Aging and Development Final

Approximately ______ of older adults living in the community show signs of depression. However, this number rises to more than _____ for those adults who require home health care.

3%; 30%

On average, both men and women wait approximately _______ years before remarrying.

3.5

As many as _____ of older adults suffer from anxiety disorders.

33%

Annual prostate screenings are recommended for men beginning at age

50.

Aerobic exercise places moderate stress on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between ____________ of the person's maximum heart rate.

60 and 90%

How much savings does one need to have in order to be comfortable in retirement? A good rule of thumb is

65-70% of your current income.

Alzheimer's disease accounts for _____ of all cases of dementia.

70%

Erik Erikson proposed that the life cycle has _______ stages of development and that the sequence of these stages is biologically fixed.

8

_________ changes allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable decline of specific areas of the brain.

Compensatory

__________is the neurotransmitter that sends messages throughout the brain.

Dopamine

Interventions such as removing loose floor rugs, ensuring sufficient light, and reducing glare are not important for reducing falls in older adults.

False

Risk factors are long-standing behaviors that decrease one's chances of a disability.

False

______________ is the study of aging from maturity through old age

Gerontology

Which provides older adults who need skilled nursing care a small, home-like environment that shifts the focus from a large facility to a more home-like setting?

Green House Project

What is the relationship between income and health?

Higher income is associated with greater access to health care, knowledge of healthy behaviors, and the ability to engage in them.

__________________ is a way of speaking with older adults that is termed secondary baby talk, and ____________________ is a pattern of speaking to older adults based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence.

Infantilization; patronizing speech

Which best describes normative age-related changes in semantic memory?

It increases from 35-55 years of age, levels off, and then declines after age 65.

Over 52 million United States citizens rely on _________________ for their medical insurance.

Medicare

___________ occur when the fibers of the axon become twisted together.

Neurofibrillary tangles

Costa and McCrae suggested a model called "the five-factor model and it consists of five independent dimensions of personality

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness

Discuss Schooler's application of Lazarus's cognitive theory of stress and coping in understanding older adults' interactions with the environment.

Older adults who have adapted better have a better perception of environmental stress and tend to handle that stress better opposed to those who have a worse adaptation and a more negative perception of environmental stress.

__________ has/have created new opportunities for young adults to create possible selves.

Online social media

___________ is one of the most common complaints of older adults, affecting more than 40% of community-dwelling adults on a regular basis.

Pain

The law that mandates that all facilities provide written information to people about their right to make medical treatment decisions and create advance directives is known as the

Patient Self-Determination Act.

___________ refers to behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease tending to be worse in the evening than in the morning.

Sundowning

What are the age-related changes in neurons?

Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon.

__________ are the intellectual abilities most likely to decline with age.

The primary mental abilities that compose fluid intelligence

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and increasing age?

There is an overall increase.

Why is there a trend for companies to hire older workers, particularly on a part-time basis?

They need the expertise older workers bring. The type of benefits older workers may (or may not) need might make them less expensive employees. Older workers are more flexible in terms of hours. Correct! All of these are reasons why hiring older workers is a good option for many companies.

A universal assumption of life change theories is that people go through predictable age-related crises.

True

Many people care for their aging parents because of filial obligation, when an adult child feels a responsibility to their parents.

True

People who are unemployed for at least a year perceive their mental health more negatively than those who are employed or have stopped looking for work.

True

Satisfying and happy marriages result when both partners perceive there is a fair exchange, or equity, in the relationship.

True

The passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act in 1993 entitled workers to take unpaid time off to care for dependents with the right to return to their jobs.

True

The psychological aspect of coming to terms with bereavement is called grief work.

True

A person is said to have __________ when a chronic condition affects a person's ability to engage in necessary, expected, and desired activities.

a disability

A belief that an older adult is cute and could not possibly abuse drugs may cause a doctor to not diagnose or misdiagnose a drug problem. This is an example of

a positive bias.

Changing how you study for algebra exams as compared with history exams would be an example of _____ in Piaget's theory.

accommodation

The self-care tasks of eating, bathing, dressing, and walking are called

activities of daily living.

The common cold, influenza, and food poisoning are examples of

acute diseases.

One goal of low-cost programs aimed at improving the health of older people is to

address the lack of awareness many older people have regarding their own chronic health problems.

In the dual-component model, pragmatic intelligence dominates during

adulthood.

Research clearly shows that brain plasticity is enhanced as a result of

aerobic exercise.

The reason that most research on aging is not truly experimental is because

age cannot be manipulated, so it cannot be an independent variable.

An important predictor of marital success is

age of the partners. homogamy. exchange theory. all of these

There are eight criteria for whole-brain death. In order for whole-brain death to be declared, how many criteria must be met?

all 8 must be met

Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?

amygdala

For adult development and aging research, the most important elements of the limbic system are the

amygdala and hippocampus.

Alice has misplaced her keys (which rarely happens), but her grandchildren are worried that something might be wrong with her, even though her granddaughter has done the same thing three times this week. The above is an example of

an age-based double standard.

A facility that provides assistance with personal care such as help with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals but does not provide major medical care is called

an assisted-living facility.

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease depends on

an autopsy.

According to Willis' model of everyday competence, one's health and the availability of health insurance would be considered

antecedents.

Substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as

antioxidants.

When asked about death, young adults report strong feelings that those who die at this point in their lives

are cheated out of their futures.

Stereotypes help us understand why people behave as they do, and they can help guide our behavior. However, they

are sometimes applied in ways that underestimate the potential of the person we are observing.

The formal process of measuring, understanding, and predicting behavior is known as

assessment.

Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care, but who are not so impaired they need 24-hour care, describes which of the following:

assisted living

The amount of information that can be processed at any given time is called the

attentional capacity.

John has driven the same short route to work everyday for the last seven years. Today he arrived at work and realized he really didn't remember any of his drive. This is an example of

automatic processing.

In the past, much research regarding adult development and aging was based upon __________ data.

behavioral

Successful aging involves

being in good health. continued high cognitive and physical competence. continued engagement with life. Correct! all of these.

Measuring the functioning of various vital or life-limiting systems, such as the cardiovascular system, is an assessment of

biological age.

About half of all young adults in the United States return to their parents' home at least once after moving out. These young adults are called

boomerang kids

BRCA1 on chromosome 17 and BRCA2 on chromosome 13 have been linked to a susceptibility for

breast cancer.

When a person loses their occupational idealism and feels like they are being exploited, this is termed

burnout.

Age differences on divided attention tasks

can be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks.

Deciding that you did poorly on an exam because you did not study is called a(n)

causal attribution.

According to Piaget, what is responsible for cognitive development?

changes in cognitive structures

Arthritis is an example of a(n)

chronic disease.

A lack of heartbeat and respiration are the two criteria for

clinical death.

Insomnia, diffuse pain, changes in appetite, headaches, and fatigue are common physical symptoms that can accompany

clinical depression.

A type of therapy that emphasizes changing maladaptive beliefs and thoughts is

cognitive therapy.

Adults of different generations invoke the social rule "marriage is more important than career" more so with increasing age. This is evidence of

cohort effects of how different generations were socialized with respect to the social rules of marriage.

The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is

congestive heart failure.

Reduced frontal recruitment in the aging brain is __________ dependent.

context

Jung believed personality development __________, but Freud believed personality development ended _____________.

continued across adulthood; in adolescence

Older adults tend to engage in more ____________ than ___________.

corrective adaptations; preventive adaptations

The fact that young adults tend to rely more on dispositional information and ignore compelling situational information is an example of

correspondence bias.

In a __________ design, groups of participants who vary in age are studied at one point in time.

cross-sectional

Knowledge acquired through experience and education constitutes ______________. An individual's innate abilities independent of acquired knowledge and experience constitute ___________.

crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence.

Changing your identity over time is a process of reframing your life story, which according to McAdams, is strongly influenced by

culture.

The most rapid increases in average longevity at birth occurred in the first half of the 20th century largely due to

declines in infant mortality rates.

The most noticeable changes in body build are

decreased height and fluctuations in weight.

Processing speed _________ as people age.

decreases

According to research on marital satisfaction in couples with children, the shape of the marital satisfaction curve across time is

decreasing while children are at home and increasing when children begin leaving home.

Across 48 different cultures, those that have good health care, education, and resources and allow young adults to select their own mates tend to

develop more secure romantic attachments.

Multidirectionality refers to

development and aging involving both decline and growth.

Deciding that you did poorly on an exam because you did not study is which type of attribution

dispositional attribution

Between now and 2030, the population of older adults will have

doubled.

When participants begin but do not finish a longitudinal assessment or study, there may be a problem with _________________.

dropout or attrition

High levels of ____________ has/have been associated with lower rates of dementia.

education

Managing the final stages of life, dealing with the memorial services and the disposition of the body, and distributing assets are collectively known as

end-of-life issues.

What is the most common family form around the world?

extended

Older adults are more susceptible to scams and con artists because they are more susceptible to

false memories.

Due to slowing metabolism rates, older adults need

fewer calories.

With the advent of middle age, the focus shifts from intimacy to concern for the next generation, expressed as

generativity versus stagnation.

A term for the level in a corporation that women may rise to but not go beyond is

glass ceiling.

All of the following are normative, age-related changes in vision except

glaucoma.

Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain. However, the shrinkage is selective. The prefrontal cortex, the _______, and the _______ all show profound shrinkage.

hippocampus; cerebellum

Older adults consistently ____________ of why negative events occur more often than younger adults.

hold to their initial judgments or conclusions

Most gay and lesbian couples are in dual-earner relationships and share

household tasks.

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the less competent the person is, the greater the

impact of environmental factors.

The activation of an automatic, unconscious stereotype is known as

implicit stereotyping.

Implicit social beliefs are affected by the ways in which different cohorts or generations are socialized. For example, one study found that the belief that "marriage is more important than career" tended to _________ in importance with age.

increase

Evidence has shown that the ________ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the ________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain

increase; decreased

Which of the following is a sign of aging that is not readily apparent?

increased blood pressure

Chronic stress has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system, including

increased risk for viral infections, increased risk for atherosclerosis, increased risk for hypertension. (all of these)

____________________ involves gaining permission from the participant before collecting data and telling the participant about any potential risks and benefits.

informed consent

Activities that require some intellectual competence and planning, such as paying bills and taking medications appropriately, are called _______________.

instrumental activities of daily living.

Originally, Social Security was

intended to provide a supplement to savings and other means of financial support.

Reasoning about highly emotionally charged dilemmas

is easier for middle-aged adults.

An important point about quality of life is that

its assessment is highly subjective.

One mistake that people frequently make with their bereaved loved ones is

leaving them alone due to not knowing how to deal with them.

In general, older adults are

less anxious about death because they are more likely to have ego integrity.

Dementia occurs in _____ of the elderly over age 65.

less than 10%.

Giving events personal meaning and continuity, and in effect creating an autobiography, is the definition of Whitbourne's concept of a

life story.

The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known as

long-term memory.

In a _________ design, one group of participants is studied repeatedly over a period of time.

longitudinal

People with higher levels of education have ____________ levels of divorce than people with less education.

lower

Compared with younger adults, the rate of clinical depression in older adults is

lower.

The key strategies for successful aging include all of the following

maintaining an optimistic outlook. having a social network. having sound health habits.

The oldest age to which any individual of a species lives is called

maximum longevity.

No area is more susceptible to negative stereotyped attributions of aging than

memory competence.

The awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now is known as

memory monitoring.

You realize that you have an exam coming up for your biology course. Half of it is multiple choice and half of it is essay. You realize the essay section will be harder than the multiple-choice part of the exam. This is an example of

metamemory.

Estimates are that nearly 80% of nursing home residents have

mobility problems.

Younger adults, compared with older adults, are more likely to have

more possible selves and to be more likely to believe they can attain them.

A major problem in assessing depression in older adults is

most tests were developed on young and middle-aged adults and work best with those age groups.

The culturally influenced way in which we express our grief is called

mourning.

The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective?

multidirectionality

According to most hospitals, lack of brain activity

must occur in the brainstem and cortex for whole-brain death to be declared.

Gottman and Levenson (2000) found that ________ predicts divorce early in marriage, while ________ predicts divorce later in marriage.

negative emotions; lack of positive emotions

The most common form of elder abuse is _______________.

neglect

Older adults are more likely to believe that

neither the hoped for nor the feared self is under their personal control.

Contrary to a previously held popular belief, __________ persist in the adult brain and can regenerate throughout the life span.

neural stem cells

The death of a spouse at age 25 is an example of a

nonnormative event

Healthy living and good aging are promoted most significantly by exercise and

not smoking.

Population trends in the United States, specifically the continuing rise in the number of elderly people, are

not unique because the population of elderly persons is increasing in most parts of the world.

In which type of facility do residents receive skilled nursing care, medical treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and activities?

nursing home

In a cross-cultural study comparing Chinese and American adults, which group showed the greatest correspondence bias?

older Americans

Withdrawing, not speaking to others, confining oneself to one's bed, and not taking care of bodily functions is more common in ____________ who are depressed.

older adults

Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration characterized by loss of bone mass and increased bone porosity. This condition is called

osteoporosis.

Burnout does not affect all people in a given occupation. Vallerand (2008) proposes that this is related to the types of _____________ one experiences.

passion

The act of allowing a person to die by withholding an available treatment is known as ______________euthanasia.

passive

If the ratio of workers to retirees falls from 3:1 to 2:1 as is expected, then to maintain the level of benefits in programs such as Social Security, workers will have to _____________ than workers do now.

pay significantly higher taxes

Social Security is funded by

payroll taxes.

According to Langer's social-psychological perspective approach to the person-environment issue, the key to residents well-being is the degree to which they____________________.

perceive themselves in control of their lives

An approach to personality that explicitly takes into account contextual factors is

personal concerns.

Which of the following psychological constructs refers to the belief that one's performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does?

personal control

Everyday competence is a person's

potential ability to perform a wide range of tasks.

Differences in prevalence rates of mental disorders across racial and ethnic groups are grounded in which two factors?

poverty and social class

Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as

presbycusis.

When you decide to tackle a problem head on, you are using

problem-focused coping.

Implicit memory is also referred to as

procedural memory.

Which theory of aging suggests that there is an innate ability in cells to self-destruct?

programmed-cell-death

Key factors in selecting care for one's children or parents include all of the following

quality of care, price. close proximity.

Which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process?

rate-of-living theories

Answering short-answer or essay questions on your final exam requires the use of

recall.

Answering a multiple choice question on an exam like this one is an example of

recognition memory.

Realizing that there can be more than one right answer to a problem, and that the right answer depends on the circumstances, demonstrates

relativism.

As noted in Chapter 1, without the psychometric properties of _________ and _________, we cannot rely on assessment methods to provide good quality information.

reliability; validity

Older adults report using _____ most frequently as a coping mechanism in daily life.

religious faith

Most studies in adult development and aging have been conducted on middle-class European Americans. This brings into question whether these types of samples are

representative of the larger population.

According to Erikson, the basis for personality growth is

resolving struggles between tendencies

Rachel plans to go to college, major in art history, obtain a master's degree, and then work in an art museum. In Whitbourne's theory, this is Rachel's

scenario.

While young adults prefer intense physical leisure activities like scuba diving and hang gliding, those in later middle age tend to spend more time in

sedentary activities like reading and watching television.

Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because _______ is relatively spared in normal aging.

semantic memory

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

What part of the information processing system has an unlimited capacity, takes in information rapidly, and is almost an identical representation of the stimuli as it exists in the observable environment?

sensory memory

About ____________ million U.S. grandparents have grandchildren living with them.

seven

A main barrier to women making it to the top of their career is

sex discrimination.

Because older adults are more prone to injury, exercise programs

should focus on low impact aerobic approaches.

When you draw upon your prior experiences at restaurants to guide your behavior at a new restaurant, you are using your

social knowledge.

Because it is difficult to study all the primary mental abilities, researchers have focused on five representative ones. These are number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and

spatial orientation.

If older adults are primed with negative aging stereotypes, and their subsequent performance on memory tests is worse than older adults who were primed with positive aging stereotypes, then we can conclude that older persons are vulnerable to

stereotype threat.

Socially shared beliefs about characteristics and behaviors of a particular social group are called

stereotypes.

The use of _____________ makes tasks easier and increases the efficiency of encoding and retrieval.

strategies

In the__________________model, older adults' adaptation depends on both their perceptions of the environment and their attempts to cope.

stress and coping

Viewing stress as the interaction between a person and an event is known as the

stress and coping paradigm.

College students who have ___________________ adjust better to stressful life events.

strong friendship networks

Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication

takes more time.

Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in _______ and thereby shorten one's life span.

telomeres

The hierarchy of intelligence from the lowest to highest levels is

test questions, tests, primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, third-ordermental abilities, general intelligence

____________ is the study of death, dying, grief, bereavement, and social attitudes toward these issues.

thanatology

Contextual theories of dying emphasize

that there is no one, right way to die.

Plasticity refers to

the ability to change and improve abilities over time and with development.

Two common age-related changes in the heart involve

the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue.

For women, the transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is called

the climacteric.

Structural brain changes have been linked to executive function. For example, age-related declines in ________may affect white matter structures, which underlie all the areas important to executive functioning.

the functioning of blood vessels

A computer analogy is used to explain

the information processing approach.

In deciding what the optimal housing arrangement might be for an older person (at home, in cluster housing, in assisted living, etc.) one particularly critical component in making this decision is

the involvement of the person in question, to the extent possible.

What aspect of leisure activities remains constant across adulthood?

the type pursued

Research on age differences in wisdom shows that

there is little association between age and wisdom

The best conclusion to draw from research concerning the midlife crisis is that

there is little data to support its existence.

Between now and 2030, older adults will come to expect to keep their more affluent lifestyles as well as the benefits they've accrued over their years of working. However, research indicates that

they will not, on average, have the financial savings necessary to support these expectations.

As a result of their growing realization of their own mortality, midlife adults shift from thinking about how long they have already lived to

thinking about how long they have yet to live.

Hospice care is an approach to assisting dying people that focuses on pain management, also known as palliative care.

true

Nearly 50% of all adults in the United States have a chronic health condition

true

Understanding the cultural and ethnic differences between African American and European American family structures falls under which controversy?

universal versus context-specific

The degree to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure is an indication of its

validity.

A form of dementia brought on by multiple infarcts or strokes is known as

vascular dementia.

Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score?

vocabulary

Reductions in the ________of the hippocampus are related to memory decline.volume

volume

The positivity effect can be defined as

when older adults avoid negative information and focus on positive information.

Whether retirement has negative effects on one's health has much to do with

whether one was forced to retire or did so voluntarily.

Overall, labor force participation for older adults in developed countries has been increasing most rapidly among

women.

For an increasing number of people "retirement" includes

working part time.

Raising multiethnic children raises unique challenges not experienced by parents of same-race children. For example, some parents of multiethnic children

worry that their children will be rejected by members of both communities.

One way to increase a person's death awareness is to

write your own obituary.

According to Jung, which of the following age groups is most likely to act in accordance with the gender-role stereotypes of their culture?

young adults