Aging Test #2
implicit external
Color-coded wings in a NH is an example of ________ strategy-training.
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism,
Costa and McCrae: The Five-Factor Model (Big Five) O.C.E.A.N
normal, 17, 5, 6
Costa, Jr. & Robert McCrae: Purpose: To obtain a detailed assessment of ______ personality in ages ___ years and older -___ factors of personality -___ facet traits within each factor
Unexercised, exercised, problem solving, fluid, crystallized
Denny's Model of ______ & Optimally _____ Abilities: ___ _____ follows two types of developmental functions: _____ ability: The ability a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training (____ intelligence) ______ ability: The ability a normal, healthy adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice (_______ intelligence)
conservation, reversing
During the concrete operations period, children: classification, ______ & mental _____
abstract thought
During the formal operations phase, adolescents gain ____ ____
explicit, implicit, external, internal
E.I.E.I.O. stands for ____/_____, ____/_____
lifespan, 8, resolved
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development -truly ____ theory of personality development. ____ stages represent the great struggles that he believed people must undergo. Each struggle has a certain time of ascendancy. The epigenetic principle: Each struggle must be ______ to continue development.
declarative, Semantic & episodic
Explicit Memory: Called ______ memory -Intentional/conscious remembering of information that is learned and remembered at a specific point in time -Two types: s______ & e_____ memory
quantity & intensity
Extraversion:_____ & of energy directed outwards into the social world Six facets: Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Action Excitement Seeking Pos emotions Characteristics: I like to have a lot of people around me. I laugh easily. I really enjoy talking to people. I like to be where the action is. I am a cheerful, high-spirited person. My life is fast-paced. I am a very active person. Social. If low: reserved, independent, prefer to be alone or in small groups, shy
procedural, unconscious
Implicit memory: Called ______ memory The effortless and ______ recollection of information e.g., What is the color of the Best Buy sign? e.g., How do you ride a bike? (procedural)
revise, more, less, experiences, social, consistency
Impression Formation: the way that people form & ____ first impressions Hess and Pullen's research (1994) Older adults are ____ willing to change their first impressions from positive to negative and are ____ willing to change a negative initial impression to a more positive view. Older adults may rely more on _____ and _____ rules when making interpretations, whereas younger adults may be more concerned with situational ______ of the new information presented (Hess & Pullen, 1994)
comprehensive, relaxation, self-efficacy
Individual differences contribute to success of memory training programs. Verbal ability, level of education, other sources of prior knowledge/experience. **more ________ types of memory training (____ & ___-______) are helpful in improving outcomes of memory training.
Multiphasic Personality
Minnesota ____ _____ Inventory (MMPI) "I am frustrated to read of prowlers in my neighborhood." "Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics." "I get angry sometimes."
cohort, intellectual
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 1. _____ differences: Comparing longitudinal studies with cross-sectional show little or no decline in _____ performance with age *Generalization differences exist due to things such as educational opportunities
Objective Psychometric
O_____ P_____ Tests: measures personality ( questionnaires ) NEO, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) There are some concerns regarding the validity of these measures
implicit, explicit
Older adults are generally better at ______ memory tasks than_____ memory tasks (-icit)
expertise
Older adults compensate for poorer performance through their _____, which helps the aging adult compensate for losses in other skills.
cognitive, affective
People from Western cultures tend to define wisdom using ______ dimensions (e.g., experienced and knowledgeable), People from Eastern cultures tend to define wisdom by stressing ______ dimensions (e.g., emotional empathy, emotional regulation).
visual, spatial
Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) Measures the ability to process complex _____ information by forming ____ images or manipulating parts to solve problems with minimal use of words (part of FSIQ) Core Subtests: Block Design Matrix Reasoning Visual Puzzles Supplemental Subtests: Picture Completion Figure Weights
processes, Assimilation, accommodation
Piaget's Theory: Examining intelligence by cognitive _____, not just the outcome Basic concepts: _____: Use of currently available information to make sense out of incoming information _____: Changing one's thought to make a better approximation of the world of experience
fluid, spatial, reasoning,
Schaie & Willis' : Identified individuals whose ___ ability was decreasing & whose was stable -5 hour training sessions were provided focusing on _____ ability & _____ ability *training showed improvement in abilities (both declining and stabilized)
explicit external
Setting an alarm on your phone is an example of ________ strategy-training.
inhibitory, attentional
Some researchers claim that older adults have fewer processing resources than younger adults do. However, this conclusion may be limited because processing resources are ill defined Alternative ways of explaining a processing resource hypothesis: ______ loss and _____ loss
double standard
Stereotypes: perceived knowledge about a group of people -Can be positive or negative -Age-based ____ ____
analytic, creative, practical
Sternberg believes that intelligence is comprised of three separate, though interrelated, abilities: a______ intelligence, c_____ intelligence & p_____ intelligence
encoding, elaborative rehearsal, retrieval
The Memory Nodes Model: -_______ is the way we create new nodes and new connections between existing nodes (_____ ______). -______ is what we do to bring particular "nodes" of information from our long-term memory into working memory.
episodic, semantic
The ability to group _____ memories into ______ categories reduces age effects.
everyday living
The best we can do is use the "level of disruption" rule: How much do the memory losses disrupt a person's ____ _____?
implicit, priming, stem, fragment
The following is an examle of An _____ memory or "_____" task 1. ____ completion: Uni ______ Ala_____ 2. Word ____ completion: C _ _ _d _ g
active, quantitative, qualitative, stages
The information-processing approach is based on three assumptions: 1. People are ____ participants in the process. 2. Both ______ (how much information is remembered) & ________ (what kinds of information are remembered) aspects of performance can be examined. 3. Information is processed through a series of hypothetical _____ or stores.
mechanics, pragmatics
The life-span view emphasizes that there is some intellectual decline with age, primarily in the _______, but there is also stability and growth, primarily in the ______.
object permanence
The sensorimotor period ends when infants understand ______ ______: objects continue to exist when when out of sight
comprehend, solve problems
Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) Measures the ability to ______ verbal information and use these verbal skills to ____ _____ Core Subtests: Similarities Vocabulary Information Supplemental Subtests: Comprehension (part of FSIQ)
Similarities, vocabulary, information, comprehension
Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) Subtests: _______ - abstract verbal reasoning ability In what way are an apple and a pear alike? ________ - vocabulary comprehension What is a guitar? ________ - general knowledge acquired from culture On what continent is Zimbabwe? *_________ - ability to handle abstract social rules and expressions What does the expression kill 2 bird with 1 stone mean?
primary, 30/40, 50/60, 60
Warner Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study of more than 5,000 individuals from 1956 to 1998 in six testing cycles: People tend to improve on _____ abilities until late __'s/early __'s Scores stabilize until mid-___/early __'s By late ___'s consistent declines are seen. *Nearly everyone shows a decline in one ability, but few show decline on 4 or 5 abilities.
pragmatics, knowledge & values, practical, altruistically
Wisdom: -Expert knowledge in the fundamental ______ of life -The application of tacit ____ & _____ toward the achievement of the common good -Involves _____ knowledge -Is given ______ -Involves psychological insights -Based on life experience
verbally, process, response
Working Memory Index (WMI) Measures the ability to attend to _____ presented information, to _____ this information in memory, and then formulate a _______ Core Subtests: Digit Span Arithmetic Supplemental Subtests: Letter-Number Sequencing (part of FSIQ)
digit, arithmetic, letter-number
Working Memory Index - Subtests: ____ Span - attention, concentration, mental control Repeat the numbers 1-2-3 in reverse sequence ______ - concentration and mathematical ability How many 45-cent stamps can you buy for a dollar? *______ Sequencing - attention and working memory Repeat the sequence Q-1-B-3-J-2, but place the numbers in numerical order and then the letters in alphabetical order
Trait, predisposed, 30
___ Approach to Personality: personality is a ______ characteristic Little change after the age ___ (Stability across time)
Long term memory, explicit, implicit
___ ___ ___: the ability to remember rather extensive amounts of information over a few seconds to a few hours to decades -split into _____ (declarative) & _____ (procedural)
false memory, plausibility
___ ____: when one remembers items or events that did not occur *Older adults are more susceptible to this in that they remember items or events that did not occur under specific conditions of ______
Episodic, Recall, Recognition
___ memory: Concerns recalling information from a specific event or time Examples: Remembering what you did on your summer vacation Learning the material in this lecture so that you will be able to reproduce it on a test in the future _____ tests: Remembering information without hints or cues e.g., Studying a list of words, then remembering as many words as possible -Older adults perform worse than younger adults -Omit more words, include more intrusions, and repeat more previously stated words ______ tests: Selecting previously learned information from among several items e.g., taking multiple-choice tests Smaller age differences *Older adults tend not to use memory strategies spontaneously as often or as well as younger adults
age-based double standard
___-_____ _____ _____: When an individual attributes an older person's failure in memory as more serious than a memory failure observed in a young adult
E.I.E.I.O.
____ Strategy: The specific type of strategy-training depends on the nature of the information to be remembered. (explicit/implicit & external/internal)
Information Processing, metaphor
____ _____ Model: uses a computer ______ to explain how people process stimuli *Information enters the system (people's brains) and is transformed, coded, and stored in various ways *Each stage may have different capacities and employ different processing operations
processing resources
____ _____:The amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation
Semantic memory
____ ______: Concerns learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time Examples: Knowing the definitions of words Understanding what the instructor is saying in a lecture Being able to translate sentences from English into Spanish *Relatively spared *Older adults may have superior performance on some tasks (e.g., vocabulary) *Age-related deficits in accessibility and speed of retrieval *Word-finding difficulties *Tip-of-the-tongue experiences
Selective, competing
____ attention: This level of attention refers to the capacity to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or ______ stimuli. Therefore it incorporates the notion of "freedom from distractibility"
casual, dispositional, situational, dispositional
____ attributions: how we attribute the source of behavior D______ Attributions: Reside in the person _______ Attributions: Reside in the situation *Older adults display a _____ bias when confronted with negative relationship situations & more interactive attributions in negative relationship situations
social, Experience, impression, source, false information
____ knowledge: When we are faced with new social situations, we draw upon knowledge of previous experiences Examples: How a professor should act in a classroom on the first day of class Age-related differences is a function of ________ : The more you have with a particular subject, the easier it will be to assess the information *Older adults rely on easily assessable knowledge, such as _____ formation _____ judgment: when you try to determine the source of a particular piece of information (Determining if information is true or false) *Older adults have more difficulty ignoring ____ _____
working, using, rehearsal
____ memory: the processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously ____ that information, sometimes in conjunction with incoming information, to: solve a problem, make a decision, or learn new information *Info kept active through _____
ageism, old + minority,
____: The untrue assumption that chronological age is the main determinant of human characteristics & that one age is better than another Double jeopardy perspective: _____ + _____ would experience greater negative consequences than their majority counterparts because they bear both the burdens of being BOTH, resulting in a double disadvantage to their health status
Metamemory, efficacy
____: knowledge about how memory works and what we believe to be true about it. Memory self-______: belief in oneself, as it applies to memory ** Self-fulfilling prophecy
observed tasks, age, fluid, crystallized, perceptual, memory, health
_____ _____ of Daily Living (OTDL) measures Food preparation, medication intake, telephone use OTDL directly influenced by: a____ ____ intelligence _______ intelligence OTDL indirectly influenced by: p______ speed m_______ Several aspects of ______
Divided, simultaneously
_____ attention: This is the highest level of attention and it refers to the ability to respond _________ to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.
Sustained, repetitive
_____ attention: This refers to the ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and ______ activity.
inhibitory, inhibiting, congested
_____ loss: One popular hypothesis is that older adults have reduced processing resources due to greater difficulty _______ irrelevant information than younger adults do As a result, our processes get more _____ as they get more complex *is not universal across all aspects of stimuli
Flashbulb
_____ memories: Historical events that have considerable personal relevance, very unusual or novel events, and other events that are highly emotional are remembered well (i.e., September 11) *more frequently reported in younger adults than in older adults
autobiographical, flashbulb
_____ memory: Involves remembering information and events from our own life *Verification is often difficult *Some aspects remain intact for many years whereas other aspects do not **Older adults have fewer ______ memories and their impact is restricted to particular points in the life span
Source
_____ memory: the ability to remember the source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced *Research reveals that older adults are less accurate at a number of these tasks
sensory, capacity, 1/2 to 3
_____ memory: the first level of processing incoming information from the environment -has a large ______ -information only lasts a very short time ____ to ___ seconds
primary, secondary
_____ mental abilities: Independent abilities within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests _____ mental abilities: Broad-ranging skills composed of several primary mental abilities
automatic, insensitive, attentional
_____ processing: Processes that are fast, reliable, and ______ to increased cognitive demands -It places minimal demands on _______ capacity e.g., driving a familiar route **No age differences
Implicit, behavior
______ Stereotyping: Not only automatic but also unconscious activation that influences ______
Postformal, ambiguity, Reflective, optimal, skill
______ Thought : Cognitive maturity beyond formal operations -Tolerance for ______ Developmental progressions in adult though: ______ judgment (*See Table 8.2 in your text) : How people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, science, etc. _____ level of development: Highest level of information processing of which a person is capable (continuously increases with age) _____ acquisition: Gradual and haphazard process by which people learn new abilities
Alternating, flexibility
______ attention: It refers to the capacity for mental _____ that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.
focused
______ attention: This is the ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli.
Rosemary
______ is a popular recommendation for waking up the brain. Although research is still needed to prove its effects, this is one safe trick that's worth a try.
Dialectical
______ thinking: Seeing the merits in the different view points but being able to synthesize them into a workable solution (middle-aged to older adults)
multidirectionality
______: The distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span, with these patterns differing for different abilities (concept of intelligence)
Stereotype Threat
_______ _____: An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong *If a negative stereotype is activated in an older adult, it can negatively influence performance on a variety of tasks Example - damaging effects of negative aging stereotypes on memory
Prospective
_______ memory: remembering to perform a planned action in the future.
attention, focus, cognitive, extraneous
_______: The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things OR The sustained _____ of ______ resources on information while filtering or ignoring______ information
Multidimensional
_______: The notion that intelligence consists of many dimensions (concept of intelligence)
interindividual variability
i____ v_____: An acknowledgement that people differ in the direction of their intellectual development. (concept of intelligence)
experience, reason, remember, cope, problem-solving, verbal, social competence
intelligence: the cognitive ability to learn from _____, to _____ well, to _____ important information, and to _____ with the demands of daily living. *involves more than just a particular fixed set of characteristics, including: -p___-s___ ability (good decisions) -_____ ability (vocab, reading) -s______ c______ (admitting mistakes, fair judgements)
control, domain
personal ____: the degree to which one believes that one's performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does *depends on which _____, such as intelligence or health, is being assessed
personality, essence, mind & emotions, attitudes, generalization
"the organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors that is unique to each individual" -The _____ of a person - a unique, recognizable individual -An inner structure of m___ & e____ -Consistency in _____ and behavioral patterns -G_______ to different situations
Adult Intelligence Scale, IV, Full Scale IQ, verbal, perceptual, working, processing
1. Wechsler ____ _____ _____ (WAIS) -WAIS-___ is the most recent version -Popular intelligence test (psychometric approach) 2. ___ ____ ___ (FSIQ) consists of four broad scales of performance ____ Comprehension Index (VCI) _____ Reasoning Index (PRI) ______ Memory Index (WMI) ______ Speed Index (PSI)
Retrieval
3rd step in Memory Processing: Getting information back out of memory
explicit internal
Acronyms & Mental imagery are examples of ________ strategy-training.
6, fluid, Gf, crystallized, Gc, visual, Gv
At least ___ SECONDARY mental abilities have been found ____ Intelligence (__) Abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, to draw inferences, and relationships between concepts independent of knowledge and experience ______ Intelligence (__) The knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture ____ organization(__)
crystallized, fluid, performance, processing, response
Classic aging pattern: -Little to no decline in ________ intelligence (Knowledge, Vocabulary) -Decline in ____ intelligence (______ tasks) Why? Slowing down of information _____ & ______ time *Vast Individual Differences
emotion & logic
Absolutist - adolescents Relativistic - young/early adults Dialectical - middle/old adults Integrating _____ and _____ *Ability to do this improves with age
open, training, mentorship, mind & virtue
Baltes argues that there are several key characteristics that promote the development of wisdom, and old age is necessary but not sufficient: -older age -____ personality -extensive _____ -well structured experience -good _____ in matters of life Characteristics of wisdom: -Wisdom deals with important and/or difficult matters of life -Wisdom is truly "superior" knowledge, judgment, and advice -Wisdom is knowledge with an extraordinary scope -Wisdom, when used, is well intended and combines m____ & v_____
mechanics, memory, pragmatics, wisdom
Baltes: The dual component model of intellectual functioning 1. ______ of intelligence Similar to Fluid intelligence Attention, learning, ______ 2._______ of intelligence Similar to Crystallized intelligence Experience, knowledge, ______
transformed, coded, stored, capacities
Based on the Information Processing Model, when information enters a person's brain, it is _____, ______ & ______ in various ways -Each stage may have different______ and employ different processing operations
visual, spatial
Processing Speed Index (PSI) Measures the ability to process complex ____ information by forming _____ images or manipulating parts to solve problems with minimal use of words Core Subtests: Symbol Search Coding Supplemental Subtests: Cancellation (part of FSIQ)
symbol, coding, cancellation
Processing Speed Index - Subtests: ______ Search - visual perception and speed Identify a set symbol out of rows of symbols ______- visual motor coordination, motor and processing speed Identify numbers using symbols following a key *________ - visual-perceptual speed Cross out all blue hearts from a page of shapes of many colors
Cognitive Reserve
The "c____ r_____" Exercising memory - think of memory as a "mental muscle", and remember the way that neural networks form or become extinct.
cognitive-structural, conceptualize, developmental
The _____-_____ (practical) approach: Testing intelligence based on the ways in which people _____ & solve problems *emphasizing _______ changes in modes & styles of thinking
psychometric
The _______ approach: Measuring intelligence as a score on a standardized test Focus is on getting correct answers. IQ test
sensory memory & attention
processing speed reflects the outcomes of ___ ___ & _____
processing speed
regarding Attention, ____ _____ reflects the outcome of sensory memory & attention -reflection of how quickly & efficiently these early steps in informational processing are completed
Encoding
1st step in Memory Processing: The process of getting information into the memory system
Storage
2nd step in Memory Processing: Involves how information is represented and kept in memory
nature, mental, instruments
4 basic models of the relationship of culture to intelligence Two key respects: 1. Whether or not there are cross-cultural differences in the _____ of the _____ processes & representations involved in adaptation that constitute intelligence 2. Whether or not there are differences in the ______ needed to measure intelligence (beyond simple translation or adaptation)
facility, fluency, meaning, Inductive, spatial, perceptual, memory
5 PRIMARY mental abilities by Thurstone (1938): 1. Numerical f______ - ones' mathematical reasoning 2. Word f_____- how easily on can produce verbal descriptions of things 3. Verbal M_____- one's vocabulary ability 4. I_____ Reasoning - one's ability to extrapolate from particular facts to general concepts 5. S______ Orientation - one's ability to reason in the three-dimensional world in which we live 2 additional abilities added by Schaie (1994, 1998): 6. P_____ Speed - one's ability to rapidly and accurately find visual details and make comparisons 7. Verbal M_____ - one's ability to store and recall meaningful language units
complexity, practice
Age differences in divided attention Depend on the degree of task______ & _____ Divided attention ability per se does not differ with age. Rather, older adults are at a disadvantage when they must perform two or more complex tasks simultaneously
processing
Age-related slowing in processing speed is specific to particular levels of ______ and specific tasks
compassion, mindedness
Agreeableness: The kinds of interactions an individual prefers from ____ to tough ______ Six Facets: Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, Tender-mindedness Characteristics: I try to be courteous to everyone I meet. I would rather cooperate with others than compete with them. Most people I know like me. I generally try to be thoughtful and considerate. If low: competitive, self-centered, skeptical, distrusting
organization, motivation
Conscientiousness: Degree of _____, persistence, control and _____ in goal directed behavior Six Facets: Achievement striving, Deliberation, Self-discipline, Dutifulness, Order, Competence Characteristics: I am pretty good about pacing myself so as to get things done on time. I try to perform all the tasks assigned to me conscientiously. I have a clear set of goals and work toward them in an orderly fashion. I work hard to accomplish my goals. I am a productive person who always gets the job done. If low: less focused on achievement (not necessarily lazy)
egocentrism
During the preoperational period, young children have ______: the belief that all people & innate objects experience the world just as they do
processes, attention, products, knowledge
Encapsulation: The ______ of thinking (______, memory, reasoning) become connected to the _______ of thinking (_____ about a particular thing). *allows expertise to compensate for decrements in processing ability, possibly by making thinking in a particular domain more efficient.
control strategies, primary, secondary
Heckhausen & Schulz: ____ _____ are what one does, actions taken, to bring the environment in line with goals. 1. _____ control helps change the environment to match one's goals. It involves bringing the environment into line with one's desires and goals. 2. _____ control reappraises the environment in light of one's decline in functioning. The individual turns inward toward the self and assesses the situation.
intellect, emotion & motivation, competence, intentions
Implicit conceptions of wisdom are widely shared within a culture and include: -Exceptional level of functioning -dynamic balance between i____, e_____ & m______ -A high degree of personal and interpersonal _____ -Good ______
crystallized, verbal, fluid, performance
John Horn: 1. ______ intelligence (= Pragmatics, v____) -intelligence of aspects in a culture e.g., verbal comprehension, wisdom, practical problem solving 2. ____ intelligence (= Mechanics, p_____) e.g., abstract thinking, speed of processing
same, different, context,
Model III - Sternberg's view: -Dimensions of Intelligence - _____ (across cultures) -Tests of Intelligence - _____ (across cultures) Examples: Measurement processes for a given attribute must be derived from within the _____ of the culture being studies rather than from outside it. *Intelligence tests must be modified if they are to measure the same basic processes as they apply from one culture to another.
Perceptual, working
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 2. Information processing: _____ speed may account for age-related decline. *_____ memory decline may account for poor performance of older adults if coordination between old and new information is required.
social, intellectual
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 3. ____ and lifestyle variables: Differences in cognitive skills needed in different occupations makes a difference in ______ development. *Higher education & socioeconomic status also related to slower rates of intellectual decline.
fluid, control
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 4. Personality: High levels of _____ abilities and a high sense of internal _____ lead to positive changes in people's perception of their abilities.
cardiovascular, inductive, hypertension
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 5. Health: A connection between disease and intelligence has been established in general (______ disease in particular) *The participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study who declined in _____ reasoning had significantly more illness diagnoses and visits to physicians for cardiovascular disease. *_______ is not as clear. Severe HT may indicate decline whereas mild HT may have positive effects on intellectual functioning.
tasks
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 6. relevancy & appropriateness of ____: Traditional tests have high correlation with tests that have been updated to measure actual tasks faced by older persons.
training
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 7. modifying primary abilities: ______ seems to slow declines in some primary abilities.
direct, tailored, primary, specific
Moderator of Intellectual Change: 8. 2 levels of intervention-- -Project ADEPT: minimal ____ training -Project ACTIVE: training _____ specifically for each of the _____ abilities (a control group was also included) *Ability-_____ training does improve these abilities *Effect varies in ability to maintain & transfer gains.
psychological distress
Neuroticism: identifies individuals who are prone to _____ _____ Six facets: Anxiety, Hostility, Self-consciousness, Depression, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability General characteristics: I am a worrier. I often feel inferior to others. I often feel lonely or blue. Sometime I feel completely worthless. Too often when things go wrong, I get discouraged and feel like giving up. I often feel helpless and want someone else to solve my problems. If low: calm, even-tempered, able to effectively handle stress
attentional, speed
No age differences are typically found in sensory memory, but difference in: -______ processes: capacity to direct and sustain attention & -_______ at which information is processed *Age-related limitations impact these processes i.e. Older adults take longer to retrieve information
Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, Values
Openness: The active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake Six facets: Fa Ae Fee Ac I V Characteristics: I am intrigued by the patterns I find in art and nature. I often try new and foreign foods. Sometimes when I am reading poetry or looking at a work of art, I feel a chill or wave of excitement. I have a lot of intellectual curiosity. I often enjoy playing with theories or abstract ideas. If low: prefer routines and structured events; does not like change
block, matrix, visual, picture, figure
Perceptual Reasoning Index - Subtests: ______ Design - spatial perception & visual abstract processing Arranging blocks to match a picture ______ Reasoning - nonverbal abstract problem solving Choose and item to complete a matrix of items that follows an established rule ______ Puzzles - non-verbal reasoning Complete a picture by selecting pieces to place together *______ Completion - ability to quickly perceive visual detail Indicate what is missing in a picture *______ Weights - quantitative and analogical reasoning Determine "weights" of figures based on established rules
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
Piaget's Theory (cont.) _____ Period (infants): Object permanence ________ Period (young children) Egocentrism _____ ______ Period (children) Classification, conservation, mental reversing _____ ______ Period (adolescents) Abstract thought
implicit internal
Spaced retrieval & Conditioning are examples of ________ strategy-training.
dimension, intelligence tests, domains
Spearman "g" (1904, 1923) general ______ of intelligence Binet developed first usable ___ ___ (1908, 1911) Thorndyke argued for multiple _____ of intelligence
openness, agreeability, individual
Stability is indexed with correlation coefficients, which can range from -1 to +1 In OCEAN.... Highest: _______ .85 Lowest: _______ .69 Longitudinal stability existed at the factor level for the NEO-PI. *Significant instability was found at the level of _______ differences
Personality, Freud, Jung
Stage theories: _______ develops through a series of stages ____ was among the first to describe a stage theory, but stopped at adolescence Other developmental personality theories have extended these theories into late life ___ was the first theorist to discuss personality development during adulthood.
capacity, rehearsal, complexity, accessing
Working memory _____ & _____ decline with age, although the extent of the decline is still in doubt i.e. Older adults perform less well than younger, but age differences vary -High task ______ = lower performance for older adults *No difficulty ____ information *Difficulty juggling multiple elements (There is some evidence that age differences in working memory are not universal)
negativity, emotional
____ Bias: If presented with a negative first impression, older adults are less likely to revise it based upon new information because negative information is more striking to them and thus affected them more strongly (Hess & Pullen, 1994). *Older adults pay attention to and seek out ______ information more than do younger adults. This probably helps explain why older adults have a negativity bias
practical
____ intelligence: ability to read and adopt to the contexts of everyday life (Sternberg's theory)
creative
____ intelligence: use of experience in ways that foster insight (Sternberg's theory)
Tip-of-the-tongue, recall, recognition, cues
____ phenomenon: type of retrieval process; *Older adults have more of these occurrences *Age differences are greater on ____ than on ____ tests, suggests a retrieval deficit *Older adults benefit more than younger adults from retrieval ____, but age differences in performance are not eliminated
absolutist
____ thinking: Firmly believing that there is only one correct solution to problems- relying on personal experience only (adolescents and young adults)
task, divided, encoding, systems
____ variables affect both encoding & retrieving -_____ attention: dual task during either encoding or retrieval -Performance is worse when dual task occurs during ______ & deficits are therefore more pronounced *Changes in memory with age are due to both encoding and retrieval problems *BUT, not all memory _____ decline with advanced age *Strategies/training can enhance function, even for people with memory impairment so EXCERISE YOUR BRAIN!
plasticity
____: The range of functioning within an individual & the conditions under which a person's abilities can be modified within a specific age range (concept of intelligence)
Collaborative, recalling
_____ Cognition: 2+ people work together to solve a cognitive task -Collaborating with others in recollection helps facilitate memory in older adults. *well-acquainted older couples demonstrate an expertise to develop an adaptive pattern of _____ information.
Patronizing, alienation
_____ Speech: Changes in speech towards older adults. "Elderspeak" Examples: when you slow your speech, use childlike vocabulary, dramatically articulate your words, speak with demeaning emotional tones, and engage in superficial conversations *Can cause social ____ and damaging effects on older adults' self esteem
Elaborative rehearsal, creating maintaining
_____ ______: type of encoding process; linking incoming information to information that is already known *Older adults may have difficulty ______ connections, but not _______ them
Divided attention
_____ ______:This is the ability to pay attention and successfully perform multiple tasks simultaneously e.g., paying attention to a lecture in class while taking notes; driving a car while conversing with a passenger
Confirmation
_____ bias: Older adults have better memory for opinion-confirmatory information than for opinion-contradictory information.
analytic
_____ intelligence: mental steps or "components" used to solve problems (Sternberg's theory)
Effortful, attentional
_______ processing: It requires all of the available _______ capacity when processing information e.g., driving in an unfamiliar city during rush hour **Pronounced age differences
Relativistic
_______ thinking: Realizing that there are many sides to an issue and that the right answer depends on circumstance (young and early middle-aged adults)
