Aging
The National Institute on Aging was established in ________.
1974
"Terminal drop" specifically refers to the fact that ___________. a. there is a decline in cognitive ability test scores prior to death b. older adults often experience falls prior to death c. older adults often experience a drop in blood pressure d. some older adults experience a decline in life satisfaction
a
A developmental researcher asks young and older adults to study a list of words. Half of the young and half of the older adults are told to use visual imagery when they study the list and the other half are given no imagery instructions. After they study the list, all participants are tested for how many words they can remember. This research has a __________. a. multifactor design b. completely experimental design c. single-factor design d. invalid design
a
A top-down strategy would be more useful than a bottom-up strategy when an older adult with presbycusis is trying to process spoken information. a. True b. False
a
According to findings from the Nun Study, it is possible to predict longevity on the basis of the level of positive emotional expression found in autobiographies that the nuns wrote when they were entering the convent as young adults. a. True b. False
a
Although the economic status of older adults in the United States has improved 10 over time, which older adults are most likely to be living close to poverty level? a. A Hispanic American widow b. An European American man c. A European American woman who lives with her spouse d. All of the above are equally likely to be living close to poverty level
a
At age 55, Maria has decided to fulfill a long-time dream of becoming a lawyer and she is studying for the law school entrance exam (LSAT). Her best friend Vivien, also age 55, has decided to sell her house and move into a retirement community, where she will spend her leisure time playing cards in the community club house. In terms of social age, Vivien would be considered _______________. a. older than Maria b. younger than Maria c. the same as Maria
a
Compared to programmed theories of biological aging, stochastic theories are better able to explain how lifestyle factors affect an individual person's rate of aging and chances of living a long life. a. True b. False
a
Compared to the young eye, the older eye lets in ______ under a given level of illumination. a. less light b. more light c. the same amount of light
a
Compared with the brains of old rats that live in standard cages with little stimulation, the brains of old rats that live in a complex toy-filled environment ___________. a. have more extensive dendritic branching of neurons. b. have the less extensive dendritic branching of neurons. c. have the same amount of dendritic branching of neurons
a
Demography is the scientific study of _____________. a. populations b. therapeutic outcomes c. family relationships d. small group behavior
a
Georgina enjoys eating in a new restaurant every weekend and taking a vacation to a different place every year. Georgina would be considered ________ compared to Madge, who likes to eat at the same restaurant every week and return to the same vacation spot every year. a. psychologically younger b. psychologically older c. psychologically the same age
a
Harris surveyed adults from a wide range of ages on their attitudes toward the use of age concealment techniques such as coloring hair or getting a facelift. Harris found that the people in her survey were least likely to be favorably viewed when 9 such techniques were used by _______. a. men b. women c. themselves d. They were equally disapproving of all of the above
a
In a study on younger and older drivers, young drivers were more likely than older drivers to __________. a. operate more controls in a parallel manner b. operate controls in a serial manner c. drive more slowly and carefully d. use controls simultaneously under demanding driving conditions
a
In general, older adults' greater cautiousness when making a decision about the presence of a stimulus means that we are likely to underestimate their actual sensitivity. a. True b. False
a
In the United States, life expectancy has ______ and life span has ______. a. been increasing; stayed the same b. stayed the same; been increasing c. been decreasing; been increasing d. stayed the same; been decreasing
a
In the United States, which would be considered a normative history-graded influence on development? a. Introduction of cell phones and iPods b. Retiring from full-time work at the age of 40 c. Being a full-time student until the age of 18 d. A woman's reaching menopause at the age of 50
a
In the future, more people in the third age will still be working part time or full time. a. True b. False
a
In which research design is attrition the most obvious issue to consider? a. Longitudinal b. Cross-sectional c. Time-lag d. Experimental
a
In which year is the population pyramid graph for the United States shaped most like a pyramid? a. 1900 b. 1970 c. 1975 d. 2030
a
Individuals with a high level of sensitivity to a particular type of stimulation will have ________ for detecting its presence. a. a low threshold b. a high threshold c. no threshold
a
Many traditional psychometric tests of intelligence measure abilities that children or young adults use in school. Some psychologists have argued psychometric tests are not appropriate for measuring the kinds of cognitive intellectual abilities older adults use in their everyday lives. These psychologists are worried about the _________ when these are used for older adults. a. ecological validity of psychometric tests b. reliability of psychometric tests c. longitudinal gradient of psychometric tests d. dropout during the administration of psychometric tests
a
Men who reach the ninth decade of life are often better off mentally and physically than women are. a. True b. False
a
Morbidity refers to ________, whereas mortality refers to ________. a. illness; death b. longevity; disease c. length of life; quality of life d. chronic illness; acute illness
a
Nature/nurture is an important theme in developmental psychology. Nature refers to _______ and nurture refers to ________. a. genetic factors; environmental factors b. life experience; hereditary factors c. environmental factors; life experiences d. biological factors; hereditary factors
a
Older adults who choose to relocate to areas of the country where the climate is milder tend to __________. a. be in their 60s and in good health b. be in their 70s and to have limited incomes c. be in their 80s and to have health problems d. outnumber those who remain in the same geographical location
a
One study described in Chapter 3 found that individuals who have faster reaction times in their 50s live ______________ compared to individuals who have slower reaction times. a. more years b. fewer years c. the same number of years
a
People with presbycusis _________________. a. have more difficulty with high frequency tones rather than low frequency tones b. are more likely to be women than men starting in the 50s c. are more likely to live in nonindustrialized than industrialized societies d. hear speech best when there is some background noise
a
Reserve capacity is the extra capacity needed when stressful or demanding situations require more than the normal capacity. With increasing age, the level of this reserve capacity __________. a. is lower b. is higher c. stays the same
a
The first wave of baby boomers_______. a. celebrated their 65th birthday in the year 2011 b. celebrated their 60th birthday in 2010 c. will begin to turn 65 in 2020 d. will not turn 65 until 2030
a
The longitudinal research design confounds (is unable to separate) ________. a. age and time of measurement b. age and cohort c. cohort and time of measurement d. age, cohort, and time of measurement
a
The third age is a time of life that corresponds best with ______. a. the young-old years (65-74) b. the old-old years (75-84) c. the oldest-old years (85+)
a
Useful field of view (UFOV) __________. a. is often more restricted in older adults than in young adults b. can be improved with lenses for near-sightedness c. can be improved with surgery on the lens of the eye d. is a measure of sensory rather than perceptual processes
a
Vigilance requires ________ and under noncomplex situations, it shows __________. a. sustained attention; little evidence for age-related decline b. divided attention; little evidence for age-related decline c. selective attention; little evidence for age-related decline d. sustained attention; no improvement with practice
a
Which metamodel views the organism and the environment as being in continuous interaction? a. Contextual b. Mechanistic c. Organismic d. Heterotypical
a
Which of the following is (are) true regarding older adults and reaction time? a. Regular exercise can moderate age-related slowing. b. Practice does not help older adults to respond more quickly. c. Short-term exercise always helps older adults respond more quickly. d. The gap between young and older adults' speed can be closed with practice
a
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people age 65+ in the United States? a. Heart disease b. Diabetes c. Alzheimer's disease d. Acute infectious diseases
a
Which of the following make up the largest proportion of the older (65+) adult population in the United States? a. European Americans b. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders c. African Americans d. Hispanic Americans
a
Which two factors are confounded (unable to be separated) when measures of computer attitudes made today on a sample of 70-year-olds today are compared with measures of computer attitudes made 10 years ago on a sample of 70-yearolds? a. Cohort and time of measurement b. Age and cohort c. Age and time of measurement d. Nothing is confounded in this study
a
Which type of study is best for identifying cause and effect? a. An experimental study b. A correlation study c. A case study d. A cross-sectional study
a
With compression of morbidity, more and more people __________. a. will be ill only immediately prior to death b. will suffer from illness early in life but not later c. will no longer suffer from illness at all d. will suffer from illness throughout life
a
With regard to the life expectancy of Americans who reach the age of 65, men have fewer years left than women do. a. True b. False
a
Absolute threshold is the intensity of stimulation in order for a stimulus to be detected ______ of the time when it is present. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
b
According to one theory, older adults have ________ than young adults do when it comes to ignoring distracting information and focusing their attention to relevant information. a. less difficulty b. greater difficulty c. an equal degree of difficulty
b
According to stimulus persistence theory, stimulus traces (for example, flashes of light) take ________ to clear through the nervous systems of older adults compared with young adults. a. less time b. more time c. the same amount of time
b
According to the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC), __________. a. the extent of scaffolding in the brain is not affected by environmental factors b. scaffolding in the brain compensates for age-related decline in the brain's neural circuitry c. new circuitry resulting from scaffolding is commonly associated with a greater degree of differentiation in brain activation d. All of the above
b
According to the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC), the brain cannot adapt to the neural changes that occur with aging and thus shows greater and greater slippage in functioning as time goes by. a. True b. False
b
According to the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model, people who adapt best to the aging process are those who _______________. a. put their energies into as many skills and activities as possible b. choose a few skills and activities on which to focus their energies c. sit back, relax, and let other people take the lead on everything d. hold the highest standards and expectations in all areas of functioning
b
According to the common cause hypothesis, the link between sensory processes and cognitive functioning _____________. a. is stronger in young adulthood than it is in older adulthood b. is stronger in older adulthood than it is in young adulthood c. is equally strong over the entire adult life span
b
Compared to young adults, older adults have ________ for smell, taste, and touch sensitivity. a. a lower threshold b. a higher threshold c. the same threshold
b
Genetic make-up can fully account for how long a person will live. a. True b. False
b
George lived with his parents until he got married at the age of 40. At the age of 45, George became a parent. Compared to other men of the same chronological 6 age, George would be considered ___________. a. socially older b. socially younger c. socially about the same
b
Glaucoma is a disease of the eye associated with __________. a. opaque formations in the lens b. elevated pressure in the aqueous humor c. smaller than normal pupils d. dullness of the cornea
b
In one example of a laboratory-type _________ task, individuals are required to respond when they hear a tone and also monitor a screen and respond when a specific geometric form appears. a. selective attention b. divided attention c. sustained attention d. implicit priming
b
In studies with an extreme age groups design, ________. a. young adults are compared with adolescents. b. young adults are compared with older adults. c. young-old adults are compared with old-old adults. d. young, middle-aged, and older adults are compared.
b
In the United States, female babies have ______ life expectancy at birth compared to male babies. a. a shorter b. a longer c. the same
b
In the United States, which is most likely to be considered a normative age-graded influence on development? a. Losing a job in an economic recession b. Job retirement at age 65 c. Being diagnosed with heart disease at the age of 35 d. Winning the lottery
b
In the future, the term "sandwich generation," will be most descriptive of _____. a. middle-aged adults b. young-old adults c. old-old adults d. oldest-old adults
b
Krueger, Heckhausen, and Hundertmark asked adults from a wide range of ages what they thought of a 45-year-old woman who either (a) had been married for 20 years, had children ages 19 and 17, and worked as a bank manager or (b) had been married five years, had one young child, and worked at an entry-level bank job with hopes of being promoted. Which of the following best describes the findings of this study? a. Study participants had a more positive view of (b) than they did of (a). b. Study participants had a more positive view of (a) than they did of (b). c. Study participants had an equally positive view of (a) and (b). d. Study participants had an equally negative view of (a) and (b).
b
Most older adults acknowledge that they are at risk of falling and they are more than willing to participate in programs that involve balance training to prevent such falls. a. True b. False
b
Obesity has become a public health issue in the United States, but, fortunately, it is extremely rare in adults ages 65 and older. a. True b. False
b
Older adults perform more slowly than young adults do. As reaction time tasks become more complex (that is, involve more and more choices and decisions), age-related differences in speed of response _________. a. get smaller b. get larger c. stay the same
b
Phonemic regression refers to a phenomenon whereby ______________. a. the tiny bones in the middle ear fuse together b. older adults say "I hear it but I cannot understand it" c. older adults can only hear tones that are in the middle frequency ranges d. older adults begin to regress back to their childhood years
b
Presbycusis can be attributed to the calcification of the ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) in the middle ear. a. True b. False
b
Primary aging refers to age-related changes that ____________. a. come from outside the organism b. affect all members of the species c. are attributable to lack of exercise d. occur because of smoking and excessive use of alcohol
b
Professor Sanchez conducts a memory study in which young and older adults are randomly assigned to one of two different levels (or conditions) of an instruction variable. Those assigned to one instruction condition are just told to study a list of words, which they will later be asked to recall. Those assigned to the other instruction condition are told to use visual imagery when they study a list of words which they will later be asked to recall. Professor Sanchez finds that, on average, the young and older adults given visual imagery instructions recall more words than do the young and older adults just told to study the words. In this study, what is the independent variable? a. Age group b. Instruction condition c. Number of words recalled d. Time of measurement
b
Programmed theories of aging have more in common with secondary aging than they do with primary aging. a. True b. False
b
Research on the relationship between chronological age and how old a person feels has found that young adults feel ______, and older adults feel ________. a. older than they are; just about their own age b. just about their own age; younger than they are c. younger than they are; older than they are d. older than they are; younger than they are
b
Research on the relationship between chronological age and how old a person feels indicates that middle-aged and older adults usually feel __________. a. older than they are b. younger than they are c. the same age as they are
b
Secondary aging refers to age-related changes that ___________. a. are universal in the species b. result from disease, disuse, and abuse c. that are intrinsic, coming from within the organism d. that imply the ticking of a biological time clock
b
Sequential designs are used in order to ________________. a. complete research studies quickly and efficiently b. disentangle the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement 7 c. test people from only one age group d. follow the same group of people over time
b
Some researchers think that ______, which are protective caps at the tail ends of chromosomes located in each cell, lose some of their length. When they become too short the cell cannot divide any longer, and this could affect the longevity of the organism. a. collagen b. telomeres c. cross-links d. lipofuscin
b
The ages of ______ define the category of older adulthood that is often referred to 7 as "young-old." a. 55-64 b. 65-74 c. 75-84 d. 85 and older
b
The best way to compare a sample of young and older adults on how they perform on a memory test is to test a group of young adult undergraduates and a group of older adult nursing home residents. a. True b. False
b
The federal health insurance program that covers most Americans as long as they are ages 65 and older is called _________. a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Welfare d. Senior Citizen Health Access
b
The third age has been considered ____________. a. a time of life for developing a career and raising children b. an extension of middle age, but without the work and childrearing responsibilities c. a time of declining health and increasing dependency d. a time of life that is not very positive
b
Tucker and her colleagues studied the relationship between marital status at midlife and longevity in a sample of men and women in the Terman Life-Cycle longitudinal study initiated in 1921. They found that _______________. a. those who had never married had a higher mortality risk than those who were married b. those married to the same person at midlife years had a lower mortality risk than those married more than once c. those who were separated or divorced at midlife had a higher mortality rate than those who were married d. marital status at midlife had no relationship to mortality risk
b
Until recently, a two-stages-of-life viewpoint was prevalent in developmental psychology. According to this perspective, physical and psychological functions were thought to _______________. a. develop over the entire life span reaching a peak point in older adulthood b. develop to a peak point in young adulthood but decline after that c. develop to a peak point in late middle-adulthood but decline after that d. develop to a peak point of middle-adulthood and remain stable after that
b
When a measurement instrument is reliable that means it is _________. a. valid b. consistent c. heterotypic d. flawed
b
Which developmental research design confounds (is unable to separate) age and cohort? a. Longitudinal b. Cross-sectional c. Independent samples d. Time-lag
b
Which event would be considered a normative age-graded influence on development? a. Economic recession b. A woman's reaching menopause in the 50s c. A man's job retirement at age 45 d. Winning the lottery
b
Which group of Americans has the lowest life expectancy at birth? a. African American females b. African American males c. European American females d. European American males
b
Which is the most important reason for age-related changes in color vision? a. Changes in the vestibular canal b. Changes in the lens of the eye c. Changes in the vitreous humor of the eye d. Changes in the frontal lobe of the cortex
b
Which metamodel views development as a progressive sequence of stages which are internally generated? a. mechanistic b. Organismic c. Contextual d. Ecological
b
Which method of research is best for keeping track of age-related changes over 6 time in an individual person (intraindividual variability)? a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. time-lag d. Quasi-experimental
b
Which of the following has the lowest proportion of its population in the 65+ age range? a. Europe b. Africa c. North America d. Oceania
b
Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for communicating with the hearing-impaired older adult? a. If the older adult does not understand, rephrase the statement with words that have low-frequency speech sounds. b. Always stand to the side and speak directly into the older adult's ear. c. Speak at a normal rate, but not too rapidly. d. Do not try to speak to the older adult when there is a great deal of background noise.
b
Which of the following is the best example of an activity of daily living (ADL)? a. Shopping b. Bathing c. Cooking d. Driving
b
Which older adult is most likely to be found living in a nursing home on a permanent basis? a. A European American man b. A European American woman c. An African American woman d. A Hispanic American man
b
_______ is a disease associated with an irreversible loss of nerve cells in the retina. a. Glaucoma b. Macular degeneration c. Presbyopia d. Visual regression
b
_______ refers to whether a measure used to assess an underlying characteristic (for example, depression) has the same degree of internal validity for different age groups. a. Reliability b. Heterotypic continuity c. Time-lag d. Factorial purity
b
A developmental scientist with a mechanistic metamodel ______. a. emphasizes that development is multidirectional and adaptive b. views development as a series of stages c. focuses on quantitative differences between age groups d. emphasizes that the w hole is greater than the sum of the parts
c
A researcher measures the amount of time older adults spend each week engaging in mentally challenging activities and also the scores they earn on a test of intelligence. The researcher finds that the more time older adults spend engaging in mentally challenging activities, the higher their scores on the intelligence test. On the basis of this finding, which of the following conclusions would the researcher be justified in drawing? a. Engaging in mentally challenging activities causes intelligence test scores to increase. b. Spending too little time engaging in mentally challenging activities causes intelligence test scores to decline. 10 c. Amount of time spent engaging in mentally challenging activities and intelligence test scores are positively related (positively correlated). d. Amount of time spent engaging in mentally challenging activities and intelligence test scores are negatively related (negatively correlated).
c
According to one theory, young adults have ________ of attentional resources, or attentional capacity, than older adults do. a. a smaller quantity b. the same amount c. a greater quantity
c
According to the ecological model of aging, ____________. a. people adapt best to environments that present a high degree of challenge, or press b. people adapt best to environments that present a low degree of press c. people adapt best when environmental press is tailored to their own level of competence d. older adults are at the mercy of other people to shape their environment
c
An individual with presbyopia will have the greatest difficulty _____________. a. being able to see a red traffic light b. being able to see the time on a large wall clock c. being able to read the small numbers in the telephone book d. being able to see things under brightly lit conditions
c
As a cause of death, diabetes is ______ among European American older adults than it is among African American older adults. a. more frequent b. equally frequent c. less frequent
c
As age increases from middle to older adulthood, the volume of the brain _____. a. increases b. remains stable c. decreases
c
Dr. Perkins places rats that always lived in a deprived environment into a new "enriched" environment with an exercise wheel and toys to stimulate the rats' problem-solving capabilities. After two weeks in the enriched environment, the rats seem more alert than they were before. Dr. Perkins decides to try the same thing with a new sample of rats, which also seem more alert after spending two weeks in the new environment. This means that Dr. Perkins replicated his findings on the second sample of rats. However, when Dr. Perkins wants to know whether the rats became more alert because of the exercise wheel or because of the toys, he is concerned with the issue of _____________. a. reliability b. measuring gradients c. internal validity d. ecological validity
c
Elderspeak refers to _______________. a. a special language spoken only by older adults b. a language consisting only of vowels and no consonants c. the simplified grammar people often use when communicating with older adults d. sign language that makes use only of gestures and other visual cues
c
Human life span _______________. a. has increased since 1900 b. has decreased since 1900 c. has stayed the same since 1900
c
In an extreme age groups design, _________________. a. age is a continuous variable b. age is an independent variable 5 c. individuals in young adult and older adult age categories are included d. it is possible to determine whether there is a complex relationship between age and the variable that is being studied.
c
In the United States, life expectancy at birth________ from 1900 to the present. a. has stayed the same b. has decreased c. has increased
c
In the United States, the fastest growing segment of the older adult population in the United States is ___________. a. the young-old age group b. the old-old age group c. the oldest-old age group d. All of the above are equally fast-growing
c
In the United States, which chronological age traditionally signifies entry into the older adult age group? a. 55 b. 60 c. 65 d. 70
c
In the future, individuals in the third age will _____________. a. be less healthy and vigorous than they are now b. have fewer family responsibilities than they have now c. be more likely to continue working at paid jobs d. be even more carefree than they are now
c
In which kind of research studies are participants randomly assigned to levels of an independent variable? a. Correlation studies b. Quasi-experimental studies c. Experimental studies d. Time-sequential studies
c
John is 58 years old but when he went for his last check-up, his doctor told him that his blood pressure and cardiovascular functioning were similar to that of the average 75-year-old. In terms of biological age, John would be considered __________ . a. young b. middle-aged c. old
c
Professor Adams is interested in comparing the attitude today's 70-year-old adults have toward using computers with the attitude that 70-year-old adults had 10 years ago. Assuming that she has computer attitude measures from a group of 70- year-old adults taken this year and computer attitude measures from a group of 70-year-old adults made 10 years ago, which type of research design does Professor Adams have? a. Sequential b. Longitudinal c. time-lag d. Cross-sectional
c
The Stroop Color Word test is a measure of _________. a. vigilance b. negative priming c. selective attention d. divided attention
c
The baby boom generation refers to individuals born between ________. a. 1990-2000 b. 1980-1990 c. 1946-1964 d. 1929-1940
c
The build-up of plaque that can restrict blood flow is called __________. a. osteoporosis b. rheumatoid arthritis c. atherosclerosis d. Alzheimer's disease
c
The fourth age is a time of life that corresponds best with _________. a. the young-old years b. ages 60 to 70 c. age 80 and older d. ages 65 to 85
c
The most commonly used developmental research design that attempts to study age-related differences is ________. a. time-lag b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. cohort-sequential
c
The signal detection model of determining threshold takes into account _____. a. only a person's sensitivity to a stimulus b. only a person's decisional criteria c. both a person's sensitivity and decisional criteria d. neither a person's sensitivity nor decisional criteria
c
When a population pyramid graph is actually shaped like a pyramid (as it was in 1900), which of following best describes the birth rate and death rate of the population? a. Low birth rate and low death rate b. High birth rate and low death rate c. High birth rate and high death rate d. Low birth rate and high death rate
c
When people are exposed to conditions of stress, their physiological responses are associated with an increase in the level of stress-related hormones. When the stressful conditions return to normal, the elevated hormone levels do too. A return to normal, or baseline, levels of stress hormones ______________. a. takes more time for young adults than it does for older adults b. takes the same amount of time for young and older adults c. takes less time for young adults than it does for older adults
c
Which area of the brain seems to be the most affected by the aging process as far as having tangles, plaques, and widened sulci? a. The occipital lobe b. The parietal lobe c. The frontal lobe d. All of the above are equally affected by the aging process.
c
Which correlation shows the strongest association between two variables? a. .55 b. .20 c. -.75 d. .01
c
Which disease is associated with high blood glucose levels and can lead to complications such as stroke and blindness? a. Arthritis b. Osteoporosis c. Diabetes d. Cancer
c
Which is the most accurate statement about older (ages 65+) men and women in the United States at the present time? a. There are more older men than there are older women. b. A larger proportion of older women than older men are married. c. More older women than older men live alone. d. More older men than older women live with family members other than a spouse.
c
Which of the following is NOT an important aspect of the lifespan developmental perspective? a. Development is plastic. b. Development is embedded in historical, social, and cultural contexts. c. Development proceeds in only one direction. d. Development continues throughout life
c
Which of the following terms would be considered by older adults to be the most favorable? a. The aged b. Senior citizens c. Older adults d. All of the above are equally favorable
c
Which technique is used to monitor changes in brain activity as individuals engage in cognitive tasks? a. CT scans b. X-rays c. fMRI d. Video monitoring
c
__________ are the molecular fragments formed as a by-product of the body's metabolic processes that unite with other molecules and interfere with their functioning. a. Telomeres b. Collagen c. Free radicals d. Lipofuscin
c
A group of young adults and a group of older adults are instructed to study a list of words and then are given a memory test. The researcher conducting the study finds that, on average, the memory test scores of the older group are lower than the memory test scores of the young group. This study is an example of a _________. a. true experimental approach b. correlational approach c. multi-factor approach d. quasi-experimental approach
d
According to a study by Hummert, which of the following stereotypes do young adult college students have about older adults? a. Set in ways b. Loving c. Generous d. All of the above
d
According to the organismic metamodel, __________________. a. behavior is the product of lawful associations between single 4 environmental events b. it is best to isolate and study the simple aspects of development c. development has no particular direction, goal, or end point d. the developing organism acts upon rather than reacting to the environment
d
Age is a(n)________ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. experimental d. organismic
d
Ageism is shown when people ______________. a. have low expectations about older adults' cognitive or social capabilities. b. discriminate against others based on their age. c. view older adults as helpless. d. All of the above
d
As far as the ethics of conducting research, which guideline(s) is (are) important? a. Obtaining informed consent from study participants or their caretakers if they are unable to give it. b. Safeguarding the privacy of the study participants. c. Insuring that the benefits of the findings outweigh any temporary discomforts participants may experience. d. All of the above
d
Being able to generalize the findings obtained from a sample of research 8 participants to the population from which this sample was drawn refers to the ___________ of a research study. a. factorial purity b. experimental control c. internal validity d. external validity
d
Compared to rats on unrestricted diets, rats fed a diet nutritionally adequate diet but a reduced number of calories ______________. a. look less sleek but live the same amount of time b. look more sleek but live the same amount of time c. look less sleek but die earlier d. look more sleek and have greater longevity
d
Deterioration of the bone structure (brittle and porous bones) is found most commonly in________, who suffer in great numbers from ______. a. Hispanic American women; rheumatoid arthritis b. African American men; atherosclerosis c. Native American men; bone marrow disease d. European American women; osteoporosis
d
Exaggerated gestures and terms of endearment _______________. a. are often used when people communicate with older adults b. can make the older adult who is spoken to appear to be incompetent c. may be acceptable to certain, but by no means all, older adults d. all of the above
d
If all of the following were the same intensity (or loudness), for which one would a 70-year-old person's hearing threshold be the lowest? a. A squeaky door b. A cat's meow c. Frying bacon d. A clap of thunder
d
In designing a living environment for older adults, which of the following would NOT be recommended? a. Use reds and yellows whenever there is a need for color coding. b. Use a high but even level of illumination (lighting) in hallways and stairways. c. Place grab bars on walls inside bathtubs and shower stalls. d. For floor coverings, use shiny tiles that reflect light
d
In general, older adults are _______ than young adults are and they tend to have ____ false alarms compared to young adults. a. less cautious; more b. less cautious; fewer c. more cautious;more d. more cautious;fewer
d
In the fourth age, __________________. a. the majority of people live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities b. there will be fewer people in the future than there are now c. people will need less health care than they did in the third age d. there is often a decline in level of independence
d
Professor Jones wants to conduct a study on a sample of 60-year-old adults who expect to retire from their jobs in five years. He will administer a questionnaire that asks them what they plan to do once they do retire. Then he will locate these same people every five years (until they are age 75) to find out whether they followed their original plans for retirement. Which research design is Professor Jones using for his study? a. Cross-sectional b. time-lag c. Experimental d. Longitudinal
d
Research has shown that the _______ of the brain is more susceptible than other regions to the effects of normal aging. a. parietal area b. occipital area c. hindbrain area d. frontal area
d
Senile cataracts ___________. a. are areas of cloudiness or opacity in the lens b. scatter light, which creates susceptibility to glare c. are common in older adults d. All of the above
d
The _______ of a study refers to whether there can be accurate identification and interpretation of the factor(s) responsible for an observation. a. test-retest reliability b. interobserver reliability c. external validity d. internal validity
d
The far-sightedness, or difficulty focusing on close-up objects, that is experienced by many older adults is called ____________. a. presbycusis b. macular degeneration c. glaucoma d. presbyopia
d
The premotor component of reaction time ___________. a. is difficult to observe directly b. accounts for a larger proportion of total reaction time compared to the motor time c. consists mainly of the time taken for the brain to process information d. All of the above
d
The term "rectangular survival curve" means that ____________. a. the life span of the human species is increasing every decade b. diseases such as AIDS cut life off at an early age for a significant proportion of the population c. we now have the knowledge to extend human life indefinitely d. life expectancy is approaching life span for a larger proportion of the population
d
What is the best example of a nonnormative life event? a. An event that has very little impact on the life of the individual who experiences it. 11 b. A typical event that occurs at a standard time of life (e.g., graduating from high school at age 18). c. An event that influences everyone in a particular culture. d. An unexpected event such as being diagnosed with a rare illness.
d
Which factor(s) is (are) important to consider when projecting what proportion of the United States population will be ages 65+ within the next 20 years? a. Numbers in the baby boom generation b. Birth rate c. Neither of the above d. Both of the above
d
Which is the closest estimate of the percentage of the U.S. population that will be aged 65+ by the year 2030? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%
d
Which metamodel places the heaviest emphasis on the nurture (extrinsic, or environmental) side of the nature-nurture debate? a. The ecological model b. The organismic model c. The contextual model d. The mechanistic model
d
Which of the following is NOT considered a stochastic theory of biological aging? a. Wear-and-tear theory b. Free radical theory c. rate-of-living theory d. Immune theory
d
Which of the following is the best example of an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)? a. Bathing b. Eating c. Dressing d. Cooking
d
Which of the following is true about Medicaid? a. It is a federal health insurance program administered by individual states. b. It is a means-tested health insurance program. c. It covers lengthy nursing home stays in some cases. d. All of the above.
d
Which statement is closest to the lifespan development perspective? a. There are gains and losses over the life span with a shift in proportion in older adulthood toward more gains than losses. b. Up to the point of young adulthood there are only gains, after which there are losses in every aspect of functioning. c. People make steady gains from young to older adulthood and there are never any losses. d. There are gains and losses over the life span with a shift in older adulthood toward a greater proportion of losses than of gains.
d
The branch of medicine concerned with treating and managing diseases related to aging is ___________.
geriatrics
The study of the biological, behavioral, and social phenomena that occur from the point of maturity to old age is ___________.
gerontology