Aging Final
Which of the following is NOT a meaning of grandparenthood identified by Kivnick
Distant
_________ is a neurotransmitter that sends messages throughout the brain. The functioning of the system controlling this neurotransmitter declines in normal aging.
Dopamine
Which of the following scenarios was NOT portrayed in the Alzheimer Disease Tapes (i.e., the video you watched online).
Due to her memory failures, Beth accidentally overdoses on her medications and is hospitalized
Which disease is known primarily for its characteristic motor symptoms that include slow walking, difficulty getting into and out of chairs, and slow hand tremors?
Parkinson's disease
Which of the following statements about Kugler-Ross's stages of dying and grief is True
People vary considerably in their experience of the stages
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic change used to define alzheimers disease at autopsy
Granulovascular bodies
When asked to remember life events, vivid memories from which age range are most likely to be reported?
10-30 years of age
The most common form of dementia is
Alzheimer's disease
Divorce is more common for
Couple who cohabitate before marriage
According (specifically) to this model, older adults are more likely to recruit frontal areas when performing a task (as compared to younger adults)
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer Adults (HAROLD) model
Which of the following is a major factor in a woman's decision to retire?
Her husband's status
Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe the typical nursing home resident?
Male
Plasticity refers to
the ability to change ad improve abilities over time and with development
Sophie is an 80-year-old woman with chronic medical conditions that negatively affect her physical abilities. Although she has physical impairments she does NOT have dementia or cognitive impairments. Recently, Sophie was placed in a nursing home. At first, she was cheerful and active, but now she is withdrawn and depressed. This nursing home is for people with severe cognitive deficits. How would this situation be analyzed in the person-environment competence model of Lawton and Nahemow?
Sophie is unhappy because she has high personal competence but low environmental press
The dependency ratio refers to _________________.
The number of people under 15 or over 65 relative to the number of other adults in society
Beth is a 35 year old woman. She has two children who are now 10 and 8 years old. Her 67 year old father recently had a stroke and has moved into her home while he recovers. Beth situation can best be described as
The sandwich generation
Life expectancy at birth is:
The shortest compared to life span or expectancy at a specific age
in class we discussed research comparing younger and older adult expert typists. How did these younger and older adult experts compare in their typing skills?
The younger and older experts had equivalent typing skills
which of the following is NOT a criticism of Rowe and Kahn's "successful aging" model?
This model is untestable
Edith cannot recognize faces of familiar persons; Edith is experiencing a form of ____________, likely due to damage to the ______ region of the brain.
agnosia; occipital
Adam is in the process of retiring from his job as a professor. Over the next few years he plans to occasionally teach a class. This is an example of
blurred retirement
Stereotypes about older adults are
both positive and negative
This theory explains why there is an increased stiffness of muscles, such as the heart walls, with increasing age
cross-linking
nowing all the names of each president and vice president of the United States of America draws on which intelligence?
crystallized intelligence
Figuring out which letter goes next in the sequence "Z W S N " is an example of
fluid intelligence
Which of the following is NOT a primary mental ability?
fluid intelligence
normativve age-graded events are events that:
generally occur around the same age for most people
Research evidence indicates that the oldest adults have more irrelevant thoughts during processing tasks and have more trouble keeping these irrelevant thoughts out of mind. This is evidence of ____________.
inhibitory deficits in attention
A researcher wants to follow the 2015 class of psychology graduates across the decade after their graduation. what design will the researcher most likely use?
longitudinal
The most common form of elder abuse is _______________
neglect
How do younger and older adults compare job satisfaction?
older adult workers are more satisfied with their jobs than younger adult workers
How does age affect implicit and explicit memory
older adults' explicit memory declines but implicit stays stable
In general, crystallized and fluid intelligence show
opposite developmental trends
In general, episodic and semantic memory show _____________
opposite developmental trends
Football players often complain about their knees after playing, and tennis players complain about their elbows after a match. Based on this description, you would guess that they have
osteoarthritis
When a person's cortical functioning ceases, but brainstem activity continues, a person is said to be in a __________
persistent vegetative state
Age-related hearing loss that is particularly pronounced for high-pitched tones is known as
presbycusis
Older adults to cohabitant often do so because
remarrying may cause them to lose financial benefits
Research on developmental trends in Piaget's formal operational period shows that
some adults never attain this level
Metamemory refers to what one knows about ___________
the memory system and how it works
People tend to have the mot friends during which time period
young adult hoot
________ is designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day. It is used most often when a primary caretaker is employed or has other daytime obligations.
Adult day care
suppose you want to minimize the age difference on a working memory test. one way to do this would be to test younger adults when they would perform their worst, and to test older adults when they would preform their best. Thus you would test older adults at this time of day _____________ and younger adults at this time of day _______________
In the morning; in the morning
In line with socio-emotional selectivity theory, as people get older they deliberately withdraw from social contacts with
Individuals peripheral to their lives (acquaintances)
How does job satisfaction change with age?
It increases. Older workers report higher job satisfaction than younger workers.
Which of the following is NOT true about delirium
It is irreversible
Which of the following is FALSE about hospice?
It is only for cancer patients
When we look at research on "possible selves" we see two things. First, younger adults have ______________ possible selves than older adults. Second, younger adults are _______ likely to think they can attain these possible selves than older people
More; more
The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective?
Multidirectionality
In the US, there is an increasing number of older adults in the population. This population trend is:
Not unique; the population of older adults is increasing in most parts of the world
In some studies, younger and older adults are asked to read short texts in which irrelevant and distracting words are embedded in otherwise meaningful sentences..... which of the following is TRUE about the results of these studies
Older adults are SLOWER to read these sentences and remember FEWER of the irrelevant work than younger adults
Which of the following is NOT true about depression in older adults?
Older adults do not respond well to SSRI medication for depression
Older adults show "inhibitory deficits" on many tasks. This means that
Older alludes are less effective at blocking out irrelevant stimulation/information than are younger adults
Levenson and colleagues examined middle aged and older adult married couples. They looked at the things that brought the couples pleasure and also the things that brought the couples conflict. Which of the following is NOT one of their conclusions?
Older couples reported lower pleasure intensities than did middle aged couples
Which of the following statements about love and marriage is FALSE
Opposites attract. We tend to fall in love with, and marry, people who are different from us
The term "sandwich generation" applies to __________.
People who care for both aging parents and their own children
Cindy was in an accident 10 years ago. Since the accident her cortex has ceased to function, however her brain stem has continued to function. This allows her to breath on her own. This is an example of
Persistent vegetative state
older adults compensate for neural decline by recruiting more frontal areas of their brain during cognitive tasks. which of the following of these theories specifically credits this pattern of brain activation?
Posterior-Anterior shift in aging (PASA)
age related declines in the ________ regions of the brain correlate with executive dysfunction.
Prefrontal cortex
Is a person's voice susceptible to the aging process
Yes, older voices are characterized by lower pitch, less precise pronunciation, and lower volume.
which of the following controversies examines whether development occurs as a smooth transition over time or as a series of abrupt shifts.
continuity vs. discontinuity
The question of whether changes (when they occur) are gradual or sudden refers to the _______ controversy.
continuity-discontinuity
The fact that people tend to rely more on dispositional information and ignore compelling situational information is an example of
correspondence bias
Evidence has shown that the capacity of working memory ____________
declines with age
Becca Levy has shown that negative self-perceptions of aging are associated with all of the following outcomes EXCEPT
decreased crystallized intelligence
According to research on marital satisfaction in couples with children, the shape of the marital satisfaction curve across time is ________________
decreasing and then increasing
A couple is having a disagreement. During this disagreement the husband keeps making excuses (e.g., "yes, but...") and cross-complaining (i.e., "I did this because you did that"). This is an example of __________
defensiveness
Impaired awareness of self and surroundings, attention deficits, disorientation, and rapid changes in symptoms and their severity are characteristic of
delirium
Older adults take longer to process information and they have slower response times. This is likely due to _________.
demyelination
Age related declines in the vestibular system can lead older adults to experience
dizziness
Julie does not want anyone to restore her heartbeat if it stops. To do this she will need to have a(n) _________
do not resuscitate order
They symptom of "sadness" in depression is also referred to as
dysphoria
Pruning is to plasticity as
eliminate is to change
It is now widely accepted that bilateral activation in the aging brain is
evidence of compensation for deterioration in certain brain regions
Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars, are known as _________.
external aids
Miguel is high in warmth, gregariousness, activity, and positive emotions. In the Big 5 theory of personality, Miguel would be considered high on the dimension of
extroversion
A good synonym for the word "cohort" is
generation
Sometimes people provide a life story that has a clear ending quality of "giving birth to a new generation". This is similar to the concept of
generativity
Deirdre is very concerned about hurting her colleagues in order for them to assume the responsibility some day. Deirdre is most likely to be at Erikson's stage of __________________
generativity vs. stagnation
As physical health deteriorates and death becomes a closer reality, people may gain a feeling of connection to the universe in which they expand their sense of self to include a wide range of interrelated others. This is known as
gerotranscendence
The last stage of Erikson's model of personal concerns/personality tok place from the age of 60 onward. However, after becoming an older adult herself, Joan Erikson added a 9th stage to the model. This stage begins in the late 80's or 90's and it centers on the conflict of loss of trust vs. _______________
gerotranscendence
A problem with most theories of successful aging is that _________ is a necessary component.
good health
Linda just lost her husband due to a sudden heart attack. As a result she has been feeling sorrow, hurt, and anger. The feelings represent
grief
Stereotypes about older adults are often multi-dimensional. In general, older adults are perceived as being
high in warmth but low in competence
In older adults, bilateral activation is associated with _____
higher task performance
Neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease tends to begin in the ___________
hippocampus
Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain, however the shrinkage is selective. It is the frontal cortex (especially the prefrontal cortex), the _____, and the _____ that show profound shrinkage with age
hippocampus; cerebellum
People engage in assortative mating. This means that people find partners based upon
homogamy
This is an approach to assisting dying people that emphasizes pain management and death with dignity
hospice care
When people are subliminally shown pictures of older adults they walk down a hall slower. This is evidence for
implicit stereotypes
Behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease tend to be worse
in the evening
What is a symptom of parkinson disease
inability to sustain a motot act (such as sticking out ones tongue)
Bess is having problems keeping track of her bills and checking account . These problems are known at
instrumental activities of daily living
according to jung, which of the following should always increase with age
introversion
How does creativity change with age
it increases into midlife and these decreases
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, younger adults focus on _________ goals whereas older adults focus on _________ goals
knowledge acquisition; emotional
In a __________ design, a single group of participants are tested at multiple time points as they age.
longitudinal
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of delirium?
low self-esteem
Compared to younger adults, the prevalence of major clinical depression in older adults is _____________.
lower
Home modification is an example of _____________.
lowering environmental press
According to socio-emotional selectivity theory, as people get older they begin to perceive time as limited. this in turn causes people to focus on ________
maximizing their emotional well- being
In older adults there is substantial decline in the volume of the hippocampus. This likely contributes to their problems in ___________________ tasks.
memory
What is the Autobiographical memory bump
memory focuses not he best parts of your life usually around 20-30
At what age are people most fearful of death?
middle-aged adults
Stewart (1996) suggests that rather than a midlife crisis, we should think about
midlife corrections
Which of the following is considered a precursor to Alzheimer's disease?
mild cognitive impairment
Pre-demntia, which may turn into alzheimers disease, is also know as
mild cognitive imparement
In some experiments participants are shown positive, negative, and neutral pictures. Later, participants are asked to recall as many of those images as possible. Compared to younger adults, older adults remember relatively _________________.
more positive pictures
____________ is the socially acceptable ways to express grief and acknowledge that a life has ended
mourning
Research shows that there are cohort differences in some personality traits. Which trait is HIGHER in current cohorts than in older cohorts
neuroticism
Which of the following Big 5 personality traits is linked to higher levels of mortality, higher stress, and higher levels of anxiety and depression
neuroticism
Winning the lottery is an example of a
nonnormative event
The Great Depression is an example of a(n)
normative history-graded event
Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration that is characterized by a loss of bone mass and the laced honeycomb appearance of bone. this is called
osteoporosis
Cross-sectional studies of general intelligence __________ the amount of change that occurs with age.
overestimate
which of the following is one of the three components of love identified by sternberg
passion
Withholding medical treatment is a form of _____________.
passive euthanasia
What people want during a particular time in their lives and within specific domains, and what strategies, plans, and defenses people use to get what they want are called _________.
personal concerns
All of the following are associated with changes in sleep as we age EXCEPT
taking naps during the day results in better sleep at night
A granddaughter is becoming frustrated because her 91 year old grandmother never hears what she says. What should she do to increase her chances of being heard
talk in a low-pitch but distinct voice
In some research studies, younger and older adults are shown pictures that are positive, negative and neutral. which of the following accurately describes subsequent memory for those pictures
there is a positivity effect, older adults preferentially remembered positive pictures
Research on age differences in wisdom shows that
there is little association between age and wisdom
The best conclusion to draw from research concerning the midlife crisis is that
there is little data to support its existence
Which of the following is a FASLE statement about pianist formal operational stage of thought
this stage is characterized by thinking that is relativistic and feeling-oriented
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about wisdom
As people get older they also get wiser
Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care, but who are not so impaired they need 24-hour care describes which of the following
Assisted living
In which pattern of retirement does the individual move between exiting and re-entering the workplace?
Blurred
During the old-implicit association test, participants are shown faces that are either young or old and words that are either pleasant or unpleasant. They must categorize the faces by age and the words by valence. What has research revealed about this test
Both younger and older adults are faster to respond to you pleasant and old unpleasant trails than to young unpleasant and old pleasant trials
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about suicide?
Compared to younger adults, older adults are more likely to communicate suicidal intent
What is the flynn effect
Cross sectional studies show that intelligence declines with age, but does not take into account cohort effect that every generation maybe more educated.
Michael and Marie just got married and moved into an old house needing lots of repairs. michael is not good at home repair but is an excellent chef. Marie cannot cook, but she is good at home repairs. This is an example of
Exchange theory
Big 5 character traits are:
Extroversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to new experiences
Longitudinal design
FOCUS: Age; CONSTANT: Cohort; CONFOUND: Age & Time of measurement
Cross-Sectional Design
FOCUS: Age; CONSTANT: Time of measurement; CONFOUND: Age & Cohort
Time-lag design
FOCUS: Cohort; CONSTANT: Age; CONFOUND: Cohort & Time of Measurement
What is the major aspect of 'aging in place'?
Feeling at home.
older adults often experience memory difficulties. This is likely due to loss of volume in the
Hippocampus
Okinawans, who eat only 60% of the normal japanese diet, have 40 times as many people over the age of 100 than the rest of japan. This provides evidence for which biological theory of aging?
Rate of living
The compensation-related utilization of neural circuits (CRUNCH) model suggests that there are two mechanisms that older brains use to perform tasks:
Recruiting more of the same brain regions and also recruiting supplementary brain regions to perform cognitive tasks
When thinking about a complex problem, an individual acknowledges that there is uncertainty but makes a judgment based upon what seems most reasonable. This type of thinking is indicative of ____________
Reflective reasoning
Which of the following is most commonly used to treat depression in older adults?
SSRIs
Which of the following responses would be considered a normal sign of grief?
Sadness, anger and emptiness.... all of the above
Your grandmother tells you a story over an dover again. This is because_______ tends to decline with age
Source memory
Which of the following DECREASES the risk of developing osteoporosis
Taking estrogen replacement therapy
Which of the following is NOT a challenge when it comes to assessing and diagnosing depression in older adults
The clinician must decide which test to use amoungts the many valid ones available
Life span refers to
The maximum number of years a member of a given species could live
following subgroups of older adults is the LEAST at risk for depression?
Those extremely active in church and community activities
In a longitudinal study by goat and levenson, it was found that negative emotions displayed during conflict predicted early, but not later, divorce. In general, these negative emotions reflected a pattern of ________________
Wife demand- Husband withdrawal
Dementia is
a family of diseases
cross-sectional research on age difference in genre role identity shows
a move toward greater similarity between older men and women
The default network of the brain refers to regions of the brain that are most _____ at rest
active
Brittany Maynard was an American woman suffering from terminal brain cancer. In 2014 she chose to end her life using drugs prescribed by a doctor. This is an example of ___________.
active voluntary euthanasia
An older adult is having problems with bathing, dressing, and feeding herself, which are all _____
activities of daily living
Personality ___________ refers to developmental changes that serve the purpose of helping people function more effectively in society. The fact that conscientiousness increases into mid-life is a good example of this
adjustment
As he has gotten older, Mr. Anderson has noticed that he has developed problems shifting his visual focus from the road and back to the dashboard. This is likely due to
age-related declines in distance accomodation
The Baltimore Study of Aging showed support for long-term stability in the Big Five personality traits with age. However, subsequent research has suggested that there are small, but consistent, changes in personality as people get older. Which of the following traits INCREASES in strength as people get older?
agreeableness
Alice had misplaced her keys (which rarely happens) but her grandchildren are now worried that something might be wrong with grandmas memory abilities; Never mind that her own granddaughter has done the same thing three times this week. This is an example of
an age-based double standard
When older adults' forgetfulness is rated as more serious than memory failures of younger adults, this is known as
an age-based double standard
Crystalized intelligence is an example of
an optimally exercised ability
Practical problem solving is an example of
an optimally-exercised ability
Emotional processing areas of the brain _____ with age whereas memory-associated areas ______ with age
are preserved; decline
The emotional processing areas of the brain_____ over time, whereas higher-oder executive cognitive areas of the brain seem to _____ over time.
are preserved; decline
According to the Rowe and Kahn model, successful aging involves all of the following EXCEPT
aving plenty of resources
Which part of the neuron transmits information and is covered with the myelin sheath?
axon
They key concept in jungs theory of ego development and personality is
balance
Age differences on divided attention tasks can ____________________
be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks
Most people retire
because they want to
Risk factors for placement in a nursing home include all of the following except
being male
About half of all younger adults in the US return to live at their parents home at least once after moving out. These young adults are called
boomerang kids
Which of the following is NOT a brain change used to define Alzheimer's disease at autopsy?
choline acetyltransferase decline
lack of a heartbeat and respiration are the only tow criteria for
clinical death
The approach to intelligence that focuses on developmental changes in the way people conceptualize problems and styles of thinking is known as__________
cognitive structural approach
What factors are confounded in a time-lag design
cohort and time-of-measurement
Which type of thought is characterized by the recognition that the answer varies from situation to situation, the solution must be realistic, that ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception, and that emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking?
postformal thought
When reading a journal article, a 46-year-old professor finds she must hold it further away to read the fine print. She is experiencing which normal age-related change in vision
presbyopia
The normal, disease-free, development that happens during adulthood refers to __________.
primary aging
Immunizations are an example of
primary prevention
Loss of white matter with age is most associated with declines in
processing speed
Remembering to call your friend on her birthday would require you to use ___________.
prospective memory
The primary emphasis of hospice is
quality of life
When thinking about a complex problem, an individual states that there is no way to be certain about the correct answer because there may be missing information. This logic is indicative of
quasi-reflective reasoning
Which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process
rate-of-living theories
Age related decline in memory are greater when there is no environmental support. For example, age difference are greater on ___________ memory test than on ___________ memory tests
recall, recognition
older adults often complain that food is less pleasurable now than when they were younger. based on research, this problem is likely due to
reduction in the ability to smell with age
Glaucoma is caused by damage to the _____
retina
loss of memory due to alzheimers disease is an example of
secondary aging
A cancer screening test is an example of
secondary prevention
What is selective attrition
selective attrition describes the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others.
There are many different types of memory. Which of the following is NOT negatively affected by age
sensory memory
There are many different types of memory. Which of the following is the most negatively affected by age
sensory memory
A research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is known as a(n) ______________ design.
sequential
In the Alzheimer Disease Tapes (i.e., the video you watched online), Yolanda hallucinates about the lady in the mirror and __________ on her chair.
snakes
The gradual loss of pain sensitivity in late adulthood ________
sometimes masks injuries and illnesses
Melena is having trouble remembering whether she actually took her medication or just thought about taking her medication. This is an example of
source memory
Because it is difficult to study all the primary abilities, researchers have focused on these five representative ones: number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning and _______________
spatial orientation
The occipital lobe of the brain, which is important for visual processing, shows
stability in volume with age
As people get older their implicit negative attitudes about aging _________ and their explicit negative attitudes about aging ____________
stay stable; decrease
When older adults know that their memory is being tested because of their age they under-perform and do poorly. This provides an example of
stereotype threat
MRI focuses on the _____ of the brain, whereas fMRI focuses on the _____ of the brain a) structure; functioning
structure; functioning
A developmental psychologist wants to surver several cohorts of people aged 60-years old to get their opinions on medicare. she will assess some 60-year olds in 2015, then another group of 60 year olds in 2025. which research method is this
time-lag design
Which factor is held constant in a cross-sectional design?
time-of-measurement
Constant or intermittent ringing in the ears is known as
tinnitus
One mistake that people frequently make with their bereaved loved ones is ________________.
to underestimate the amount of time needed to grieve
The question of whether developmental patterns are the same across cultures refers to which debate?
universal vs. context specific development
Understanding whether cultural differences affect aging relates to
universal vs. context-specific controversies
In Hess and Pullmen's (1994) study of impression formation there was a "negativity bias". When positive information was provided after an initial negative portrayal of a person, older adults______________
were less likely to change their initial impression than younger adults
In Hess and Pullmen's (1994) study of impression formation it was found that when negative information was provided after an initial positive portrayal of a person, older adults
were likely to change their initial impression
_________ males have the highest rate of suicide
white older adults
Mrs. Jones keeps mixing her blue and green medications, which can lead to serious effects on her health. The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is ______________.
yellowing of the lens
According to Jung, which of the following age groups is most likely to act in accordance with gender-role stereotypes?
young adults