less equal income distribution, move from agriculture to industry reduced inequality. Reasons- The rich are better positioned to take advantage of new technology, the poor lack knowledge and capital. In fact, modernization can make the poor worse off. They can have a relative and absolute decline in their income. It is due to the nature of new vs old jobs or no jobs at all.

Humus

the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms. Usually sand and clay dominate. Consists of decayed and partially decayed organic matter.

Appeal for a decision of the chair

to obtain a decision from the chapter to a question on which the presiding officer has made a decision.

Climate change and crop yields

wheat, rice, and soybeans will benefit from increase in CO2 due to increased water use efficiency. However, demand for water will increase. It will extend growing season. That means more than one crop a year. Cold areas will become suitable for agriculture, but north soils are less fertile so lower average yield. Faster maturity of plants also means lower yield. More rain towards poles and 20% less rain in tropical areas. Nature of rains; more precipitation and less snow. Rains will become more intense and of short duration impact for crops, property, and the environment. Depletion of the ozone layer will lower yields of crops that are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. A 4 degree increase in temperature will negatively effect crop yield. Pest and diseases due to warm weather. Overall global impact of yield and producer vs locally impact. Impact will be minimized by farmer adopting crops suitable for a new situation. Distribution and marketing problem in negatively impacted regions will be serious.

Water Quality

worldwide, only 20% crop land is irrigated. It provides 40% of the worlds food. Countries with the largest irrigate areas: India (39 m Ha), China (19 m Ha), USA (17 m HA). Concerns: Falling water tables, fear of saltwater intrusion in aquifers, salt on the soil surface due to heavy irrigation, (runoff and water pollution of lakes, rivers, and aquifers), (more growth of plants in lakes/rivers, loss of aquatic species oysters < 2 %, and harmful to human health).

Function of management (4)

• 1) Planning- To formulate a good plan, managers must first establish goals, or be sure they clearly understand the business owner's goals. Second, they must identify the quantity and quality of resources available to meet the goals. Third the resources must be allocated among several competing uses. The manager must identify all possible alternatives, analyze them, and select those that will come close to meeting the goals. • 2)Implementation- This includes acquiring the resources and materials necessary to put the plan into effect, plus overseeing the entire process. Coordinating, staffing, purchasing, and supervising are steps that fit under the implementation function. • 3) Control- The control function includes monitoring results, recording information, and comparing results to standards. • 4)Adjustments- If the information gathered during the control process shows that outcomes are not meeting the manager's objectives, adjustments need to be made. This may involve fine tuning the technology being used, or it may require changing enterprises.

Why decision making process is unique in agriculture

• Biological process and uncertainty with weather conditions. • Fixed supply of land • Most of the farmers are small sized and most of the farms are operated by the owner itself. The time to spend on managerial activities might be taken by the labor in the farm. • Perfect competition: Farmers are not deciding the price of the commodity. It will be decided by the demand and supply in the market.

Cation exchange importance

• Cation exchange is important in soils because of these relationships: 1. The exchangeable pools of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ are major sources for plants 1. Cation exchange sites hold Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , Na +, and NH4+ ions and slow their losses by leaching 2. Cation exchange sites adsorb many metals (Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+) that might be present in wastewater. Adsorption to soil removes most of them from percolating water - thus, cleansing water that drains into groundwater or surface waters 3. The amount of lime require to raise the pH of an acidic soil increases as CEC increases • Cation exchange is an important phenomenon in soil fertility, in altering soil physical properties, in purifying or altering percolation waters, and in causing and correcting soil acidity and basicity

Soil Ph

• Controls the availability of nutrients • Extreme pH reduces availability of nutrients or increases the concentration of toxic elements • It controls the ability of the soil to dissolve minerals • It also influence soil flora and fauna • It greatly affects the solubility of minerals • Strongly acidic soils (pH 4‐5) usually dissolve highly (even toxic) concentrations of Al and Mn • Azaleas, cranberries, pineapple, blueberries, several conifers tolerate (and may require) acidic soil • Barley, beets, beans do well only in basic soils because of high Ca demand and inability to tolerate Al • Most crops do well is slightly acidic soils (pH 6.5) • Soil pH affects beneficial microorganisms - hindered by strong acidity

Fertilizer

• During the 1961-2001 period, fertilizer use increased in Africa (5.97), Asia (20.24), South America (19.15), North America (2.27), world wide (4.53). Results: increase in crop yield/correlation between fertilizer use and yield. More fertilizer production. • Too much fertilizer can reduce yield, but many countries have not reached that point. Potential for increased use f fertilizers to increase yields still exists in China, India, and Indonesia use 1-3% of Japans rate today. Chinas rate is higher than Japans. India and Indonesia use 45-60% of Japanese level.

Engle and Bennets law

• Engels law- is an observation in economics stating that as income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if absolute expenditure on food rises. • Bennett's law- states that as income increases, the proportion of the budget spent on 'starchy-staples' decreases. People eat more protein and less carbs.

Inferior and normal goods

• Inferior good- Less than zero is classified as an inferior good. (negative) • Normal good- Greater than zero is classified as normal good (positive)

Sesqui(oxides) clays (metal oxides)

• Sesquioxides (low CEC) • "an oxide in which oxygen is present in the ratio of three atoms to two of another element" • Common in the tropics - extensive leaching - most of silica and much of alumina are dissolved and leached away • The remaining materials are metal dominant soils • Common formulas: Al2O3•H20 and Fe2O3•H20 • Non‐swelling, non‐sticky • High capacity for adsorption of P, but can hold it so tightly that P deficiency occurs

Cylinder safety

• The valve on the oxygen is a double seating valve and must be opened all the way or closed all the way, never partially opened. • Always transport with the safety cap on, always secured, never standing freely, and don't ever smoke near the tank. The oxygen liquid may cause freeze burn. Keep all organic matter including grease, oil, kerosene, cloth, etc. away from the oxygen supply as it can combust in an oxygen rich environment.

Vermiculite

• Vermiculite (CEC = high, 2:1 lattice) • Clay developed from weathering mica • Without potassium interlayers • expands to an accordion like structure • high water holding capacity and aeration • not a dominant soils clay • common packing material & soil amendment• Vermiculite (CEC = high, 2:1 lattice) • Clay developed from weathering mica • Without potassium interlayers • expands to an accordion like structure • high water holding capacity and aeration • not a dominant soils clay • common packing material & soil amendment

Water Stress, Water Scarcity, and absolute scarcity

• Water Stress- Annual supply < 1700 cubic meters per person. • Water Scarcity- annual supply < 1000 cubic meters per person. • Absolute Scarcity- annual supply < 500 cubic meters per person.

Draft animals

• are used to produce milk, plough land, and harvest fields, transport goods, etc. Worldwide there are 1.5 billion cattle, many of them (300m) are used as draft animals. Sheep 1 billion and chickens 20 billion on about ½ of world arable land. Farming is done 30% with draft animals, 40% with human power tools, and 30% with machines. Draft animals are better than hand tools- possible to farm large areas, produce maize, may be some marketable surplus. Possible to plough deeper, on time, and increase yield. Animal waste may provide fertilizer and field, provide milk for family and for sale.

New technology

• is responsible for 20% to 50% gains in yield of wheat around the globe.

Feed callers

The estimation of the amount of feed a pen will consume

% TDN

% digestible crude protein + % digestible crude fat x 2.25 + % digestible crude fiber + % nitrogen free extract (soluble sugars).

Macroeconomics

(GDP)is another branch that centers attention on broad aggregates of the economy. Ex. They are concerned with identifying the monetary and fiscal policies that would reduce inflation, promote growth of the nation's economy, and improve the nation's trade balance (exports minus imports). Ex. national issues.

Electrolyte balance in poultry

(Na, K, Cl-)- are critical for young birds.

Width = Volume/Capacity (5

1) Length of body, 2) Rear Flank Depth, 3) Spring of Rib, 4) Depth of rib, 5) Base Width.

Isoquant characteristics

1) convex to the origin, 2) do not intersect, 3)Dense everywhere.

Economic principle rules

1. Acquire Physical and biological data and identify the different ways of creating marketable products. 2. Acquire price data for resources and product 3. Apply appropriate economic-decision making rule to maximize profit.

Banerjee and Duflo

14 surveys of the poor households and found: large (7-8 people) and young household, the poorest spend 56-78% income on food, 6 children under 18 for each adult over 51 years, land ownership varied from country to country, some areas extremely poor, others moderately poor, food insecurity and malnutrition was present.

Opening Ceremonies

1st approve minutes of the previous meeting. 2nd receive reports from the officers. 3rd reports of standing committees (Gather and report on things). 4th Unfinished business (open the floor to previous discussing if time runs out and you needed to table something). 5th Present New Business. 6th Ceremonies (Only used with new members, new officers, and honorary degrees). 7th Announcements. 8th close it with closing ceremonies.

FFA Stats

669,989 National FFA Members. 8,630 local FFA chapters in all 50 states including PR and U.S Virgin Islands. 123,038 Texas FFA Members.

Direct current + or Dc reverse

70% heat in base metals with electrode heat 30%. It is good for welding thicker metals with excellent penetration.

Sodic

A sodic soil is not caused by an overabundance of total salts, but rather by a salt imbalance in which sodium (Na) is the dominant cation rather than calcium (Ca), which dominates in most soils. SAR > or = 13 and pH > 8.5. 39% of cultivated soils are sodic.

Soil Profile

A soil horizon makes up a distinct layer of soil. The horizon runs roughly parallel to the soil surface and has different properties and characteristics than the adjacent layers above and below. The soil profile is a vertical section of the soil that depicts all its horizons.

Saturated paste

A soil sample of perhaps 100g to 500g would be completely saturated with water. Once saturation is achieved, no more water is added. After an equilibration period of several hours, water is removed from the saturated sample by vacuum filtration, and the salt content of the saturated paste extract is measured. This is the standard method for measuring soil salinity in the laboratory.

Enthusiasm

A teachers enthusiasm is a major contributor to student motivation and interest level. Use physical movement, voice inflection, facial gestures, and incorporate creative approaches.

Utility Function

A utility function describes the total utility derived from consuming different quantities of a good at a given time. (hamburgers * tacos= total utility) Total utility can never be negative.

Ceteris Paribus

All other things constant

Fertigation

Application of fertilizer by injecting them into irrigation water. Has been successful with center pivots and drip systems.

Nonferrous Metals

Are metals that do not contain iron as the major component. This includes copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, nickel, zinc, etc. They can be identified by color, nonmagnetic, and are soft. They do not spark when touched with a grinder.

Green Hand FFA Degree

Be enrolled in agricultural education and have satisfactory plans for a SAE program. Learn and explain the FFA motto, Creed, and FFA mission. Describe meaning of FFA colors and emblem. Own and understand the official FFA Manual.

Economic system

Can be defined as the institutional means by which resources are used to satisfy human desires, in which the term institutional refers to the laws, habits, ethics, and customs of the nation's citizens. Represented by Mixed economy, Capitalism (free market), or socialism (centrally planned).

Market Supply curve

Can be seen as the horizontal summation of all the firm supply curves, or the quantity each firm would be willing to supply for specific prices. EX: Price 5-A: 30, B:50= Market:85. The portion of the MC curve that lies above the AVC curve represents a business's current supply curve under conditions of perfect competition. The market supply curve usually has a positive slope as the quantity supplied increases when the price received goes up.

Anaerobic (bacteria)

Can use electron acceptors other than O2 such as NO3- or SO4^2-; do not require free oxygen.

Nominal GDP

Current dollars often referred to as nominal GDP is where adjustments to inflation have not been made for.

Metal power cutting

Cut alloy steels, cast iron, bronze, nickel, and aluminum Iron powder is used with the standard oxyfuel gas cutting torch Heat of the powder increases the total heat of the flame Powder is added to the torch prior to the nozzle Prevents chromium oxides from forming Eliminates preheating of metal prior to cutting Use air or nitrogen, never oxygen!!!

Point elasticity

Deals with infinitesimal changes

Infiltration

Downward movement of Water moving IN the soil

Erodibility Index (EI)

EI=RxKxLS/T. When EI greater than or equal to 8 the land is considered to be highly erodible land.

Imperfectly competitive firm trends

Each of these imperfectly competitive firms prefers to operate to the left of the minimum point on their ATC curve, where long run equilibrium occurs under perfect competition. The quantity supplied is smaller, the unemployment of resources is higher, and prices are higher than under perfect competition.

Stage two

Early transition stage: decline in death rates (food and medicine), birth rates remain high, life expectancy increases, population explosion.

Table 5-7 Own price elasticity and impacts of supply change on farm revenue.

Elastic: Increase in supply will increase revenue, while decrease in supply will decrease revenue. Unitary elastic: Increase in supply will have no change in revenue, nor will decrease in supply. Inelastic: Increase in supply will decrease revenue, decrease in supply will increase revenue.

Electrode Tip

Electrode tip- is often made of copper electrode with a tungsten tip attached. Use of copper/tungsten tip has improved the quality of work they can produce. By using copper, the heat generated at the tip can be conducted away faster. Keeping the tip as cool as possible lengthens the life of the tip and allows for better quality cuts for a longer time. Old torches you must grind the tungsten electrode

Types of SAE

Entrepreneurship, placement, research (experimental/non experimental), exploratory, improvement, supplemental.

Globalization:

Expand the market through international trade and help farmers to earn higher revenue while increased the opportunity for consumer taste. E.g.: Bananas and Tropical fruits- Eastern European countries, Kiwi fruit and imported cheese- US Manager Challenge: Decision to participate in global market. Sometimes, the farmers cannot produce commodities as efficiently as farmers in other countries.

Peneplain (from water)

Flat surface representing an advanced stage of erosion.

Phosphorus problem

Getting P into a plant is a widespread problem as soil forms of P are very slow solubility and phosphates applied as fertilizers readily combine with cations in the soil to form low solubility substances. Making it available to plants it critical as it is low in most soils and are not readily available for plants. (total P in soil is 0.05% by weight). Only 10-30% of P added is used by crops during the same season, retained excess P can cause Zn deficiency.

Soil test for Nitrogen

Good predictive tests for nitrogen are often not available because complex nitrogen transformations that can be rapid and sensitive to water and temperature change. A total soil nitrate test is available. Measurements can be precise, but their interpretation is difficult because of the complexity of the N cycle.

Centrally planned economy

Government ownership of resources, production based on government decisions, more political than economic motivation, prices are set from outside the market o no feedback.

Criticism of HYV

HYV left to increase in use of fertilizer, chemical, and irrigation. It resulted in environmental damage, loss of species varieties due to mono culture. In the short run, created inequality of income across regions because: early users were large and progressive farmers, public service geared towards large farmers, mechanization: led to loss of small farms and creation of landless labor and income inequality. Wheat and rice farmers gained more than sergum and missed farmers because: Being irrigated wheat and rice are more responsive to fertilizers. More subsidies to fine grain producers than grain. • They increased disparity in incomes between regions in the short run, but within regions it was better distributed.

Full impact of fertilizer use on yields depends on factors such as

HYV or traditional varieties of crops, irrigation, timing of fertilizers application, management (#1), etc.

Happiest countries and factors

Happiest countries- Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland, Finland, Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Sweden, and USA. Factors in the happiness index- generosity, real GDP, average life expectancy, freedom, lack of corruption, work life balance, etc.

Exothermic burning bar cutting process

Heat tip of burning bar with the standard cutting torch Slowly open oxygen control valve Burning bar ignites, begin cutting Start on edge with burning bar at an angle, bringing burning bar to a near vertical position Move burning bar into and out of the kerf in a sawing motion, ensuring complete penetration and forcing all slag out of the kerf

Explain one objective of course

Identify and understand major uses of feed ingredients utilized in animal feeding and feed manufacturing.

Overall course objectives and purpose

Identify and understand major uses of feed ingredients utilized in animal feeding and feed manufacturing. Develop a practical understanding of feed composition, feed manufacturing, and feed processing principles. Utilize nutrient requirements tables and scientific data to determine dietary needs of animals and to balance diets using this type of information. Formulate diets using the traditional methods like Pearson square, algebraic methods and simultaneous equations, and software.

Optimistic Vs Pessimistic

If businesses are optimistic (pessimistic) about their future profit, the planned investment function will shift to the right (left) for each interest rate. If households are optimistic (pessimistic) about their future income, the planned investment function for new residences will shift to the right (left) for each interest rate.

pH

In acidic areas of higher rainfall, pH of 4.5-5.5 is common. Toxic levels of Al and Mn increase as pH decreases. Most soils with pH less than 5 respond to lime applications. The more clay and OM, the more lime is needed to change pH as soil colloids contain large quantities of exchangeable Al and H ions due to high CEC, the Higher the CEC the more lime is needed.

Well drained soils

In well drained (therefore O rich soils), red and brown colors caused by oxidation are more common, as opposed to in wet (low oxygen) soils where the soil usually appears grey or greenish due to the presence of reduced iron oxide.

Factors affecting Market demand (4)

Income, taste and preferences, prices of related goods, and changes in population.

PAC Operation

Initially the electrode is in contact with (touches) the nozzle. When the trigger is squeezed, DC current flows through this contact. Next, compressed air starts trying to force its way through the joint and out the nozzle. Air moves the electrode back and establishes a fixed gap between it and the tip. The power supply automatically increases the voltage in order to maintain a constant current through the joint - a current that is now going through the air gap and turning the air into plasma. Finally, the regulated DC current is switched so that it no longer flows through the nozzle but instead flows between the electrode and the work piece. This current and airflow continues until cutting is halted.

Ionization hydrogen & isomorphous substitution

Ionization hydrogen- hydrogen breaks from OH- groups leaving negatively charged ions. Isomorphous substitution- substitution during clay formation of one cation for another of similar size, and usually with a lower positive valence. Ex Si4 is replaced by Al 3.

Iron and Steel

Iron is produced by reducing iron oxides (iron ore) to hot iron or pig iron in a blast furnace that can be refined to various steels. -Carbon steel- is an alloy of iron and controlled amount of carbon. -Alloy steel- is a combination of carbon steel and controlled amounts of other desirable metal elements.

Activation energy

Is an energy barrier to decomposition and must be overcome before decomposition can occur. Enzymes lower this activation energy between chemical bonds, allowing for this biological process to occur in nature.

Federal open market committee (FOMC)

Is composed of 12 members, seven members of the board of governors and 5 representatives of the district banks. They meet periodically (once a month) to chart the course of the economy. (Money supply, interest rate, buying and selling of government securities)

Parliamentary Inquiry

Is done to permit a member to gain parliamentary information.

Brazing

Is done when two metals which are not melted are joined with a third metal that melts at temperatures above 840 degrees, but below melting point of the metals joined.

Planned saving in the economy

Is equal to the difference between disposable income and planned consumption expenditures. S=DPI-C

Market Equilibrium

Is established in a perfectly competitive market by the point of intersection of the markets demand and supply curves. Given by the intersection of the market demand and supply curves.

Slope of Iso-cost line

Is represented by a ratio of two inputs. This line allows us to use economics to determine the least cost combination of two inputs. It is equal to the negative ratio of wage rate to rental rate of capital. Only changes in the relative price of inputs (or input price ratio) will alter the slope of the isocost line. Ex Wage rate / rental rate (PL (labor )/ PK (capital).

Duty Cycle

Is the % of time the machine can operate within an hour without overheating

Utility

Is the satisfaction that a consumer derives from the consumption of a good at a point in time.

Soil Solution

Is the water in soil which contains dissolved ions and other substances, many of which are plant nutrients.

Total Cost

It is the total cost incurred in the producing the TPP.

Reasons for continuation of malnutrition

Lack of affordability, knowledge.

Cobweb adjustment

Leaves a pattern much like a spiders web. Farmers will use last year price to determine this years production responses and this years quantity markets, will affect this year's prices, which will affect next year's production and so on. Prices and quantities will eventually converge to equilibrium. The Cobweb will occur when slope of the supply curve is steeper or more inelastic than the slope of the demand curve (if demand is more elastic than supply = equilibrium). A diverging cobweb occurs when the slope of the demand curve is steeper or more inelastic than the slope of the supply curve (If demand is less elastic than supply).

Inferior Good

Less than zero is classified as an inferior good. (negative)

Impact on education attainment: Levinger (1995), The Barbados (1986)

Levinger (1995) Low birth weight US children were found to have problems succeeding in school and were more likely to need special health concerns and more likely to repeat a grade. The Barbados (1986)- Under nourished children had fourfold increase in the frequency of ADD compared to well-nourished groups.

Benefits in animal/food interaction from processing in general.

May increase consumption, performance of animals, improve feed conversion, handling, mixing and storage capabilities, and overall profitability.

High frequency alternating current

Most common Uses a high frequency alternating current carried through the conductor, the electrode and back from the nozzle tip. High frequency current will ionize the gas and allow it to carry the initial current to establish a pilot arc. After the pilot arc has been started, the high frequency starting circuit can be stopped. When the torch is brought close enough to the work, the primary arc will follow the pilot arc across the gap, and the main plasma is started. Once the main plasma is started, the pilot arc power can be shut off.

FFA Colors

National blue and Corn gold.

How to develop a fertility management program

Need to know 1) the plant fertility needs, 2) the fertility status of the soil. Standard method: soil sampling followed by soil analysis.

Net saving / Net borrowing

Net saving is Used to describe the flow of money from households to financial markets. Net borrowing is used to describe the flow of money from financial markets to business, signify that money is flowing in both directions (households also borrow from financial institutions, and businesses also save.

The three major imposing factors that impact all animal's production are

Nutrition, Genetics, and environment.

Soil Calcium

Occurs in soils in many minerals. Is more plentiful than other plant nutrients (feldspar, limestone, and gypsum are all sources). Ca deficiency is rare, but can be found in acidic leached soils in which lime has been added. It needs to be added to soil less media. Plants need Ca for cell division (buds, new growth) & function of cell membranes.

Profit maximizing level of input

Occurs in the short run at the input level at which MVP= MIC. The competitive business takes the per unit price of the variable input (MIC) as given by the market place and makes its purchasing decision by equation MVP = MIC.

Soldering

Occurs when two metals which are not melted are joined by a third metal that has a melting point below 840 degrees.

Body Mass Index

One measurement used for relationship between nutrition and health is (BMI) body mass index+ weight (Kg) (Height(meter)2) BMI <18.5 underweight, 18.5-24.9 normal, > 25 overweight, > 30 obese. Risk factors- high blood pressure, high/low LDL, high blood glucose, cancer, strokes, hear related issues. Results higher mortality risk for both overweight and obese.

Mycelia

One of the first visual signs of decomposition is the appearance of mycelia, a mass of threadlike branching filaments (Hyphae). They also hold soil aggregates together.

Horizon O

Organic material, enriched in Humus.

Rabbit diet preparation

Pelleted, generally because intake is higher than for meal or mash forms. Extruded diets can be used. Both pellets and extruded diets reduce dust.

Suspend standing rules

Permit the chapter to do something that can't be don't under standing rules

Reporter

Plan public information programs with local radio, television, newspaper and service clubs and make use of other opportunities to tell the FFA story. Release news and information to local and regional news media. Publish a chapter newsletter or website. Prepare and maintain a chapter scrapbook. Send local stories to area, district and state reporters. Send articles and photographs to FFA New Horizons and other national and/or regional publications. Work with local media on radio and television appearances and FFA news. Serve as the chapter photographer. Serve as POA Public Relations Chairperson.

Impact on intellectual development: Unicefs state of the world's children (1998), Bleichrodt and Born (1994), Gretl Pelto (1987), Chavez and Martinez (1982)

Poor nutrition reduces IQ, iron deficiency reduced IQ by 9. One in four children in the world have stunted growth. Bleichrodt and Born (1994)- Iodine deficiency and mental retardation, Gretl Pelto (1987)- Studied 78 Mexican preschool children for 7 years. Tested short term responsiveness to stimulus, attention, and distractibility. Children with little food in their diets were short in stature and had delayed cognitive abilities. Chavez and Martinez (1982)- studied lower income Mexican peasant families for their mental and physical development through age three. They added that later improvement in nutrition may particularly reverse the intellectual impairment. Gretl Pelto did not study the effect of improved diets in later years.

Anhydrous ammonia (NH3)

Principle N fertilizer more than 90% of all N fertilizers consist of ammonia or ammonia compounds. Ammonia is a colorless gas (physical properties like propane or butane), it is 82% N. Anhydrous ammonia is made from atmospheric N using natural gas to supply the hydrogen. It is the least expensive fertilizer as it requires less processing.

Marginal rate of product transformation

Represents the rate at which the canning of fruit (option 1) must contract (expand) for a one case increase (Decrease) in vegetable canning (option 2). Ex. Change in canned fruit / Change in canned vegetables. The PPF is the curve using these points. MRPT is increasing. Answer should be negative

6) Gelisols

Soil with permanent frost, have permafrost within the top 2m. Latin "Gelare" means to freeze.

AG Communications

Teams consisting of four members participate in a simulated news conference, then use the information collected to complete practical problems including writing a news story and press release; preparing a radio broadcast; creating a three-page Web site and developing a page layout. Participants also complete a written communications quiz and an editing exercise.

Lay on the table

Temporarily delay action on an item of business.

Own price Elasticity of supply

The % change in quantity supplied due to a 1 % change in its price. An own price elasticity of supply exceeding one indicates an elastic supply, less than one suggests inelastic supply. (Q1-Q2/Q1+Q2/P1-P2/P1+P2)

The people

The amount of people in cities is relatively small. Worldwide, 40% of food comes from 20% irrigated land. Bangladesh uses 80% water, China 75%, India 50%, Indonesia 50%, Yields on irrigated land is 30 to 200% higher. Irrigated land increased the most on the Asian continents because of increase in price.

Rhizosphere (Plantae)

The area in the soils near the root. This portion of soil may be quite different in chemical properties from the bulk of the soils. It may be one to two pH units more acidic than the bulk soil.

Soil Structure

The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates. Includes columnar, granular, platy, blocky, and prismatic.

Business operations

The business will cease operations or shut down in the short run if the price the business recieve's for its product falls to the point at which AR < AVC. When this occurs, the business will no longer be able to cover its variable costs of production and will be unable to acquire additional input.

Phosphorus cycle

The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Water Potential

The presently preferred term; values are usually negative, indicating that work must be done to the water to bring it to zero (reference) state.

Price consumption curve

The price consumption curve shows the relationship between change in the price of a good and its consumption. (Is the connection of all tangency points between budget lines and indifference curves)

Take from the Table

To again bring a question before the chapter for further consideration.

Voltage/current Characteristics SMAW

Under a no-load (open circuit), when not welding, the voltage of the machine is about 60V to 80V, and the current (amps) is 0. When an arc is struck, the current will increase and the voltage will decrease to between 15V and 40V. Ohms Law states that voltage in a closed circuit has a constant relationship to the current and the resistance of the circuit.

Mothers Nutrition

Under nourished women and low birth weight babies are 40x higher at risk of dying after birth or within the 1st year of their life compared to normal babies. Poor nutrition early in a girl's life can impact the health of babies she bears as an adults. Reasons- Under consumption of protein, calories, or both.

Flocculation and dispersion in soils

When soils particle are disperse, aggregates do not form, and each particle behaves as an individual. Without aggregation, water, air, and root movement is greatly restricted (dispersion is not desirable). The type of cations determine whether the soil is dispersed or flocculated. Soil particles can be unattached to one another (dispersed) or clumped together (flocculated) in aggregates. Soil aggregates are cemented clusters of sand, silt, and clay particles. In dispersion soils Na is the main cation, and two replace every Ca. This causes waterlogging.

Percolation

When the soil profile is wetted, this is the movement of more water through the soil.

Saltation

bouncing action of particles from wind or water

DPI

disposable personal income is represented by 11% on food.

Over Nutrition

problem of the rich, nature of their diet, consequences are that obesity is the single largest driver of sickness. Socioeconomic impacts- low productivity, burden on tax payers.

Feed laws and regulations

relate to feed manufacturing and distribution of feeds: 1) safeguard the health of humans and animals, 2) Ensure orderly commerce, 3) provide protection to consumers, 4) protect against unfair competition and deceptive practices.

Parasitism

relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism

10) Aridisols

(Desert soils)(arid region soils can be very productive) A or Bt horizons. A lack of water reduces leaching, retards mineral weathering, and allows accumulation of salts.

8) Alfisols

(Fertile soils with subsoil clay) fertile soils in favorable moisture regimes; usually very productive. Clay accumulation in the Bt horizon and available water much of the growing season. A thick E horizon is also common.

marginal value products

(MVP) represents the additional revenue earned from employing another unit of input. Marginal input cost (MIC) is the cost of using the additional unit of input.

Marginal Physical property (MPP)

(Marginal physical product is the change in output by the change in variable input) (MPP)= Change in TPP (output) / Change in input. It is the additional output by using one more unit of a good. The MPP measures the rate of change in output in response to change in the use of labor. When the TPP is decreasing, the MPP will be Negative it is the only curve that can be.

Breakeven

(Obe) The point at which the MC curve intersects the ATC curve. At this level of output, average revenue is just equal to ATC. The business is only able to cover its ATC. Economic profit at this output level would be equal to 0.

7) Mollisols

(Prairie soils, the most extensive soil in the US), Naturally fertile soils, slightly leached, occurring in semiarid to subhumid climates, originally under grasses or broadleaf forests. They have relatively deep dark A horizons and often B horizons with lime accumulation. (most fertile and productive alongside alfisols)

Elastic

(Represented as greater than one, the percent change in quantity it greater than percent change in price)When the price elasticity of demand for a good exceeds one (in absolute value) This means the percentage change in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage change in price. No slope on a graph represents perfectly elastic; linear will show all three elasticities.

Slope of Gradient

(Vertical distance / horizontal distance) x 100%

Alloy metals

-Chromium - increases resistance to corrosion, improves hardness and toughness, improves the responsiveness to heat treatment. -Manganese - increases strength and responsiveness to heat treatment. -Molybdenum - increases toughness and improves the strength of steel at higher temperatures. -Nickel - increases the qualities of strength, ductility, and toughness. -Tungsten - produces dense, fine grains, helps steel retain its hardness, helps steel retain its strength at high temperatures. -Vanadium - retards grain growth and improves toughness.

Physical properties of iron and steel

-Tensile Strength - is the ability of metal to resist being pulled apart -Compressive Strength - is a measure of how much squeezing force it can withstand before it fails -Hardness - is the quality that allows a metal to resist penetration -Elongation - is a measure of how much a metal will stretch before it breaks. -Ductility - is the ability of a metal to be stretched. -Brittleness - is the opposite of ductility, it will fracture if it is bent or sharply struck. -Toughness - is the ability to prevent a crack from propagating(growing). -Grain Size - gives good indication of a metals heat treatment, tensile strength, and ductility

Determinants of elasticity of Demand

1) Availability of substitutes (price has no impact). 2) Alternative uses of the commodity (more demand makes it elastic). 3) Type of Marker Farm (inelastic) Vs retail (elastic or Domestic (inelastic) vs Foreign (elastic). 4) % of budget spent on goods. (If an item takes more of your budget it's more elastic compared to cheaper goods). 5)Time short run (inelastic) Vs Long run (elastic).

Order of hunger related deaths

1) Children, 2) Women, 3) Old people, 4) Older adult males. Main reason of death is insufficient calorie intake.

Monopoly Characteristics

1) Only 1 producers and seller, 2) The product is unique, there are no subs, 3) Entry into the market is not allowed.

Monopolistic implications (SOFT DRINKS BOTTLES)(7) MR=

1) Producers where MR=MC, 2)produce face a downward sloping demand curve, thus MR is not equal to price, 3) Producers spend a lot of money on advertisement and promotion, 4) Economic profit exist in SR, not LR, 5) producers have some control over price, 6) Consumers get a variety in their consumption bundle, hence higher quality, 7) Consumers are willing to pay higher prices.

3 ways the federal reserve system regulates using monetary policy instruments.

1) Reserve Requirements, 2) discount rate, 3) Open market operations.

Looking onwards

3.6 % of total arable land is used to produce fiber crops, tobacco, coffee, and tea. New biofuels will considerably be impact demand for food. USA production of biofuels will increase 8 billion gallons a year in 2008 to 30 billion gallons in 2025.

Program Planning

A program plan is essential to achieve desired goals. For a program plan you need 1) Diverse students, 2) Scheduling: 8 period day, A/B Block, or A/B accelerated block. The first step is to establish 1) Key partners, Then 2) Develop a shared vision, Followed by 3) Create and action plan (How are you going to get there), and Finally, 4) Implement.

GDP Facts

Approximately 2/3 of US output is typically represented by expenditures made by consumers. Government purchase of goods and services represents about 18% to 20% of GDP.

Parliamentarian

Be proficient with parliamentary procedure. Rule on all questions of parliamentary conduct at chapter meetings. Serve as a participant or an ex-officio member of the parliamentary procedure team. Conduct parliamentary procedure workshops at the chapter level. Chair or serve as ex-officio member on the conduct of meetings committee.

Livestock

Beef cattle, sheep and swine are evaluated for market values and desirable physical traits. Team members also rank livestock for breeding purposes, using observed physical characteristics and performance data.

Ingot Processing

Before continuous casting was used, molten steel was poured into molds.The large mass of solidified steel removed form a mold was called an ingot. Ingots are further processed into blooms, billets, or slabs.

Carbonation

Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and from the respiration of organisms dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid, which acidifies the water and increases its solvent action.

Marginal cost

Change in total cost from producing one more unit of output. MC= Change in total cost/Change in Total physical product (Pi price of input/MPP)

Advantages of breastfeeding

Children get all the nutrients they need, improved immunity from infections, guaranteed source of food supply/clean food. (Developing countries use it as a form of birth control as prolactin suppresses ovulation. Breastfeeding is 98% effective if 1) there is no return to menstrual period, 2) the mother is fully breastfeeding, 3) the baby is < 6 months.

Hatch Act of 1887

Established the agricultural experiment stations, which conducted research to provide information for improving agriculture.

Factors affecting income distribution

General: disparity in income distribution and under nutrition especially in developing countries. Causes: in a free market economy: wage rate (w) = value of marginal product. High skilled labor vs. Low skilled labor and VMP.

Economies of scale

Generally exist when the smallest efficient sized plant is large relative to the size of the market, and smaller firms face significantly higher costs of production.

Geological soil erosion

Geologic soil erosion: natural wearing away of land surface by water, wind or ice (proceeded agriculture) • Ag not only culprit...construction sites, highway construction lead to erosion.

The grade of a slaughter barrow or gilt with indications of acceptable quality is determined on the basis of the following equation:

Grade = (4.0 X last rib backfat thickness, inches) - (1.0 X muscling score). EX Muscle Score = 2, Last rib fat = 1.1, 4 x 1.1= 4.4 - 2 (muscle score) = final grade 2.4

Hydrous mica and illite

Hydrous mica and illite (CEC = low, 2:1 lattice of silica to alumina sheets) • Similar to montmorillonite but does not expand and is not sticky • K+ ions in the interlayers hold the sheets too tightly for water penetration • Widespread in soils • Muscovite mica, the most common form • KAl3Si3O10(OH)

Short run

In the short run we determine the least combination of labor and variable inputs, given the business's existing fixed resource technology. Production will occur during this period. There are two business decisions faced in the short run that pertain to input use: the least combination of inputs to produce a given level of output and the least combination of inputs and outputs constrained by a given budget.

Isoquant

Is a curve that represents the combination of two inputs that result in a particular (same) level of output. An isoquant consists of a locus of point that correspond to an equal or identical level of output. -As the quantity of labor increases, less capital is necessary to produce a given level of output. -As the quantity of capital increases, less labor is necessary to produce a given level of output.

Empirical evidence of convergence

It is mixed. India and china provide support to Kuznets premise. During the 19980 2014 period, India's income increased 135%, china's income increased 243%, rich countries grew only 24%, Latin America and Africa do not support the premise.

Marginal Utility

It is represented by the slope of the utility curve between any two points. Marginal Utility is derived from consumption of an additional unit of a good, holding everything constant. (Change in total utility / change in consumption) Marginal utility can be negative and will decline once TU reaches its max point.

Arc elasticity

Measures Average price elasticity between two points on the demand curve.

Carl Perkins Vocational education Act of 1984

Replaced the vocational education act of 1963. Affecting funding and have more funding for special populations.

Rental Rate of capital

The cost of capital broadly defined; the price you would have to pay to rent all the inputs used to produce the business's product.

The expenditures approach

The expenditures approach measures activity in the product market.

Rate of interest

The lower (higher) the market rate of interest, the higher (lower) the level of planned investment.

Countries wealth

The richest 24 countries have <10% of the world's population, > 45% of world production. The poorest 50 countries have > 34% of the world population, < 5% of world's population. The poorest 40% population had 5% of the global income. The richest 20% had ¾ of the global income. The top 1% earned 15% share all pretax income, top 20% earned 53% of nations pretax income, bottom 60% earned less than 30% of total income.

Speed

The speed of forward motion is judged by two factors while welding: The bead width. The bullet-nose shape of the ripples at the rear of the molten weld pool. If the speed is proper, the back of the weld pool will have bullet-nose shaped ripple, if the rear of the weld pool is less curved or straight, the travel speed is too low, if the pool is more pointed, the speed is to high.

Soil potassium

The total amount of K found in most soils is sufficient to last several decades, yet the low solubility of micas and feldspar supplies only small amounts of K. Decomposition of fresh residue releases K+. K affects cell division, formation of carbohydrates, translocation of sugars, enzyme actions, resistance of some plants to disease. (Potash) Potash reserves are large,especially in Canada (Us imports 90%)

In formulating protein in diets for non-ruminants

emphasis is on balancing amino acids.

In formulation protein in diets or rations for RUMINANTS

emphasis is on balancing the protein digested in the rumen with protein that escapes rumen degradation.

Feeding involve meeting nutrient requirements (5)

energy (glucose), protein (amino acids), fats ( fatty acids), mineral " elements", and vitamin "compounds".

Roughages defined

feedstuffs that are bulky, high in crude fiber, and lower in digestible energy and crude protein.

Food supply

food, the second component of the equation. Due to rising food production Malthus failed to see this as it grows faster than the population during the second half of the twentieth century. Nutrient availability/capita increased by 25%. Availability of calories person/day grew from 2196 in 1961 to 2870 in 2011

Primary Minerals

formed by the cooling of molten rock

low hydrogen

has low hydrogen in flux, medium to high carbon, same characteristics of fill freeze, weld produced that have resistance to cracking under high stress and vibration. Use of low hydrogen electrodes can reduce or eliminate the need for preheating medium carbon steels and thick weld sections.

Pessimistic views

high standard of living for 2 billion, current production not sustainable, less yield without chemical use, expansion to marginal lands. Lester brown (2015)- already reached the limits of land for agriculture. The Sahel region of Africa is already turning into a dust bowl. China can't expand.

Gradient

is the difference between the water potential in two regions of the soil.

Market Demand (aggregate demand)

is the horizontal sum of the individual demand for a product from buyers in the market. Ex. A + B = Market demand.

Compost

is the microbial decomposition of piled organic materials into partially decomposed residues. The process is best done aerobically. To destroy pathogens exact temperatures for determined lengths of times must be reached inside the compositing mixtures, such as about 71 C (160F) for an hour or more.

Marketing Bill

is the portion of food expenditures associated with the activities of firms beyond the farm gate. (represents 81% of every dollar spent on food. The marketing bill is the difference in dollars between the farm value and consumer expenditures for food produced in the US.

Consumptive Use (CU)

is the quantity of water lost by evapotranspiration plus that contained in plant tissues.

Climate change and agriculture areas

projected increase in temperature: 0.3- 4.8 by 2100. Projected rise in seas level 10 inches to 32. Since 1880, temperature increase 0.8 and sea levels 8 inches. It is not significant enough for worldwide availability of agriculture land.

Characteristics of farms in developing countries

small farms, abundant and relatively cheap labor, labor intensive traditional farming, lack of repair shops. Machinery must be developed for small scale farms, but technology is biased toward large scale operation.

Physical characteristics

soil compaction due to heavy machinery, seed germination problem, water logging due to poor drainage. Result: loss of productivity.

Paleosols

soils formed mostly in previously existing climates and may now be buried. Most of these oils formed during the quaternary period (ice age to recent)

Nutrient

something that nourishes an animal, an element required in the diet for normal function of life processes.

Law of the Minimum (Liebig)

states that the growth of plants is limited by the essential element present in the least relative amount. Each essential element is needed by a plant in some minimum amount. At whatever tie when one element is absent or available in an amount below its critical minim is the one that retards plant growth. Essential nutrients include potassium, carbon, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, silica, and hydrogen. Silica has been removed and viewed as beneficial rather than essential.

Marginal input cost (MIC)

the cost of an additional input.

5) Platy

these structures require force to separate horizontal soil layers. Frost heaving, fluctuating water tables, compaction, and thin layering of different textured alluvium or lacustrine material can aid the formation of plates.

Factors that control the rate of water movement in soil

% sand, silt, and clay, Soil structure, organic matter, depth of soil to impervious layers, amount of water in the soil, soil temperature, and compaction.

Managing crops in salt affected soils

1) Maintain Fc during early growth (this dilutes salts and lessens their toxicity), 2) prevent crusting of soil to reduce emergence damage irrigate often but in smaller amounts, 3) Use organic mulches to slow evaporation, 4) Ridge till and plant on ridge sides, 5) use tolerant crops- few some varieties of grains and cotton, and halophytes, 6) Deep plowing can bury salinized salts.

Long run

A business has the time to expand the size of its operations, and all costs become variable. During the long run the capital structure of the firm can be adjusted to its least cost level that occurs when the MRTS of capital for labor is equal to the input price ratio.

Long run planning curve must consider what and indicates what?

A business must consider a relevant range of minimum cost when deciding how big a business should be. The LAC also indicates the minimum per unit cost at which any output can be produced after adjusting the business's size.

Alluvial Fan (From water)

A fane or cone shaped deposit of sediment. It is created as flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or steep walls of canyons.

Effects on input price changes

A firm will use less of an input as its per unit cost rises. The relative price of labor (wage rate / capital) falls, the iso cost line becomes flatter. When the price of labor falls (rises) relative to the price of capital, labor is substituted for capital, causing the capital/labor ratio to fall (rise). Because of diminishing marginal products, equilibrium is attained by reducing capital.

Plateaus (from rocks)

A flat elevated land from that rises sharply above the surrounding area on one side. 1/3 of the earth is covered in plateaus.

Food Science

A four member team designs a new food product or re-designs an existing one using a marketing scenario, as they covers product development and presentation, along with food safety issues. Participants use their sensory skills to evaluate and solve problems while applying sound principles in a decision making process.

Demographic transition

A pattern of population growth over time that results in an S shape curve representing total population in an industrialized economy. Changes in birth and death rate cause changes in population, these changes happen gradually over time. Population passes through four stages.

FFA Broadcasting

A team of 3 members presents an informative radio program covering one or more agricultural subjects that is current in nature and local in content. The contest assumes that the chapter has a regularly scheduled non-commercial radio program once each month over a local station.

Agricultural Issues Forum

A team of 3 to 7 students research and analyze a current agricultural issue, create a portfolio and also develop and deliver a presentation that stresses both pros and cons of their selected agricultural issue. At the event competition, members use verbal skills and presentation abilities to defend their findings and answer judges' questions.

Agricultural Skill Demonstration

A team of 3-5 members performs an actual demonstration of an agricultural skill including anything in the Agricultural Science and Technology curriculum using effective public speaking and communication methods.

Public relations

A team of between two and four FFA members develops and presents a 5-8 minute program to inform a specified target audience regarding the Texas FFA and what it represents. The presentation is developed assuming that the target audience has no knowledge of the FFA. Team members are asked questions in response to their program following the presentation.

Marketing plan

A team of three members apply practical skills in the marketing process by developing and presenting a marketing plan. The plan promotes a current or proposed agricultural product, supply or service. In competition, the team presents its plan and answers judges' questions.

Fire Extinguisher classifications

A- Used to extinguish solid material fires, they are marked with a green triangle. B- used to extinguish combustible liquid fires, they are marked with a red square with a B in the middle. C- used to extinguish electrical fires, they are marked with a blue circle with a C in the middle. D- used to extinguish combustible metal fires, they are marked with a yellow star with a D in the middle.

Hampshire

Black/white with erect ears

Historian

Develop and maintain a scrapbook of memorabilia in which to record the chapter's history. Research and prepare items of significance of the chapter's history. Prepare displays of chapter activities and submit stories of former members to the media. Assist the reporter in providing photography for chapter needs.

Safety

Electrical shock- Because the open circuit voltage is much higher for this process than for any other, extra caution must be taken.The chance that a fatal shock could be received from this equipment is much higher than from any other welding equipment. Moisture- Often water is used with PAC torches to cool the torch, improve the cutting characteristics, or as a part of a water table.Any time water is used it's very important that there be no leaks or splashes.The chance of electrical shock is greatly increased if there is no moisture on the floors, cables, or equipment. Noise- Because the plasma stream is passing through the nozzle orifice at a high speed, a loud sound is produced.The sound level increases as the power level increases.High levels of sound can have a cumulative effect on one's hearing. Light- PAC produces light radiation in all three spectrums.Large quantity of visible light, if the eyes are unprotected, will cause night blindness.Most dangerous of the lights is ultraviolet. This light can cause burns to the skin and eyes. Infrared can be felt as heat, and it is not as much a hazard. Fumes- PAC produces a large quantity of fumes that are potentially hazardous. specific means for removing them from the work space should be in place. Gases-Some of the plasma gas mixtures include hydrogen. Hydrogen is a flammable gas. Make sure that the system is leak-proof. Sparks- Danger of accidental fire is present. Use a fire watch person if excessive sparks are present.

Water Erosion

Eroded sediment is usually richest part of the soil. It fills reservoirs, lakes, and rivers and damages land. Annual cost of dredging rivers and harbors is 15x more than the cost of holding the soil in place. Erosion by water is classified as raindrop splash, sheet erosion, and rill and gully erosion.

Pediments (from rocks)

Erosion formed bedrock slopes with a shallow, loose covering of soil.

Reclaming salty soils

Establish internal drainage, replace excess sodium if need, leach out soluble salts.

Morill Act of 1890

Established for African Americans such as Prairie View A&M.

Morrill Act of 1994

Established for American Indians throughout the northern plains.

Vocational education amendments of 1968

Established vocational education for handicapped (VEH) program. Special needs students as part of federal law.

Capillary mechanism

Example: the movement of water up a wick (defying gravity!) • Two forces cause capillarity: • Attraction of water for the solid (adhesion or adsorption) • The surface tension of water (which is largely due to cohesion)

Absolute cost barrier

Exist if the unit cost of production for an established firm is lower at all levels of output than would be the case for a new entrant. In this case, there is no level of output at which a new firm could operate competitively.

Positive correlation between poverty and degradation

Given current trend- land degradation will reduce global food production by 12% resulting in 30% higher world food prices over the next 25 years (UN convention to comeback desertification, 2013). Conclusion: land degradation will lower crop yield ranging from 3% to 21%.

POA Divisions-Growing leaders, building communities, and strengthening agriculture.

Growing leaders- leadership, healthy lifestyles (AG olympics), scholarship, personal growth, and career Success. Building communities- Environmental, human resources, citizenship, stakeholder engagement, and economic development. Strengthening Agriculture- support group, Chapter recruitment, safety, Agricultural advocacy, agricultural literacy.

State FFA Degree

Have received Chapter FFA degree. Have been an active FFA member for at least 24 months. Completed at least two years (360 hours) instruction in agricultural education. Have earned and productively invested at least $1000. Participated in at least five different FFA activities above the chapter level.

American FFA Degree

Have received the State FFA Degree. Completed at least three years (540 hours) of instruction in agricultural education. Have graduated from high school at least 12 months prior to the NAtional FFA convention. Have earned and productively invested at least $7500 or have earned and productively invested $1500 and worked 2250 hours in excess of scheduled class time.

Total fixed cost (TFC)

Held constant, does not change. The difference in TVC and TC is the fixed cost

Oxyfuel gas welding and cutting safety.

High Pressure Cylinder and Flammable Gas Hazards All cylinders containing high pressure gasses should be stored in an upright position, in an approved area or room, and fastened to a rigid post or wall with steel bands or chains, and their safety caps in place. Acetylene gas must never be used at a working pressure above 15 psi. Oxygen and other gasses should not be used at pressures greater than half of the highest reading on the gauge used. When welding or cutting is completed the system must be bled of all gasses from the cylinder to the torch tip, bleed fuel gas first, then oxygen last. When the regulator is not in use, the adjusting screw must always be turned out until it feels loose.

Increase Vs decrease in prices

If the cost of a new plant and equipment were to suddenly decrease (increase), we would expect the planned investment to shift to the right (left). If the cost of new homes were to suddenly decrease (increase) in lower Slobovia, we would expect the planned investment function for new residences to shift to the right (left).

Current Setting

If the current is too low, the bead will be high with low penetration. If the current is too high the electrode will over heat and spatter excessively, the bead height will be low and result in porous bead.

Welding flames

If to much oxygen is added to the flame, we have a oxidizing flame. If to much of the fuel gas is added to the flame we will have a carburizing flame. With the right mixture of oxygen and fuel gas we have what is called a neutral flame.

Phases of a production function in relation to TPP, APP, and MPP

In Phase 1, TPP increases at an increasing rate, Both APP and MPP are increasing as well. In Phase 2, TPP increases at a decreasing rate, MPP and APP reaches its maximum at the border of Phase 1 and phase 2 and then continuously decline. However, the rate of declining of MPP was greater than APP. When TPP reaches its maximum, the MPP will become zero and will be negative in Phase 3. Thus, the most efficient use of the variable input happens in the boundary of the Phase 1 and phase 2. However, it will not give all the information for the managers to take a decision. -Whenever MPP is above APP, APP is increasing, and whenever MPP is below APP, APP is decreasing (Baseball players can raise their batting average by only raising their daily batting average (marginal value) above their current season average.)

Plants tolerant to acidity

Include tea, pineapples, blueberries, coffee, and azalea. They can do this because of immobilization in the cell wall, selective permeability to Al at the cellular membrane, a plant induce pH barrier in the rhizosphere, and compartmentation of Al in the vacuole.

Impact of global warming on agriculture production-

Increase in temperatures: good/bad depending on crops. Some areas will become warmer, others, colder; some wetter, others drier. Severity of extreme weather will increase. Rising sea levels will flood coastal areas and force sea water into fresh water sources.

Output index

Is a percentage comparison of values between a fixed point or a reference, benchmark, or base period. To calculate divide the production in the given year by the production level given in the base period. (P/B) Base value= 1.00, will always be 1 or 100.

Demand

Is the consumers willingness to buy different amounts of goods at different prices. Holds everything else constant: Income, taste, and goods. It always has a negative slope.

Producer surplus

Is the economic return above the firm's cost of production. The area above the market supply curve and below market price represents the producer surplus accruing to businesses participating in the market. It represents the measure of gain in economic welfare the businesses receive from producing a particular product in the current period. (PS of an area= 1/2*P X Q)

Solute (osmotic) potential

Is the effects of dissolved substances on the ability of water to do work. Liquids move in response to differences in osmotic potential (the process of "osmosis") • Only if a semipermeable membrane exists • Allowing water through but preventing movement of the solute -Water containing solutes (Salts) is less able to do work than pure water. It is always negative.

Market Demand or aggregate demand

Is the horizontal sum of the individual demand schedule (Consumer A + B for 5 dollars = market demand)

Discount rate

Is the interest rate banks pay when they borrow reserves through the discount window at one of the 12 reserve district banks. They can borrow money to increase their loan amount.

Marginal rate of technical substitution

Is the rate at which the producer substitutes one input for the other without changing the output level. It is given by the (slope of the Isoquant) and will always be DIMINISHING. It is found by change in capital / change in labor. When labor is substituted for capital along an isoquant (output remaining unchanged), the MRTS of capital for labor falls.

The Engel curve

Is the schedule that shows how many units of a good the consumer will purchase at different income levels; all other factors remain constant. From this relationship, goods may be classified as normal or inferior.

Soil sampling guidelines

Many laboratories request samples from the top 30cm (root zone) for no till fields and sod crops, this depth may be shallows. Cost and time usually determine the number of samples taken. Tests should be done every year on new crop land; once crops needs and soil attributes are known, once every 2-3 years.

The Chinese famine (1959-1961)

Mao's great leap forward. Collectivization began in 1952, In 1958 there were untested production methods, and from 1959-1960 increase in food exports to repay foreign debt, 1959-1961 there were unfavorable crop growing conditions. This resulted in 30 million peopling dyeing 2/3 due to the wrong policy. This led to a devolution of power to province.

Parent Material

Material that Horizons A and B developed from

Colluvium (from glaciers)

Materials that accumulates at the base of a steep slope.

Matric Potential

Matric potential is the effects of surface adsorption on the ability of water to do move (work) • the adhesion (attraction) of water to the soils (matrix -> matric) that significantly reduces the energy state of water near particle surfaces As soils become drier, matric potentials increase. Plant roots need to exert more energy to extract this tightly held water thus it is always negative. Matric potential is approximately equal to the total water potential for most practical applications.

Cow/calf (beef cattle)

Maximize utilization of pasture, supplement pasture when needed 20 to 30% crude protein cubes, tubs, or liquids. Practice pasture rotation and monitor stocking rate.

Iodine deficiency

May be caused by goiter and makes children slow learners. Is the greatest single cause of mental retardation. 2 billion people have insufficient intake.

Nature of clays

Most clays are crystalline meaning they are composed of repeating arrangement of atoms. The majority of clays are made up of planes of O atoms 70-85% by volume. Si and Al atoms hold the O planes together by ionic bonding. The ions Fe, Zn, Mg, and K occur in the lattice structure of clays as well.

Common liming material

Most common liming materials include: Calcic limestone (CaCO3), Dolomitic limestone (CaMg(CO3)2), Lime from bottom of small freshwater ponds, soft limestone in ocean bottoms, furnace slag, ground oyster shells, and wood ashes.

Soluble salts

Most soluble salts in soils are composed of the cations sodium, calcium, and magnesium, and the ions chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Sourced from naturally occurring minerals (parent material) which causes irrigation water containing salts (fertilizer,minerals) 3 tons salt / acre.

Manufacturing Stainless Steel

Most stainless steel is produced in an electric arc furnace. It goes through the same furnace process as regular steel and goes through extra decarburization. Most stainless steel is poured into ingots, with improved operations to provide a high quality surface finish

Plasma machines

Most, if not all, of the light portable plasma cutters are 110 volt machines.Suited primarily for cutting sheetmetal and other light work. The next level up are the 220 volt machines with 50 to 80 amp output current. These are portable from the standpoint that one person can put it on a truck and take it to the job.

Diffusion

Movement down a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Regions of low concentration is region of plant root caused by active uptake of less soluble and less abundant nutrients (K,P)

Mass flow

Movement of dissolved plant nutrients in water flowing toward the root. Most important mechanisms for soluble and abundant elements (N, Ca, Mg, S)

Torch positions

Moving the torch in the direction that the tip is pointing is called forehand welding. Welding Positions: Flat Horizontal (fillet and groove) Vertical (up and down) Overhead

N2 fixation nonsymbiotic

N2 fixation by free living microorganisms, then release it for plant use when they die and are decomposed.

Profit maximizing level of output

Occurs in the short run at the output level at which MC= MR. The competitive business takes the market price as given by the marketplace and makes its production decisions by equating MC= MR.

AG Education/Core Curriculum

Often times AG education is looked down upon and more times than not viewed as a blow off class. In doing so AG classes are not made a priority and often find themselves filled with students who aren't meant to be in an AG program due to the educational system. This is why it is essential to work hand and hand with counselors. By offering core curriculum classes such as advanced animal science, floral design, and business students are given the opportunity to earn there required core curriculum classes in science, art, and math while participating in agriculture. This allows AG classes to expand further and be put off the back burner.

Ov (volumetric water content)

Om(pb)= Ov

Running a bead

Once the welding arc is struck and stabilizes, the weld pool will form. To run a good bead in SMAW, the following factors must be controlled manually by the welder: Arc gap distance or arc length, Speed, Bead width, Electrode angle or position, Arc length will be about 3/16" to ¼", or longer than the width of the rod. One way to check for proper arc length is to listen to the sound of the arc. A proper arc length will produce a crackling or hissing sound similar to bacon frying. Too short of an arc length will lead to the electrode sticking, and too long of a length will lead to excessive spatter.

To increase food production and its limitations

One option is to increase total land under crops. AG land 10.4%, arable land 7.8%, permanent pasture 9.3%. Pastureland continues to increase and is consistent with change in diets - more meats and dairy. Limitations:• significant part of this potential land is hilly and has poor soil or drainage. Therefore, it is economically unfeasible. Population: increase in non-farm use (3%), Global warming: Less of coastal farm lands to floods, Degradation of farm land: leads to lower productivity.

Open Hearth

Open hearth is an older process that is no longer used in the US, but other countries still use it. Metal is placed in a large shallow basin.At each end of the basin there is a preheating stove. Air and fuel gas enter the furnace at one end after passing through one of the preheating stoves. As the fuel gas and air burn above the metal in the furnace the heat and melt the metal. The unwanted elements and impurities oxidize or burn off when the metal is heated.

Obtaining oxygen

Oxygen is obtained through various processes. One process is consists of liquefying of atmospheric air by compression and cooling. Another process is the electrolysis of water, an electric current is passed through water causing it to separate into its elements, Hydrogen and Oxygen. (double seating valve)

Valve opening on oxygen and acetylene

Oxygen tanks are opened after the acetylene all the way, while acetylene is only opened 1/4 to 1/2 turns.

Hose colors

Oxygen used for welding will be found in a green tank and hose, while acetylene will be found in a red hose.

Soil tests of phosphorus and potassium

P and K soil tests are widely used. In millions of soil samples across the US, 47% tested medium or lower for P, 43% tested medium or lower for K. Meaning levels of P and K are declining.

Aggregate demand

P3 > P1 > P2. When aggregate demand increases, farm and non farm businesses in the economy will respond to the higher prices by increasing their output and or reducing their current unsold business inventories. If aggregate demand decreases and prices fall, businesses will respond by cutting production schedules and business inventories. This will result in movement down the economy's aggregate supply curve.

General Equilibrium Vs Partial Equilibrium

Partial equilibrium focuses on a single market, assuming everything else remains constant. General Equilibrium, focuses on all markets in the economy.

Agronomy

Participants complete a 50-question written exam; identify seeds, insects, soils and crops; demonstrate knowledge of agronomic management to solve a practical problems. Teams consist of three or four members and the top three scores are tabulated for the final team score.

Stokes Law

Particle size analysis based on the simple principle: when soil particles are suspended in water they tend to sink. Because there is little variation in the density of most soil particles, their velocity of settling is proportional to the square of the radius of each particle

Structure less soil

Particles of coarse soil fail to cling together, when fine soil breaks into large clods, or when the soil is a massive, single compacted substance.

Common Torch parts

Parts of the torch Electrode Tip nozzle insulator Nozzle tip Nozzle guide Nozzles and the metal parts are usually made out of copper, and they may be plated. The plating of copper parts will help stay spatter-free longer.

Mottles

Spots of different color, usually rust colored, that indicate periods of inadequate aeration each year

Plasma

Plasma has two meanings.1) The fluid portion of blood. 2) A state of matter that is found in the region of an electrical discharge (arc). Plasma created by an arc is an ionized gas that has both electrons and positive ions whose charges are nearly equal to each other. Plasma is present in any electrical discharge.Plasma consists of charged particles that conduct the electrons across the gap. Both the glow of a neon tube and the bright fluorescent light bulb are examples of low-temperature plasmas. Plasma results when a gas is heated to a high enough temperature to convert into positive and negative ions, neutral atoms, and negative electrons. The temperature of an unrestricted arc is about 11,000°F The temperature created when the arc is concentrated to from a plasma is about 23,000°F.

Welding flaws and defects

Poor weld proportions Undercutting Lack of penetration Surface flaws and defects

Effect of other demographic characteristics

Pregnancy- future population pyramid narrows. That means increase ratio of women of child bearing age. Physical activity- In the future, more urban than rural population. Decline in physical activity, use of more machines, decreases in food requirements/capita from 1 to 4 % during 1995-2000.

Secretary

Prepare and post the agenda for each chapter meeting. Prepare and present the minutes of each chapter meeting. Place all committee reports in the secretary file. Be responsible for chapter correspondence. Maintain member attendance and activity records an issue membership cards. Have on hand for each meeting the secretary file, Copy of POA, including all standing and special committees, official FFA manual, and the official FFA student handbook, and a copy of the chapter constitution and bylaws.

President

Presides over meetings according to accepted rules of parliamentary procedure. Appoint committees and serve on them as an ex officio, non voting member. Coordinate the activities of the chapter and evaluate the progress of each division of the PA. Represent the chapter in public relation and official functions.

PAC power requirements

Requires a drooping arc voltage or constant current, direct current, high-voltage, power supply. Drooping arc voltage allows for a rapid start of the plasma arc at the high open circuit voltage and more controlled plasma arc aas the voltage rapidly droops. Ranges from 50-200 volts closed circuit. Ranges from 150-400 volts open circuit.

Positive-Pressure Torch (Oxyacetylene torch)

Requires that oxygen and the fuel gas be supplied under enough pressure to force them into the mixing chamber. The hand valves are either located at the end where the hoses connect to the torch or at the tip end of the torch body. The mixing chamber is usually located inside the torch body.

Soil phosphorus is essential in?

Second most prescribed and limiting plant nutrient. It is essential in nucleoproteins. P has roles in cell division, stimulation of early root growth, hastening plant maturity, energy transformation within the cell, and fruiting and seed production.

Aggregates

Secondary units or granules composed of many small particles held together by organic substances, iron oxides, carbonates, clays, silica. Natural aggregates are called "peds" .Clods is a term used for a mass of soil broken by artificial means.

Variability

Several teaching techniques and methods used by the teacher, appeals to a variety of the students senses. Incorporate the levels of cognition in lessons, and divide tasks into smaller segments

Growth potential

Show Weight- 230- 270 6-6 ½ months Genetics for growth potential- relationship with breeder

Iso-revenue line

Shows the different combinations of two products that a firm can sell at the same total revenue. Ex TR= P of canned fruit x cases of canned fruit + P of canned Veg x cases of canned Veg.

Production possibilities frontier (PPF)

Shows the maximum output for different combinations of two products a firm can produce, given its existing resources. The slope of the PPF is the marginal rate of product transformation.

Slope of the Iso revenue line

Shows the rate at which the market is willing to exchange one product for the other product. You cannot determine the optimal combination without knowing the price of these products. The iso revenue curve will shift or change slope as the price of the two product changes, but not if total revenue does. Ex- (-) price of vegetables / price of fruit.

Total Physical product (TPP)

Shows the relationship between output and one input, holding other inputs in the production function constant. The TTP curve will typically increase at an increasing rate, then increase at a decreasing rate, and finally decrease over a full range of potential inputs use levels. The slope of TPP is approximately equal to MPP.

Oxygen lance cutting

Similar to exothermic cutting with a burning bar. Ferrous material to be cut is preheated with Oxyacetylene torch. Hollow tube placed over the are to cut; high pressure, high volume oxygen is delivered to the cut; oxygen burns away the ferrous base metal .Requires continuous preheat of oxyacetylene cutting torch so process requires 2 people to perform cutting Cut metal thickness max 24. Equipment: Oxyfuel cutting torch outfit Oxygen system Heavy duty, high-flow regulator Oxygen hose Oxygen lance holder Adequate lengths of 1/8" or larger lance pipe PPE

Flux cutting

Similar to the metal powder cutting process, use similar equipment Uses a chemical flux powder instead of a metal powder Oxides melt at higher temperature than the base metal making it very difficult.

Exothermic cutting rod

Smaller type of burning bar, commonly referred as Exothermic cutting rod Combination of fuel, heat, and oxygen must be present Cut at same temperature as big burning bars Limiting Factor: Volume of molten metal Volume of oxygen Advantages: Smaller diameter pins Same thickness metal almost as fast as big burning bars. Equipment: Specifically designed handheld rod holder Exothermic cutting rods Copper striker plate 12-volt battery Oxygen supply with pressure regulator Oxygen hose Welding cables to holder and striker plate.

Increased irrigation can lead to

Soil erosion, water pollution through chemical runoff, global warming through rice and cattle production, salt water coming into aquifers and surface.

Soil erosion

Soil erosion- wind, water, plowing exposure, lack of cover crops, loss of nutrients, shallow root structure, no water retention, uneven terrain, end result: loss of productivity.

Soil Porosity (Ep)

Soil pore space: the portion of soil volume not occupied by mineral or organic solids. Ep= 1.00-(bulk density/particle density(100)).

Changing age structure

Some countries will have demographic dividend, while some countries will face aging population implications for working age people: Shortage of labor, higher social security taxes, slow economic growth, role of immigration, problem of assimilation.

Advisor

Supervise chapter activities year-round.Inform prospective students and parents about the FFA.Instruct students in leadership and personal development. Build school and community support for the program. Encourage involvement of all chapter members in activities. Prepare students for involvement in contests and leadership programs.

Side dressing/top dressing

Surface of shallow band application put on after the crop is growing. Not very effective for P & K. It can be broadcast, stripped on the soil or inserted.

Urea CO(NH2)2

Synthetic organic fertilizer. Cheaper per pound of N than another Solid N; 45% N. Is not absorbed by plants until the N is converted by urease enzyme to ammonium.

TEKS

TEKS are a coherent sequence. They are the pathway students follow as they gain the foundation required to advance through difference courses.

TR, TC, TVC, TFC, S, PS

TR=P X Q, TC= ATC x Q, TVC= AVC x Q, S=MC, PS= TR-TC.

Money Multiplier

Tells us how much the change in reserves will change the money supply. MM= (1.o/RR), MS=MM X TR, Change MS = (1.0/RR)X Change TR= MM x TR.

Previous Question

Terminate discussion on the motion, or motion, before the chapter and secure an immediate vote.

Meaning of the FFA Emblem

The Cross section of the ear of corn- Provides the foundation for the emblem just as corn has provided the foundation in American Agriculture. The rising sun- Signifies progress and holds a promise that tomorrow will bring a new day, glowing with opportunity. The Eagle- Is a national symbol which serves as a reminder for freedom and to explore new horizons for the future of agriculture. The plow- The plow signifies labor and tillage of the soil, the backbone of agriculture and the historic foundation of our country's strength The Owl- Recognized for its wisdom and symbolized the knowledge required to be successful in agriculture.

Soil Erosion

The REMOVAL of soil by water and wind. Well aggregated soils resist erosion, but pulverized silts and fine sands are easily eroded.

Feed bunk management

The definition of feed bunk management is to deliver a consistent, nutritious, fresh ration in a manner designed to optimize DM intake while minimizing waste and spoilage. T

Demand curve

The demand curve shows different amounts of a good that a consumer is willing to buy at different price levels, at a point in time, holding everything else constant. The constants are income, taste and preferences, and the price of related goods. Only the price of the good in question will change.

Bulk Density (Pb)

The density of a volume of soil only after water is removed. (dry soil weight / soil volume) Volume= 3.144(pie) (d/2)2 (height)

Particle density (Pp)

The density of only solid soil particles only, no water. (particle weight / soil volume) AVG. 2.65 g/cm3

Currency drains

The desire of individuals to hold currency rather than deposit funds in a bank or other depository institutions.

Explain the basics of the film on feedlot cattle ration management

The effect of daily conditions on the production of feed, consumption, profit, and bunk life of rations.

Pressure (hydrostatic) potential

The effect of gases or from overhead water on the ability of soil water to do work. -Pressurized water can flower further and fasters and thus is capable of doing more work than non-pressurized soil. -Water can be under pressure due to gas pressures in the soil or to overhead water (i.e. free water sitting on top of the water in question) Overhead water is encountered under three conditions: - The water in question is below the water table - The soil surface has ponded water (cover with stagnant water) - The soil surface is flooded (covered with flowing water) -In most field environments, other than wetlands or fields ponded from recent rains, the pressure potential is ZERO.

Nitrogenase (monera)

The enzyme involved in the biological dinitrogen cycle. This enzyme lowers the active energy (needed to cause the reaction to occur). The fixation progresses in reduction stages from dinitrogen (N=N) through intermediates (HN= NH and H2H-NH2 to produce 2NH3 that is transformed (NH3) into organic compounds such as amino acids.

Maximal tolerable energy

There is no foreign land; it is the traveler that is foreign. There is no foreign animals, it is the physio-chemical properties of feedstuffs only that is foreign.

Materials used in iron making

There is very little pure iron found in nature, it is mined from the earth in the form of iron ore or iron oxides mixed with impurities in the form of clay, sand, and rock. The most important types of iron ore are: Hematite (red iron) 70% iron by weight Magnetite (black) 72.4% iron by weight Limonite (brown) 63% iron by weight Siderite (iron carbonite) 48.3% iron by weight A good flux is required to melt and combine with the impurities in the molten ore. It forms compounds with the impurities and separates out of the molten iron, leaving behind a purer form that can be processed into steel or other alloys. This is called reduction or smelting. Limestone is used as flux in almost all blast furnaces. One of the best fuels for blast furnaces is coke. The coke furnishes enough heat to reduce the iron ore. Coke is produced by heating soft coal in a closed container until the gasses and impurities are driven off.

Non-ruminants and ruminants differ in the NUMBER and type of digestive compartments (Poultry, Horses, and Ruminants)

They all have a gastric pouch, SI, LI. Poultry have a crop, and two ceca. Horse and rabbits have a functional cecum. Ruminants have a rumen, reticulum, and omasum.

Rabbits

They are strict herbivores and have an extremely sensitive digestive system as compared to ruminants. Digestion of fiber is different from ruminants and fiber is eliminated from the gut rapidly.

Soft surfacing metals

They are usually nonferrous metals. They can be applied by dipping, electroplating, spraying, brazing, and soldering.

Fungi

They lack the ability to use sunlight, they live on dead or living animal or plant tissue (decomposers). They include unicellular yeasts, filament molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and mushrooms. 1g of soil may contain 10^6 fungi cells. They require O2, but can tolerate acidic conditions. In well aerated soil, fungi usually comprise most of the biomass. They readily attack cellulose (woody material, lignins, gums. Compete with crops for nutrients N, P, K.

Horse Judging

This CDE allows members to observe and evaluate in order to rank horses based on breed characteristics and conformation. Performance classes are evaluated within various equestrian styles. American Quarter Horse standards are used in performance classes. Three or four member teams with the top three scores counting toward team score.

Nursery Landscape

This CDE encourages members to apply their landscaping, marketing and service skills as they complete a written exam, identify various landscaping plant materials and evaluate plant materials and landscape plan

Reclaiming sodic and saline sodic soils

This is not the same as salinized (replace Na with Ca by applying gypsum), irrigation work work as the soil is clogged, deep plowing may work can bury salinized salts. Sodic soils with montmorillonite clays are nearly impervious to water because of pore clogging from deflocculation. While gypsum is the standard to reclaim solid soils, sulfuric acid 57% efficient, sulfur 18%, Lime 75%, iron sulfate 162%.

Special metals: Titanium, lithium, Zirconium, Beryllium.

Titanium is an important structural metal and 4th most abundant metal found behind aluminum, iron, and magnesium. It has various applications in the aircraft, chemical, and transportation industries. Lithium- is primarily a brazing metal, use to braze titanium Zirconium- is a rare metal found combine with silicon used as a lining for high temperature furnaces. It oxides easily strengthened by oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Beryllium- has a high thermal and electrical conductivity and high heat absorption rate making it hard to weld. Inert-gas, resistance, ultrasonic, electron-beam, and diffusion welding processes can be used to weld it. Brazing and soldering have also been used to join beryllium.

Discharge a Committee

To permit an assembly to again consider a question that was previously placed in a committee.

Monera (bacteria)

Unicellular microorganisms, number in soils usually exceeds that of all other microorganisms, although fungi may exceed bacteria in weight. 1g of soil may contain 100M bacteria and may include 1M species. (Include Autotrophic, heterotrophic, symbiotic, N2 fixing, and bacterial diseases).

Broadcasting

Uniform surface application. May be left on surface or mixed in with plowing or disking. Irrigation may moved soluble fertilizer down in soils. Low efficiency, but this method is easy and cheap.

Ahluwalla and curter (1979)

Used time series, cross country date on growth and income from 12 countries for 10 years. There conclusions showed that countries with the highest growth rate in per capita income succeeded in reducing income inequality.

Sodium absorption ratio (SAR)

Used to determine the Na content or potential sodium content of the soil with years of irrigation containing Na. When a soil SAR is 13 equals it will have poor permeability (Equivalent to 15% ESP).

Total Neutralizing power or CaCO3 equivalent

Used to express the relative chemical value of lime. If a lime is chemically pure calcium carbonate (calcite), the calcium carbonate equivalent is 100. If all the lime is in the calcium carbonate form, but it is only 85% pure, the CCE is 85. Refer to calculations 8-1 pg. 235. Limestone is seldom pure, it formed in ocean bottoms with silt and clay sediments.

Feeding standards ard determination of what?

Voluntary consumption, metabolizable energy, metabolizable protein, mineral and vitamin supplements, and diet/ration formulation.

Hunger

Want or scarcity of food in a country. Global and long term in nature. Famines get more attention even though hunger affects more people. Hunger kills 3 million people each year or 1 every 10 people.

POA organization

chapters build their program of activities around their committee structure. Committee structure will depend on : size of chapter, involvement of members, number of activities to complete, school and community support, member of advisors.

Tactical management

consists of taking short-run actions that keep the business moving along that course until the destination is reached. Once all long-term strategies are developed, tactical decisions are to be made to implement the operation plan. The extent of the management may vary from a simple till the field to which internet service should be purchased.EX. Location and time of marketing the crop rations of feed to livestock hiring for harvest for milking

Global over nourishment

consuming >3,400 calories/person/day

Drumlins (from glacier)

convex hills formed as the ice met hard rock hills causing them to scrape together.

Igneous

cooled molten rock (cooled magma)

Budget constraints

defines the feasible set of consumption choices facing a consumer. This constraint depends upon the prices of goods in question and the income available to a consumer.

Agricultural contributions to greenhouse gases- Implications

deforestation, 24% Carbon dioxide, ruminant 37% methane, Rice production 13 % methane. All these are parts of human activities. Rice farmers can switch from animal manure to commercial fertilizer to reduce methane production. • Increase in demand for food means increase in agricultural activity and more emissions of greenhouse gases. In the short term, we will continue to use the current technology. In the long term, we need new technology to impact environmental changes.

Saline seeps

develop on several kinds of layered substrate, but all have water moving in a downslope direction within the soil (recharge area), usually above a low permeability geologic layer and probably dissolving more salts as it flows. The water eventually seeps to a soil surface at some low elevation (seep area), where it is evaporated or transpired, leaving salt accumulations.

Series

differentiated based on observable and Mapp able soil. Soils in the same series have the same color, texture, structure, consistency, thickness, and PH and have the same number of arrangements of horizons and similar chemical and mineralogical properties.

Water can be saved without compromising production:

drip irrigation, land terracing, dry land farming, new crop varieties that require less water or salt, aquaculture, hydro crops, new crop varieties that require less water or salt water.

Extrusive

forms when molten magma under the earth's crust is exposed on the surface or at different depths in the earth which forms igneous rocks. They cool rapidly and appear glassy and amorphous as they have no crystals.

Symbiosis

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Strategic management process

o 1) Define the mission of the business- A mission statement is a short description of why the business exists. I should emphasize the special talents and concerns of each farm and business and its managers. o 2) Formulate the goals of the business-Not all farm managers will have the same goals, even when their resources are similar. This is because people have different values. Goals should be written, specific, measurable, and have a timetable. o 3) Assess the resources of the business (Internal scanning)- Physical resources which land is the most critical physical resource. Human resources- the skills of the operators and other employees often determines the success or failures of certain enterprises. Financial resources- even when physical and human resources are met, capital may be limiting. o 4) Survey the business environment (external scanning)- critically analyzing the business environment. Determining consumer demand; inputs (seeds, fuel, etc) o 5) identify and select strategies that will reach the goals. Business strategies that may affect this are low volume high value, high volume low value, special service provider, and part time operators. o 6) Implement and refine the selected strategies- The managers must formulate action steps, place them in a timetable, and execute them promptly. In some cases, a formal business plan will be developed and presented to potential lenders or partners.

Scarce Resources

o Natural resources- Ex. Land and mineral deposits. The quality of these natural resources differs greatly from region to region. o Biological resources- Ex. Livestock, wildlife, and different genetic varieties of crops. o Human resources- Services provided by laborers and management to the production of goods and services that also are considered scarce. Ex. Labor, Management. o Manufactured resources (Capital)- These are machines, equipment, and structures. A product that has not been used up in the year it was made also is considered a manufactured resource. Ex. Inventories of corn raised, but not fed to livestock or sold to agribusiness.

MRS (Marginal rate of substitution)

rate at which one customer is willing to substitute one good for another without changing the total level of utility. The marginal rate of substitution falls as one moves down an indifference curve. Marginal rate = (Change in Y / Change in X)

Growing/finishing (feedlots) Beef cattle

ration management and bunk management films shown. Consistency of feed delivered to bunks. Animal density needs for animals (movement in pens, and bunk space for eating)

Real or constant dollar values

refer to economic measure for which adjustments to inflation or deflation have been made. To find the real value divide the nominal/price index (CPI).

Nominal or current dollar values

refer to economic measures for which no adjustments to inflation or deflation have been made. Ex. Suppose your annual income in 1980 was 25,000 and that at present it is 50,000. Your nominal income today is twice that of 1980.

Consumer Equilibrium

refers to the condition where in the slope of the budget line and the slope of the indifference curve are equal. As well, the marginal utilities per dollar spent on the goods in question must be equal. At the consumer equilibrium point, we realized the quantity of goods or services that maximizes total utility subject to the budget constraint. o Price of hamburgers / price of tacos = MU hamburgers / MU tacos o Mu hamburgers / price of hamburgers = MU tacos / price of tacos

Aerobic (bacteria)

require free gaseous oxygen source; includes most active decomposers; most populous bacteria.

Undernutrition/ malnourished

serious problem for infants and children because their immune systems are not fully developed. More likely to develop disease and have more severity, frequency, and more complications. It is a fatal issue especially in developing countries. Children in Sub Saharan Africa are 15x more likely to die than in developed countries. Malnutrition is responsible for more than ½ of these deaths. Mid to moderately malnutrition group accounts for more deaths (83%) because its much larger than the severely malnourished (17%). Infant mortality x2 with each 10% declines below 80% or median weight for age. The risk of death decreases after the second year of life. There is a significant difference in undeveloped countries Vs. Developed.

Completed POA

should be provided to all members, should be approved by all members, can be used as an informational tool to parents, administration, school board, advisory committee and others.

Loess ( from wind)

small sized soil materials that were wind deposited, many following the last glacial period. Predominantly silt is blown appearing yellow.

SMAW (shielded metal arc welding)

uses an electrode to deliver a high amount of amperage to the base metal to melt it, melt the electrode and fuse the two metals together. • Characteristics- uses an electrode rod that is quickly consumed. Simple equipment, inexpensive, highly portable. Uses an electrode that provides and regulates its own flux, provides all position flexibility. Less sensitive to winds or drafts.

Change in quantity demand

when consumers change their expenditures because the price of the product changes, a change in quantity demand occurs. Ex. If the price of a product falls from a to b the quantity demanded will increase from Qa to Qb. Similarly, an increase in the price of product A and B would lead to a decrease in Qa to Qb. (will be price only)

Changes in quantity demanded

when consumers change their expenditures because the price of the product changes, a change in quantity demand occurs. Ex. If the price of a product falls from a to b the quantity demanded will increase from Qa to Qb. Similarly, an increase in the price of product A and B would lead to a decrease in Qa to Qb. (will be price only)

Impact on labor productivity: Liel, US department of State, Straus and Thomas, and Paul Schults.

• Liet all. - Chinese cotton mill workers, women were given iron supplement. For each one gram increase in hemoglobin, women's productivity increased by 14%. • US department of state (1976)- Study found a high correlation between nutritional status and physical work capacity among US and Colombian farm workers. • Straus and Thomas Study- In brazing, lower wages were not just because of less education, but also because of low height or BMI. Higher wages of taller people with higher BMI. Poorly nourished are more likely to be unemployed. • Paul Schultz (1999)- Studied Ghana and Ivory coast.

Gravimetric method or mass water content (Om)

• Mass water content (θm) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (H2O content = mass of wet - dry) /𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛−𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡er

Managing Wind Erosion

• Residue management through conservation tillage, Cover crops, Cropping systems that avoid bare soil during off‐season, Wind break's.

Commodity surplus (market disequilibrium)

At prices above the market clearing price Pe, there would be an excess quantity supplied by businesses.

Commodity shortage (market disequilibrium)

At prices below the market clearing prices, an excess quantity demanded. (If a shortage exists, buyers would compete for available supplies by offering to pay higher prices. This will encourage firms to raise and market more of this commodity. This adjustment process will stop after prices have risen from Pd (disequilibrium) to Pe (equilibrium).At this point the quantity demanded will be exactly equal to the quantity supplied, and marked equilibrium will be restored.

Reserve Requirements: Legal, Required, Excess

Banks are required to reserve a fraction (20%) of their customers deposits. 1)Legal reserves: Consist of deposits held at the institutions district federal reserve bank plus vault cash, 2) Required: The Minimum weekly Average that banks must hold, 3) Excess: Difference between total reserves and required reserves (loanable funds).

Horizon R

Bedrock

Green revolution

Began in Mexico in the 1940's. Norman Borlaug (1970 Nobel prize). Problem of wheat ruse. developed HYN of wheat. HYV plants produce higher yield because: more responsive to fertilizer, dwarf varieties, so no lodging problem, use photosynthetic energy of pant more efficiently. For each Kg of fertilizer old seed 10KG New 25KG. Global fertilizer increase, same tech on other crops.

Gastropods (animalia)

Belly footed organisms; feed on decaying vegetation, but will eat and damage living plants. Ex: Slugs and snails.

Brazing and soldering

Brazing is done when two metals, which are not melted, are joined with a third metal that melts at temperatures above 840 degrees, but below the melting point of the metals joined. Ex two pieces of steel with a silver alloy. Soldering occurs when two metals, which are not melted, are joined by a third metal that has a melting point below 840 degrees. Ex copper to steel with a tin alloy.

Marginal land

Bringing new land in production means marginal land and that can cause permanent damage to the soil. Keeping degraded land in agriculture means lower yields and permanent damage to the soil.

Exothermic cutting principles

Burning bars was developed in the early 1960s by two Swiss engineers Wire filled pipes containing aluminum and magnesium, heated to kindling temperature, will burn as long as Oxygen is forced through pipe. Can cut same materials as oxygen lance pipe, nonferrous metals, concrete. Cut doesn't require preheating. Process is combine correct volume of fuel, oxygen and heat, the chemical reaction of oxidation continues. Generic names: Lance bars, Mag bars, Lance rods, Mag rods, Thermic torches

Future profit effect

Business expectations of rising (declining) future profits will shift investment function to the right (left).

Price Taker

Businesses supplying goods in a perfectly competitive market are price takers as they accept the price of the product as given.

Health hazards in the welding enviornment

Carbon monoxide, inert gasses in confined locations, coating on metals, ultraviolet rays, welding fumes.

Cast Iron

Cast iron is usually made by melting and deoxidizing pig iron in a cupola furnace or an electric induction furnace. After processing it is poured into mold where it solidifies. Two different types of cast iron: Gray Cast Iron - is simply an iron casting that has been cooled slowly. White Cast Iron - is made by cooling the casting quickly. Very hard, brittle, and difficult to machine.

Metal processes

Casting - pouring metal into a sand or permanent mold to produce an object. Rolling Mill - rolls ingots into more usable rough stock shapes such as: rods, squares, angle and channel iron. Forging - is used to obtain shaped parts that are stronger than castings and that cannot be easily formed by rolling. Extrusion - is a process in which a metal is pushed with great force through dies that are cut in the shape of the desired cross section. Drawing - is a process of pulling metal through dies to form wires, tubing, and moldings

Comparative numbers for Texas

Cattle on feed (Texas ranks #1 being part of 20% of the US), Cows and calves (Texas ranks #1 being part of 6% of U.S.), Horses (Texas ranks number one being part of 9% of US), Sheep and goats (Texas ranks #1 being part of 19% of US)

Vitamin B

Causes mental and nerve disorders and skin problems.

Marginal Cost

Change in total cost / Change in output or Change or Change in TVC / Change in output. MC will cut / intersect AVC and AFC at their minimum point (stage II). Marginal cost first falls and then rises. It cuts the average total cost and average variable cost curves at their minimums.

Population characteristics and food requirements

Characteristics: There is no 1 to 1 relationship between growth and population and growth in demand for food. Change in demand for food depends upon changing characteristics of population.

Other inputs and concerns

Chemical use it is the #1 pollutant of air and water, Energy use (3 to 5% in agriculture) and global warming, pesticides and animal waste runoff and pollution, loss of genetic variety from mono cropping, nutrient runoff and related problems (water pollution), chemical use and health problems of farm workers.

Chlorites

Chlorites(low CEC, 2:1:1 lattice) • Hydrated Mg and Al clays • Structurally similar to vermiculite but the dominant cation in the octahedral sheet is Mg rather than Al • Have a strong bonded interlayer of Mg and Al hydroxides • thus the 2 silica tetrahedral layers: 1 octahedral with Mg substituted for Al : 1 interlayer) • The inner bonded layer resists swelling

Carbon dioxide

Class b and c fire extinguishers

Dry powder

Class d fires only

Wet chemicals

Class k fires

Soil Taxonomy

Classification of soils based on soils morphology (appearance and form)

Floriculture

Classroom knowledge and skills are applied as students identify and evaluate cut flowers, house plants, flowering plants, floral designs and complete an exam that tests their knowledge of floral design, propagation as well as preparation of floral and foliage products for sale.

(CROPT)

Climate, Relief, organisms (biota), parent material, time.

Surface creep

Coarser sands (0.5‐1.0mm diameter) rolled along - "surface creep"

Processing methods are classified as

Cold, Dry, Wet (hydrothermal), other

Divisions

Division 1 - Individual member / Grades 7-8 Division 2- 2 members / Grades 7-8 Division 3- Individual / Grades 9-10 Division 4- 2 members / Grades 9-10 Division 5- Individual members / Grades 11-12 Division 6- 2 members / Grades 11-12

Southern Africa (2002-2003)

Drought and floods are a reoccurring situation. Drought and heavy rains especially during the harvest season. There is poverty, lack of storage for food, and a lack of infrastructure to deliver food aid. Zimbabwe was a special case as both natural and man-made disasters (hyperinflation)

North Korean situation and response.

Drought in 1995 coupled with the end of the cold war and breakup of the Soviet Union which ended subsidized imports of energy and fertilizers. o The government response- Farmers got an adequate ration for working on state farms until the drought cut rations by 1/3 causing farmers to hide harvest, work less on the state farms, and work more on their legal and illegal private plots. This resulted in 2-3 million deaths during the 1994-1998 period.

Air carbon manually

During gouging, the airstream must be turned on before the arc is struck. Travel angle of about 70 degree angle or 2o degree angle for the base metal Electrode should extend from holder about 6" Once arc is struck withdraw to stabilize, then maintain close contact with metal being gouged.

Dairy Cattle

During this event, team members complete a written exam, evaluate dairy cattle on physical characteristics and analyze cows based on pedigree and herd record. Teams consist of three or four members and the top three scores are compiled for team results.

Meaning of the (E6011)

E- Electrode, 60- Minimum tensile strength, 3rd number is the position ( 1) flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead, 2) flat and horizontal only, 4) flat, horizontal, vertical down, overhead). 4th number is the type of coating and current.

CAC (Carbon Arc Cutting)

Earliest arc cutting processes Similar to air carbon arc cutting except no air to blow away molten metal. Equipment: AC, DC, or AC/DC welding machine Carbon electrode holder Carbon or graphite electrodes Helmet with #12-#14 shade Best position: vertical, top to bottom or downhill, metal flow away by gravity. Travel angle 20 degree from perpendicular in a crescent motion along the line of the cut. Cast iron and other metals are successfully cut with carbon arc process. Amperage is higher than welding on same thickness DCEN is normally used. Electrode should stick out an equal distance to 10x the electrode diameter Carbon electrode should be ground to very sharp point. Temperature sufficient enough to melt iron oxides formed. Important to undercut the kerf to have even cut.

Class B

Flammable liquids (grease, gasoline, diesel)

task-orientated / business like behavior

Guided teaching/learning activities. Teachers are most concerned about student learning and set forth high expectations of students carefully selecting and using appropriate teaching methods and techniques for delivering the material. Set yourself apart.

FFA Structure

It is intracurricular: component that is part of the curriculum. Each state is run by a state FFA board of directors.The State FFA Association charters local FFA chapters and National FFA organizations charters the state associations. All 50 states have chartered associations including: Guam, Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Washington D.C. and the Marshall Islands.

Total physical product

It is the total amount of output produced from the input resources used in the production and usually denoted by TPP. (0 input/yield- new yield.

Marginal

Means additional, but is synonymous with the word change.

How a PAC works

Plasma cutters work by sending an electric arc through a gas that is passing through a constricted opening. The gas can be shop air, nitrogen, argon, oxygen. etc. This elevates the temperature of the gas to the point that it enters a 4th state of matter. Scientists call this additional state plasma. As the metal being cut is part of the circuit, the electrical conductivity of the plasma causes the arc to transfer to the work. The restricted opening (nozzle) the gas passes through causes it to squeeze by at a high speed. This high speed gas cuts through the molten metal. The gas is also directed around the perimeter of the cutting area to shield the cut.A complete plasma cutter consists of a power supply, a ground clamp, and a hand torch. The main function of the power supply is to convert the AC line voltage into a user-adjustable regulated (continuous) DC current. The hand torch contains a trigger for controlling the cutting, and a nozzle through which the compressed air blows. An electrode is also mounted inside the hand torch, behind the nozzle.

Opportunity cost

Refers to the implicit cost associated with the next best alternative in a set of choices available to decision makers. Ex. The earnings forgone by attending college OR choosing 35 million making chips and cookies over option 1 for 30 million being the opportunity cost. The bottom line expressed in economic terms is whether the economic benefits, exceed the costs, including forgone income

The demographic trap/Population trap/ The Malthusian trap

Stability with high birth rates and high death rates.

Stage I production

Stage I is the point at which the MPP product lies above the APP. (Irrational)

Stage II production

Stage II is the point at which input use begins at the end of stage I and continuous until the value of the MPP product becomes 0.

Stage III production

Stage III begins at the point where input use lies to the right of Stage II, or at which the MPP is negative.

Factors related to roughage nutritive value

Stage of maturity, fertilization/management, and grazing systems.

The Ukraine Famines (1932-1933) decline in production and farmers oppositions.

Stalin's collective state farm policy (1929). There was a decline in total production due to 1) lack of agricultural machinery, 2) transportation problems, 3) inexperienced technocrat managers. Farmers had a strong opposition, especially in the Ukraine because of loss of 1) private ownership, 2) Independence, 3) freedom of decision making (policy towards Ukraine farmers) ships a given quota to urban industrial sector. Nonmembers of the collective force to ship entire crops. People resisted collectivization the most. There was Russian bias against people from the Ukraine.

POA Committee Structures (3)

Standing committee- committee that serves a function from year to year. EX- SAE's, Leadership, Recreation. Executive committee- Usually consists of chapter officers and changes each year. Special committees- Committees that may meet to plan only one event. EX- Safety Fair, Hayride, Auction.

Bajadas (From water)

formed by several alluvial fans along the base of mountains as they extend to each other and coalesce into one continuous slope.

Main issues faced by the economies of the world (6)

1) What and how much to produce? Scarce resources, increasing demand, choices: Guns and/ or butter, 2) How to produce? Nature, availability, and quality of resources input substitution (L, K), 3) Present Vs. Future consumption. Savings, investment, and more production. 4) Balanced economic growth. Widespread distribution of gains and Imbalanced growth and bottlenecks, 5) Full use of available resources. Prices change, adjustment in input use and output level, 6) Equitable distribution of income. Why do we need equitable distribution of income? What can inequality do to the social order?

Ravallion (1997 suggest)-

1) better governance (feedback loop and flow of information, 2) early warning and rapid response, 3) increase food availability (food aid, discouraging hoarding, 4) Distribution policy- cash or coupons are more effective than food distribution.

The food marketing sector in order

1) farm sector, 2) the processing sector,3) the wholesaling sector, 4/5) and the retailing and foodservice sector.

3 different types of clays Inherited, Modified, Neoformed

1) inherited clays- those deposited clays as sediments in a different climate eons ago. 2) Modified clays- clays that have been weathered after their development. 3) Neoformed clays- new clays formed by crystalline of ions in solution.

Increasing return

1) purely dimensional in nature, 2) indivisibility of inputs (larger equipment), 3) specialization (more labor and subdivide tasks and become more efficient and also by specialized equipment), 4) Volume of discounts, larger operations cost are smaller than than those of smaller businesses as they can purchase in bulk.

Pure/Perfect competition implications, MR=?=?

1) supply and demand determine price in the market, 2) producers are price takers,3) No spending ads and promotion, 4) LR economic products are zero, 5) consumers pay the lowest price, 6) Resources allocation is the optimal. (MR=AR=D)

Farm input suppliers 1-6

1) the feed manufacturing industry, 2) the fertilizer industry, 3) the agricultural chemical industry, 4) the farm machinery and equipment industry, 5) the hired farm labor market, and 6) farm lenders.

Factors contributing to increased average production/farm (5)

1)Mechanization- reduced the number of workers and produce more crops/livestock, 2) Increased job opportunities outside of agriculture, 3) Aspiration to earn a higher level of income and standard quality of life, 4) Availability of certain technology to higher scale of operation encouraged the farmers to scale up their production and thereby spread the fixed cost of the technology. 5) Operators who do not want to expand their scale started making alliances and partnerships. E.g.: Outsourcing some tasks like harvesting, raising replacement breeding stock Jointly owning machineries

Price index

Example: The price index of 0.98 in 2002 is interpreted as: relative to 2000 (base=1.00), milk prices in 2002 were lower by 2%.

Division of assembly

a method of taking a vote that physically counts members voting.

Toxoplasma gondii

a small intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect any warm blooded animal. It starts asexually within the cytoplasm. With the development of host immunity multiplication slows. Sexual multiplication occurs in the intestinal cells of cats. Transmission occurs transplacentally from ingestion of undercooked meat, and from exposure to cat feces.

Protozoans (Protista)

a unicellular organism without a cell wall. They help control microbes, but can cause serious diseases. They ingest bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, nematode larvae and eggs which hasten recycling of plant nutrients.

Iron deficiency

anemia/infection, delayed mental and behavioral development, cause of obesity in toddlers, and low work capacities due to tiredness. 43% of children under 5 and 38% of pregnant women are affected.

Exploratory SAE

are designed to help students become literate in agriculture and or become aware of possible careers in agriculture. They are appropriate for beginning for agricultural students but is not restricted to beginning students. (EX- assisting a florist, assisting on a horse farm, assisting a vet)

SMAW variables

are length, travel angle of the electrode, travel speed, manipulation

Nematodes: 3 types(animalia)

are microscopic (less than 2 mm), unsegmented, threadlike worms; they are classified according to their different feeding habits. They require moisture, not as feeding habits, but for prey. Up to 40% of soil N can be released from them. 1) Omnivorous nematodes- nematodes who live mainly on decaying organic matter and are the most common of the soils nematodes 2) Predaceous nematodes- prey on soils bacteria, fungi, algae, and even on other nematodes. 3) Parasitic nematodes- infest plant roots, causing the conspicuous knots that give visible proof of their presence. Their presence can be found in numerous vegetables and allow for pathogens which may cause more extensive damage. Sugar beets, soybean, and corn are particularly susceptible.

Cats

are obligate carnivores and require a meat based diet. They require the amino acid taurine, more of the amino acid arginine, a performed source of Vitamin A (unlike dogs), a supplemental source of vitamin D, and niacin (because it cannot be converted from tryptophan in diets).

N2 fixation symbiotic

bacteria or actinomycetes cause the formation of root nodules where they fix N2. Rates vary; usually lower when N fertilizers have been added.

Type of electrode to use

based on base metal, welding position required, common size diameter 1/8, 5/32, 3/32, and 3/16. Never use an electrode that is thicker than your base metal. You want it to be 3x the width of the electrode.

Income growth and per capita food demands

compared to population growth and demographic change, per capita income growth will have a bigger effect on demand for food. To access impact, we need to know: the rate of income growth and how much of the extra income is spent on food. Income growth- is projected based on historical data, growth in income/capita is not the same in all countries. Remember: Not all income increase is not spent on food, as a household income increases, percent of income spend on food decreases (Engle's law).

Stage five

fertility rate falls below the replacement rate, population starts to decline. 1) transition is complete in all developed nations, 2) it is midway through in developing countries, 3) in all developing countries, death rates have fallen rapidly, birth rates have no (population explosion), 4) All developing countries are not industrialized yet and have low incomes and relatively high birth rates, 5) Growth in demand for food lags population growth in low income countries.

Population pyramid and uses

graphical presentation of population distribution according to age and sex. They show either actual numbers or % distribution of population. Each relative pyramid % has the same area and shows 100% of population in each country. Uses of population Pyramid- compare distribution of population of one country with another and compare distribution of population in a country over time.

Degraded Soil

has become less suitable for its planned us, many soils have been degraded. Soil degradation may be described as any contamination, loss, or alteration that makes the soil less productive or usable than it was before the change. Soil misuse include leaving soil bare, compacting, acidifying soil, and irrigating without proper drainage.

Hans Wainers study of Norwegian soldiers

height and weight of soldiers and the relationship between body shape and risk of dying, Results on mortality are average for the entire population. For a given level of height (weight), mortality risk declines as weight (height) increases to an extent then decreases. (correlation is not causation).

Symbiotic bacteria

heterotrophic bacteria that fix atmospheric dinitrogen in plant root nodules have a mutually helpful relationship with their host. They include legumes, nitrogenase, and rhizobium.

Increased inequality of income

hurts the poor with respect to nutrition because consumption of the poor vs the rich, the rich bid away food from the poor.

Increasing production without increases yield or land area

increase in crop intensity (double cropping), develop crops requiring shorter growing season, non0land based food production (fisheries), aquaculture, food from the sea, and food production in labs. New Bio-Technology, better fertilization, better management, and better irrigation. Concerns: more input use (current T is resource consuming. Environmental impact of more input use)

Microeconomics

is a branch of economics that focuses on the actions or behavior of individual agents or groups of agents. Ex. Economic behavior of the consumer who demands good and services and producers who supply goods and services, and the determination of those prices and goods. (production, market, resource, and government policy, agriculture economist/ finance economist.)

Economics

is a social science that allows us to allocate scarce resources among other competitive uses to achieve a slated goal or objective.

Saline soils

is a soil with enough salt at some position within the root zone to interfere with plant growth. SAR < 13. 23% of cultivated soils are saline

Agriculture Economics

is an applied social science that deals with how producers, consumers, and societies use scarce and natural resources in the production, processing, marketing, and consumption of food and fiber products.

Algae (protista)

microscopic organisms that perform photosynthesis. Green algae are the most abundant in temperate climate soils or acidic soils. These algae can exist as single cells, form colonies, or form long filaments of cells. Less abundant are yellow algae which exist as single cells or form filaments. Yellow green algae are chromista, while blue green algae are cyanobacteria in the Monera kingdom. They inhibit bodies of water and are not abundant in subsoils. Some algae form mutualist associations with fungi, resulting in lichens.

Body cellular homeostasis (electrochemical balance)

must be constantly achieved for animal existence. Includes Electrical balance, and chemical balance.

Market Economy

private and individual ownership of resources, production based on private initiative, motivation: Self-interest, price is determined by demand and supply, the feedback loop.

Relationship between technology and yield

produce more with the same inputs/with fewer inputs. EX- Green revolution- new seed varieties called high yielding varieties.

Importance of water

second most important resource for agriculture. Agriculture is the #1 user of water.

Lacustrine (from water)

sediments in standing water (especially lakes).

Feeding of dairy calves (replacement heifers)

select high quality milk replacers, diarrhea is a major concern.

Substitution

substitution of a product for another because the price for the former has declined or increased. (when price changes quantity demanded decreases leading to an increase in the substitute.)

Refer to a committee

to temporarily place the action in question in a committee

Population and labor

• future growth of population means growth in labor force in developing countries. Increased availability of agriculture labor in developing countries, worker/acres are decreasing. The opposite is true in many developing countries. • Increase in labor- leads to increase in total output if MP > 0 and vice versa. If MP < 0 then remove labor from agriculture to increase total output. But how can a family remove its own member since wage / VMP, Low VMP of labor means low wage. As a result, wage in agriculture are low.

Genetic engineering and technology

• more people adopting GM crops. These GM plants are resistant to pest damage, resistant to certain weeds, won't kill the crop, more tolerant to drought and frost, rich in certain nutrition characteristics. More than 60% of food supply in US contains GM products. Faster rate of adopting in developing countries than in developed countries. Reason: poor farmers can not afford pesticides but GM crops do not need them. Benefits are negated by higher cost of GM seeds (soybeans, corn, and cotton).

Oxy fuel gas process and welding

•Gas supplies, consisting of an Oxy cylinder or tank and fuel gas. •Regulators with high and low pressure gauges and connects for oxygen and fuel gas cylinder. •Hoses with appropriate fittings •Welding torch, goggles, helmet, striker to ignite.

Acetylene

•Most oxy fuel gas is done using acetylene fuel gas produced by reaction between calcium carbide and water. •The valve only needs to be opened ¼ to ½ turn. Pressure regulators are installed between the cylinder and the torch to reduce and stabilize the gas pressure

Stages

•The boundary line between stage I and Stage II of production is where MPP intersects APP and APP is at its highest •Stage II production ends where TPP is the highest

2 ways to get oxygen into a tank

•Two ways to get oxygen in the tank is through liquefying of the atmospheric air by compressing and cooling. The second method is electrolysis of water, electro currents that pass through the water causing it to separate into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen.