Aging Final Exam

Depression is relatively common and has been found to affect __________ individuals during their lifetime.

1 in 5

Which of the following describes the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE)?

A longitudinal panel study conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation, and South Africa on nationally representative samples of the population aged 50 years and older and with a smaller cohort of respondents aged 18‒49 for comparison purposes

Which of the following is associated with an aging population?

An increase in the incidence and prevalence of disability

Why is the 10/66 Dementia Research Group notable?

Because of its population-based approach and its exclusive focus on low- and middle-income countries

Higher risk for falls among older people is associated strongly with which of the following factors?

Chronic illnesses

_____, or action research, is a strong strategy that should be utilized when planning for initial program delivery and long-term sustainability.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)

From a complete streets perspective, which of the following features would enhance pedestrian crossings?

Continental-style crosswalk painting ("zebra striping")

The _______________ implies that stressors encountered early in life induce adaptive responses that promote survival in the short term, but come at a cost of adverse health outcomes later in life.

Developmental Origins Hypothesis

There is general agreement that _____ provides a useful context (really, a grand vision) for a consideration of demographic patterns of global aging.

Epidemiologic Transition Theory (ETT)

Few multimorbidity measurement tools have been utilized in research studies among populations.

False

Mortality refers to the proportion of the people who are still alive a set amount of time after an event.

False

Older drivers are a group with a bad—and ever worsening— crash record.

False

The aging of the population is a local issue that encompasses the sheer number of older people in the population.

False

The aging of the population is limited to first-world countries.

False

The field of evidence-based interventions for seniors has been stagnant in modern times.

False

The goal of the Active Living Every Day program is to reduce falls risk and fear of falling; to improve falls efficacy and management; and to promote physical activity.

False

The idea of a social ecological perspective has origins that date back to the 1980's

False

The importance of devoting explicit attention to human development across the life course has been a primary component of research for nearly a century as researchers long ago realized that exposures in early life can be linked to outcomes in later life.

False

Through the ecological model, tobacco use can be identified as biological factor that exemplifies a social determinant of health.

False

With technological advances, the problem of interventions for older adults being delivered in silos has all but disappeared.

False

Which of the following evidence-based programs has the goal of managing lower-extremity osteoarthritis?

Fit & Strong!

__________________ is defined by the World Health Organization as an event that results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level.

Geriatric syndrome of falls

According to the World Health Organization, the leading cause of death in 2012 was:

Ischaemic heart disease

In 2012, the country with the highest life expectancy at birth was:

Japan

Which of the following is an example of a biological determinant of health within an ecological model?

Lipid levels

The ______________________ explains why women have been expected to outlive men even in the poorest countries.

Male-Female Survival Paradox

___________ describes how many deaths happen in a population during a given time.

Mortality

Which of the following is an example of the respect and social inclusion dimension of the age-friendliness according to the World Health Organization (WHO) framework?

Older adults are included in community decision making, including those who are economically disadvantaged.

Which of the following was designed to screen adults for the most common psychiatric disorders in a primary care setting?

Patient Health Questionnaire Nine-Item Depression Scale (PHQ-9)

Which of the following is a multidisciplinary and cross-national panel database of health, socioeconomic status, and social and family networks microdata from approximately 110, 000 individuals aged 50 or older from 20 European countries1 from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Israel?

Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE)

_____ can be thought of as innovative systems through which to better conduct aging research.

Technology

Omran identified three models of epidemiologic transition as part of his theory. Which of these models is characterized by the ongoing transition that is taking place today in many developing nations?

The Contemporary Epidemiologic Transition Model

_____ of interventions is necessary to disseminate the known benefits of evidence-based interventions to new populations and new settings.

Translation

Which of the following refers to the degree that an intervention is delivered in the way it was originally intended?

Treatment fidelity

According to the action model to achieve the Healthy People 2020 overarching goals, determinants of health include living and working conditions.

True

An ecological model is predicated on the idea that health and health behaviors are determined by influences at multiple levels, including personal, behavioral, organizational/institutional, environmental, and policy levels.

True

In the United States, there has been a movement to promote, deliver, and embed evidence-based programs in communities.

True

Increasingly, public health efforts are identifying depression as one of the most modifiable risk factors for dementia.

True

Research on mortality and survival helps us understand how societies and individuals can promote long and productive lives for all.

True

Sociodemographics and socioeconomic factors have been extensively studied as potential risk factors for multimorbidity (MM).

True

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was the first depression scale specifically designed for use in older adult populations.

True

The aging of the population represents one of the most significant public policy issues facing society today.

True

The goal of the Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives for Seniors (PEARLS) is to reduce symptoms of depression and improve health-related quality of life.

True

To understand and promote healthy aging, it is necessary to understand the significance of place.

True

Today, older people constitute a larger segment of the world's population than at any other time in history.

True

_____ emphasizes the implementation of a few core accessibility features in residential environments, including a zero-step entrance, 32-inch clear doorways, and at least a half bath on the accessible floor with maneuvering space for a walker or wheelchair.

Visitability

A study conducted in a large population-based cohort, showed that patients with multimorbidity (MM) more often had experienced _____, in comparison to those having a single disease or no disease at all.

adverse childhood experiences

Developmental Origins Hypothesis

age

Critical periods of development in the life course include:

all of the above

The most widely used approaches to measurement of mobility include:

all of the above

The basic proposition of the Epidemiologic Transition Theory is that the increases in life expectancy have been caused primarily by changes in the age distribution of the population and:

associated primary causes of death.

Depression is a leading cause of disability _____, increasing the risk for other chronic conditions and mortality.

both locally and globally

Components of mobility include: (1) walking and moving around; (2) carrying and moving objects; and (3) _____________.

changing and maintaining body position

Delirium is most common in ____________ settings.

clinical

The main types of observational studies include cross-sectional, case-control and _________ studies.

cohort

More sophisticated _____ are needed that will better capture patterns of health, functioning, and life expectancy over the life course.

conceptual models

The Contemporary Epidemiologic Transition Model

delayed degenerative diseases.

The term __________ is used to describe cognitive changes caused by damage to brain cells.

dementia

The _____ is able to take into account various determinants of health in a broader context, making it especially relevant in view of the need to address social inequalities in health such as socioeconomic, cultural, racial and ethnic factors, as well as the built environment and access to health care

ecological model

Study findings consistently report that males and females born during wartime experience:

elevated mortality as adults.

There are few ongoing international studies on aging and most of these are designed:

explicitly to answer specific research questions through panel surveys or longitudinal designs.

A range of medical conditions may contribute to increased crash risk, and that contribution is generally considered to be high and more prominent among older drivers in contact with the healthcare system.

false

Causal models are generally defined by a set of assumptions that can be tested by data.

false

Frailty and other geriatric syndromes share a common risk factor of decreased age.

false

Historical cohort data from the Finnish crop failure famine of 1866‒1868, the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944‒1945, the Siege of Leningrad in 1944, seasonal famines in the Gambia between 1949 and 1994, and the Chinese Great Leap Forward famine of 1959‒1961 supports an association between nutritional stress in early life and later-life mortality.

false

In 1990, life expectancy at birth was lowest in Finland.

false

Life course studies suggest that the way populations and individuals age are independent of the physical and social context where they live.

false

Longitudinal studies study subjects at one point in their lives.

false

Older men are at greater risk for late-life depression than older women.

false

One type of self-reported measurement of mobility utilizes the StepWatch.

false

Public health has a long tradition of focusing on the effects of environmental circumstances on the elderly.

false

Rates of falls, fall injuries, and fatalities are consistent across geographic regions and countries.

false

Self-reported measures of mobility are not believed to be reliable.

false

The best way to measure mobility in older adults is through instrumented measures.

false

The most frequently studied risk factor for multimorbidity is gender.

false

There is strong evidence to support the positive benefits of Vitamin C upon cognition.

false

______ is theoretically defined as a clinically recognizable state of increased vulnerability, resulting from an aging-associated decline.

frailty

Several dietary patterns have been associated with frailty and fall risks. Which of the following is associated with several components of frailty, including slow walking speed and unintentional weight loss?

high intake of refined bread, whole dairy products, and red and processed meat

In data from Mobilize Boston Study, compared to blacks, whites had a:

higher outdoor fall rate.

Bladder sphincter dysfunction is a risk factor for the geriatric syndrome of:

incontinence

A(n) _____ is a belief that one has control over one's own health.

internal locus of control

If we are to truly understand global patterns of aging, it will be necessary to conduct more:

international studies

More than half of late-life depression cases involve _____, meaning that their first onset occurs after age 60.

late-onset depression

A(n) _____ examines the biological and behavioral pathways that link physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and adult life to changes in health and disease risk later in life

life course perspective

_________ is defined as the size of the spacial area in which a person moves throughout his/her daily life.

life space

Research to date indicates that older adults are _____ to the ill effects of heat waves, floods, and major storms.

most vulnerable

The term used to describe several chronic health conditions in a single individual where none of the conditions is considered the index chronic condition is:

multimorbidity

Mental health disorders may increase the risk of _____ through various mechanisms, including higher exposition to health risk factors, lower level of motivation and self-management in the case of existing risk factors, cardiometabolic adverse effects of the drugs prescribed for mental health disorders, and poorer access to and lower quality of care.

multimorbidity (MM)

The greatest risks to older people in traffic arise from:

pedestrian and bicyclist injuries.

The age of _____ was characterized by high fertility and high mortality.

pestilence and famine

One of the most important modifiable health behaviors affecting healthy aging over the life course is _________.

physical inactivity

The concept of _____ refers to the typically unspoken, socially shared expectations that inform action and then shape the subsequent interpretation of the resulting transaction.

program of place

________ refers to "those features of social structures--such as levels of interpersonal trust and norms of reciprocity and mutual aid-- which act as resources for individuals and facilitate collective actions".

social capital

The unit of observation for developmental epidemiology is ________.

the individual

Current studies in the US show that the gap in lifespan between ____ and ____ has increased significantly in recent years.

the rich and the poor

At the macro level, all evidence-based programs have two components: the _____ and the delivery mechanism.

therapeutic element

In the United States from 1997 to 2008:

there was considerable growth in the number of drivers age 70 and older.

A recent analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women demonstrated that physical health and socioeconomic status accounted for much of the racial gap in depressive symptoms.

true

According to the Twentieth World Health Assembly in 1967, all countries should include a person's cause of death on his/her death certificate.

true

Barker proposed that fetal under-nutrition, resulting in intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight, might be causally implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, though that outcome emerged only decades later in the life course.

true

Compensation has been studied extensively in the context of delaying functional disability.

true

Contrary to common perceptions, the severity and prevalence of depression are lower in older adults when compared to younger populations.

true

Developmental demography research often focuses on conception or birth cohorts exposed to exogenous and virulent population stressors such as famine, war, or disease epidemics.

true

Greater efforts need to be devoted to pooling international population-based data to make those data available to interested researchers.

true

Henry is exhibiting the following symptoms: (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure that is present most of the day, nearly every day, over a sustained two-week period and that results in significant distress or functional decline. Additionally, he is showing signs of (3) appetite changes that may result in weight change, (4) sleep changes, (5) motor agitation or retardation that is noticeable by others, (6) fatigue, (7) feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, (8) decreased concentration or indecisiveness, and (9) recurrent thoughts of death. These are the symptoms of major depression.

true

In order to be complete, statistical analysis should involve both estimation and measures of uncertainty.

true

Instrumented measures provide direct measurement of behavior in free-living conditions and have a high degree of ecological validity.

true

Living alone has been associated with higher prevalence of multimorbidity.

true

Many studies point out that greater consumption of red meat appear to lower one's risk of multimorbidity.

true

Measures of functional capacity predict mortality.

true

Most instruments used to measure frailty assess physical condition.

true

Numerous studies have shown that the overall fall rate accelerates with advancing age.

true

Researchers have found that there is a strong correlation between frailty and urinary incontinence.

true

Stress has been found to have a direct effect on cognition.

true

The CAPABLE intervention incorporated evidence-based practice to assist elderly in overcoming frailty.

true

The final step in the research process is interpretation of results.

true

The unit of observation for developmental demography is the population.

true

There has not been a clear association of gender with crash occurrence or fatality risk if analyses are adjusted for driving exposure.

true

These studies provide a feasible way to assess the heritability of human lifespan.

twin studies